Thidiazuron对草莓外植体再生不定芽的影响*

采用TDZ(thidiazuron，N—phenyl-N’-l，2，3-thiadiazol-5’-ylurea)与生长素的不同组合诱导离体草莓(Fragaria ananassa Duch．)新星2号、Honeoye、Tudla和Darselect的叶盘和叶柄再生不定芽，建立了草莓高效再生系统。实验结果表明：新星2号和Tudla在MS TDZ2．0mg/L IAA0．1mg／L上再生频率分别为94．2％和87．9％，每叶盘平均再生不定芽为1．9和1．7个；Honeoye在MS TDZ2．0mg／L 2，4-D0．1mg／L上再生效果好(89．1％)；Darselect在MS TDZ8．0mg／L IAA0．1mg／L上叶盘再生频率较高(79．6％)；同一基因型草莓叶盘再生效果比叶柄好。     

啤酒用β-葡聚糖酶高产菌株的选育及发酵条件优化

对产β-葡聚糖酶的地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)A302菌株进行紫外线和硫酸二乙酯(DES)复合诱变和选育，获得产β-葡聚糖酶达27．3U／mL的突变株H302。采用均匀实验设计对H302菌株产β-葡聚糖酶的液体培养基组成及发酵条件进行优化实验，所获优化配方(W／V)为麦麸1．41％，鱼粉0．80％，硝酸钾0．34％，硫酸镁0．11％，起始pH6．0；用含孢量10^8个／mL的种子菌液按体积比3．3％接种上述液体培养基，在36℃下发酵52h，菌株H302的产酶活力达到115．1U／mL，是原出发菌株及培养条件下产酶活力的9．4倍。对突变株H302所产β-葡聚糖酶性质的研究表明，该酶最适作用温度为60℃，最适作用pH为5．5，适用于啤酒生产中的麦芽糖化。     

含粘质沙雷氏菌几丁质酶SchiA基因的植物转化质粒pBGll12构建和水稻遗传转化

将一个2．8kb的CaMV35S启动子／SchiA编码区／Nos终止区融合基因插入到植物转化载体pCAMBIAl301的多克隆酶切位点,得到1个14．6kb的新植物转化质粒pBGlll2,用花器介导法转化水稻(Oryza sativa),经PCR检测,初步证实已将目的基因整合到受体植物的基冈组中。一部分转基因T3代潮霉素抗性阳性植株对水稻纹枯病(Rhizoctonia solani)和稻瘟病(Pyricularia oryzae)的抗性较非转化对照增强。RT—PCR表明抗病性植株为阳性,而不抗病的植株为阴性。将RT—PCR产物测序后,用BLAST软件分析序列可知,该序列为细菌几丁质酶基因核苷酸序列而不是植物几丁质酶基因的核苷酸序列。T4代转基因水稻的几丁质酶活力高于对照未转基因植株,表明转入的外源几丁质酶基因能正常表达。     

耐碱性木聚糖酶高产菌株的筛选、产酶条件优化及其在麦草浆生物漂白中的应用

采用刚果红法从碱性土壤中筛选到木聚糖酶高产菌株BP51，通过培养特性及16S rDNA序列分析，初步鉴定为短小芽孢杆菌(Bacillus pumilus)；经产酶发酵条件的优化，即4％麸皮，1％麸皮半纤维素，0．5％(NH4)2SO4，pH8．0，37℃培养72h，产酶活力达到553．4IU／mL；该酶作用最适温度为55℃，最适pH6．5，在pH9．0的条件下仍具有60％的酶活力，pH11．0的保温30min仍具有40％的酶活力；将粗酶液用于麦草浆的漂白中，结果表明氯的用量明显降低，白度却提高了20％以上。     

高羊茅高频植株再生体系的建立及其影响因子的分析

研究了高羊茅(Festuca anmdinacea)愈伤组织诱导培养基和分化培养基组分的最适配比，建立了高羊茅高频再生体系。结果表明，培养基MSM 5mg／L 2,4-D 0．02mg／L KT诱导高羊茅种子出愈率高达92％；愈伤组织可在培养基MSM 4．5mg／L 2,4-D 0．2mg／L KT上长期保持；愈伤组织在培养基MSM 2mg／L 2,4-D 0．2mg／L KT诱导体细胞胚发生后，可在添加2mg／L KT和20mg／L蔗糖的SH培养基(MSH)上诱导分化形成丛生芽，愈伤组织分化率可达96％。再生芽在1／2MS培养基上14d生根率达100％。     

Bacillus subtilis γ-DES36纤溶酶发酵条件的优化研究

以高活性纤溶酶突变株Bacillus subtilis γ-DES36为发酵菌株,研究其纤溶酶液体发酵的最佳工艺条件。通过对不同接种量、碳源、氮源、碳氮比、表面活性剂、金属离子等单因素研究,使用麦芽糖和胰胨时纤溶酶活性达2900IU／mL左右。为了降低成本,使用廉价的碳氮源麸皮和豆粕粉。正交试验得到该菌株产纤溶酶的优化液体发酵条件为：麸皮1％,麦芽糖1％,胰胨0．25％,豆粕粉1．5％,吐温400．15％,酵母膏0．1％,K2HPO4 0．25％,KH2PO4 0．1％,复合无机盐0．2mL／（100mL）,接种量1％,发酵液纤溶酶酶活达到2300IU／mL。     

金属离子对苏云金芽孢杆菌几丁质酶活力的影响

几丁质酶(EC3．2．1．14)是细菌、病毒、真菌等微生物、高等植物和昆虫体内普遍合成的一种具有生物催化活性的水解酶类。它能特异地催化水解几丁质的β-1,4-糖苷键生成N-乙酰-D-氨基葡萄糖(NAG)。几丁质酶因为具有水解几丁质破坏围食膜的作用而被作为防治真菌病害和害虫的潜在靶标(蒋红彬等,2000；沙莉等，2003)。几丁质酶能增强苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bt)的杀虫效果，有利于克服或延缓昆虫对Bt的抗性。     

蓝猪耳再生系统的建立

采用4因子3水平的正交设计，研究外植体种类、NAA、6-BA和光照处理对蓝猪耳愈伤组织诱导的影响，结果表明，光照下带有根的完整植株生长在MS NAA0．5mg／L 6-BA2mg／L的培养基上能够诱导出大量的愈伤组织。比较了不同外植体在诱导愈伤组织出现的时间、形态、质地和颜色等方面的差别。无菌苗的幼叶在培养基MS NAA0．1mg／L 6-BA2mg／L中不定芽诱导率最高，达到81．3％，在MS NAA0.1mg／L 6-BA0．5mg／L培养基上有效不定芽数最多，在MS NAA0．1～0．5mg／L培养基中无根的植株能够诱导出大量的不定根。     

菌寄生真菌黄蓝状菌(Talaromyces flavus)几丁质酶基因的克隆与生物信息学分析

菌寄生真菌的几丁质酶有很强的降解几丁质能力,在控制植物病害方面起着重要的作用.为克隆和研究菌寄生真菌黄蓝状菌(Talaromyces flavus)几丁质酶基因(tfchi1),本研究根据真菌几丁质酶基因的保守序列设计扩增基因中间片段的简并引物,采用RT-PCR、3'-RACE及5+-TAIL的方法获得了该基因的DNA和mRNA序列(GenBank:GU361769,GU361770).tfchi1长为2 561 bp,具有6个内含子,长度分别为129、78、68、65、53和59 bp,包含1 194bp的ORF,编码一个由397个氨基酸组成的蛋白.推导的tfchi1氨基酸序列以及蛋白质结构生物信息学分析表明,该蛋白具有典型的几丁质酶催化区保守序列SXGGW和DGXDXDWE,属于糖苷水解酶18家族几丁质酶,与柄篮状菌(Talaromyces stipitatus ATCC 10500)几丁质酶(XP_002480365)氨基酸序列同源性为96％,分子量为43.47kD,等电点为4.97.该蛋白无信号肽序列,有15个潜在的N-糖基化位点,Tfchi1的二级结构以无规卷曲和α-螺旋为蛋白的主要结构元件,三级结构中有(α/β)8的圆桶形结构.tfchi1转化毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris )GS 115,酵母工程菌可分泌具几丁质酶活性的表达产物,重组蛋白的分子量与理论值相符.结果说明,本研究已从T.flavus中正确克隆了1个糖苷水解酶18家族几丁质酶基因.     

无花果曲酶植酸酶基因phyA的克隆、序列分析及表达*

用RT-PCR方法从无花果曲酶(Aspergillus ficuum3．4322)中扩增出1条约1．4kb的特异性条带，并将其克隆到pMD18-T载体中。DNA序列测定表明，目的片段为不含信号肽的植酸酶编码序列，全长1347bp，编码448个氨基酸。该基因序列已在GenBank注册(注册号为：AF537344)。将该基因克隆到酵母表达载体pYES2中，构建成不带信号肽phyA基因的重组表达载体pYPA2。用醋酸锂法将pYPA2转进Ura缺陷型的酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisine INVSc1)，筛选获得含植酸酶基因的酵母转化子。经半乳糖诱导表达后，用磷钼蓝显色(AMES)法对酵母菌体进行酶活性测定，测出了明显的植酸酶活性，pYPA2胞内植酸酶活性约11．55U／L，表明无花果曲酶phyA基因能在酿酒酵母中表达。     

Characterization of a chitosanase isolated from a commercial ficin preparation

A chitosanolytic enzyme was purified from a commercial ficin preparation by affinity chromatographic removal of cysteine protease on pHMB-Sepharose 4B and cystatin-Sepharose 4B and gel filtration on Superdex 75 HR. The purified enzyme exhibited both chitinase and chitosanase activities, as determined by SDS-PAGE and gel activity staining. The optimal pH for chitosan hydrolysis was 4.5, whereas the optimal temperature was 65 degrees C. The enzyme was thermostable, as it retained almost all of its activity after incubation at 70 degrees C for 30 min. A protein oxidizing agent, N-bromosuccinimide (0.25 mM), significantly inhibited the enzyme's activity. The molecular mass of the enzyme was 16.6 kDa, as estimated by gel filtration. The enzyme showed activity toward chitosan polymers exhibiting various degrees of deacetylation (22-94%), most effectively hydrolyzing chitosan polymers that were 52-70% deacetylated. The end products of the hydrolysis catalyzed by this enzyme were low molecular weight chitosan polymers and oligomers (11.2-0.7 kDa).     

Purification and characterization of two chitosanase isoforms from the sheaths of bamboo shoots

Two thermally stable chitosanase isoforms were purified from the sheaths of chitosan-treated bamboo shoots. Isoforms A and B had molecular masses of 24.5 and 16.4 kDa and isoelectric points of 4.30 and 9.22, respectively. Using chitosan as the substrate, both isoforms functioned optimally between pH 3 and 4, and the optimum temperatures for the activities of isoforms A and B were 70 and 60 °C, respectively. The kinetic parameters K(m) and V(max) for isoform A were 0.539 mg/mL and 0.262 μmol/min/mg, respectively, and for isoform B were 0.183 mg/mL and 0.092 μmol/min/mg, respectively. Chitosans were susceptible to degradation by both enzymes and could be converted to low molecular weight chitosans between 28.2 and 11.7 kDa. Furthermore, the most susceptible chitosan substrates were 50-70 and 40-80% deacetylated for isoforms A and B, respectively. Both enzymes could also degrade chitin substrates with lower efficacy. N-Bromosuccinimide and Woodward's reagent K strongly inhibited both enzymes.     

Characterization of three chitosanase isozymes isolated from a commercial crude porcine pepsin preparation

Three chitosanases designated PSC-I, PSC-II, and PSC-III were purified from commercial pepsin preparation by sequentially applying pepstatin A-agarose affinity chromotography, DEAE-Sephacel ion-exchange chromatography, Mono Q column chromatography, and Mono P chromatofocusing. With respect to chitosan hydrolysis, the optimal pHs were 5.0, 5.0, and 4.0 for PSC-I, PSC-II, and PSC-III, respectively; optimal temperatures were 40, 40, and 30 degrees C; and the Km's were 5.2, 4.0, and 5.6 mg/mL. The molecular masses of the three isozymes were approximately 40 kDa, as estimated by both gel filtration and SDS-PAGE, and the isoelectric points were 4.9, 4.6, and 4.4, respectively, as estimated by isoelectrofocusing electrophoresis. All three chitosanase isozymes showed activity toward chitosan polymer and N,N",N' "-triacetylchitotriose oligomer. Most effectively hydrolyzed were chitosan polymers that were 68-88% deacetylated.     

Purification and characterization of hydrolase with chitinase and chitosanase activity from commercial stem bromelain

A hydrolase with chitinase and chitosanase activity was purified from commercial stem bromelain through sequential steps of SP-Sepharose ion-exchange adsorption, HiLoad Superdex 75 gel filtration, HiLoad Q Sepharose ion-exchange chromatography, and Superdex 75 HR gel filtration. The purified hydrolase was homogeneous, as examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme exhibited chitinase activity for hydrolysis of glycol chitin and 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-N,N',N' '-triacetylchitotrioside [4-MU-beta-(GlcNAc)(3)] and chitosanase activity for chitosan hydrolysis. For glycol chitin hydrolysis, the enzyme had an optimal pH of 4, an optimal temperature of 60 degrees C, and a K(m) of 0.2 mg/mL. For the 4-MU-beta-(GlcNAc)(3) hydrolysis, the enzyme had an optimal pH of 4 and an optimal temperature of 50 degrees C. For the chitosan hydrolysis, the enzyme had an optimal pH of 3, an optimal temperature of 50 degrees C, and a K(m) of 0.88 mg/mL. For hydrolysis of chitosans with various N-acetyl contents, the enzyme degraded 30-80% deacetylated chitosan most effectively. The enzyme split chitin or chitosan in an endo-manner. The molecular mass of the enzyme estimated by gel filtration was 31.4 kDa, and the isoelectric point estimated by isoelectric focusing electrophoresis was 5.9. Heavy metal ions of Hg(2+) and Ag(+), p-hydroxymercuribenzoic acid, and N-bromosuccinimide significantly inhibited the enzyme activity.     

Performing a three-step process for conversion of chitosan to its oligomers using a unique bipolar membrane electrodialysis system

Chitosan, a linear polysaccharide composed of beta-1,4 linked d-glucosamine residues, can be depolymerized into oligomers by enzymatic reaction with chitosanase. Recently, bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED) has been used for chitosan solubilization and for terminating the enzymatic reaction by action of electrogenerated acid and base, respectively. The aim of the present study was to test a complete "3-in-1" process using a three-compartment BMED configuration to perform simultaneously the solubilization of chitosan, the inactivation of chitosanase, and the demineralization of the oligomers. In addition, the BMED process was compared to a conventional process using chemical acid and base. The BMED method was found to be as effective as the conventional method for solubilizing the chitosan and for inactivating the chitosanase. Furthermore, the use of BMED allowed a demineralization rate of 53% of the chito-oligomer solution in the diluate compartment. A global process of chitosan hydrolysis into its oligomers using a BMED system was proposed. This technology has great potential for industrial application in chitosan oligomer preparation, because it is convenient and ecological and it produces chito-oligomers with a lower mineral content compared with the conventional method.     

壳聚糖酶生产菌的产酶工艺条件研究

壳聚糖是自然界中唯一一种带阳离子的能生物降解的高分子材料，已广泛应用于农业、医药、食品等领域。其降解产物甲壳低聚糖具有比壳聚糖更好的溶解性和生理活性，采用酶法降解具有反应条件易于控制、产物安全性高和环境污染少等独特的优越性，因此，筛选壳聚糖降解酶的方法和条件有重要意义。对壳聚糖酶生产菌所产壳聚糖酶的培养条件进行了初步研究，并对测定壳聚糖酶酶活力的DNS法进行了研究。结果表明，DNS法的最大吸收波长在495 nm。该实验所用菌种产壳聚糖酶的培养条件以培养时间为60 h，初始pH值为5.0，装液量为50 mL     

Purification, characterization, and gene cloning of a chitosanase from Bacillus species strain s65

For the production of oligosaccharides from chitosan, a chitosanase-producing bacterium, S65, was isolated from soil. On the basis of phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rDNA gene sequence and phenotypic analysis, S65 was identified as a Bacillus sp. strain. This bacterium constitutively produced chitosanase in a culture medium without chitosan as an inducer. S65 chitosanase was homogeneously purified by DEAE Sepharose fast flow anion exchange followed by Superdex 75 size exclusion, and the molecular weight was 45 kDa according to SDS-PAGE. Enzyme analysis showed that the optimum pH and temperature of S65 were 6.0 and 65 degrees C, respectively. Catalytic activity was stable from pH 5.5-6.5 at temperatures below 40 degrees C, and the pI of chitosanase was about 6.0 as determined by a test tube method. S65 chitosanase degraded carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) at the degree of about 5.3% relative to the value of soluble chitosan, but it cannot hydrolyze colloidal chitin and crystalline cellulose. Gene encoding was cloned and sequenced. The deduced amino acid sequence of the S65 exhibited the highest homology to those of family 8 glycanase, suggesting that the enzyme belonged to family 8.     

Characterization of the proteases involved in gel weakening of beef heart surimi.

The goal of this study was to elucidate the nature and characteristics of the proteases involved in gel weakening of beef heart surimi. Acidic (E1) and neutral (E2) protease extracts were prepared from the surimi. The major active components in E1 were found to be cathepsins B and L. E1 exhibited optimum activity to hydrolyze substrates specific to cathepsins B and B+L at 50 degrees C and pH 5.5. At pH 6.0, it retained approximately 50% of its maximum activity. The catheptic activity of E1 was inhibited almost completely by E-64 and leupeptin. The active component in E2 was unidentified and was not inhibited by cysteine or serine protease inhibitors. However, beef plasma powder effectively inhibited the hydrolysis of FITC-casein and myosin heavy chain by E2.     

Suppression of root-knot disease by Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0 in tomato: importance of bacterial secondary metabolite, 2,4-diacetylpholoroglucinol

The antimicrobial metabolites 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4-DAPG) and pyoluteorin contribute to the ability of Pseudomonas fluorescens strain CHA0 to control plant diseases caused by soil-borne pathogens. P. fluorescens strain CHA0 and its derivatives CHA89 (antibiotics-deficient) and CHA0/pME3424 (antibiotics overproducing) were investigated as potential biocontrol agents against Meloidogyne javanica the root-knot nematode. Exposure of root-knot nematode to culture filtrates of P. fluorescens under in vitro conditions significantly reduced egg hatch and caused substantial mortality of M. javanica juveniles. Nutrient broth yeast extract (NBY) medium amended with 2% (w/v) glucose or 1 mM EDTA markedly repressed hatch inhibition activity of the strain CHA0 but not that of CHA0/pME3424 or CHA89. On the other hand, NBY medium amended with glucose significantly enhanced nematicidal activity of the strain CHA0/pME3424. Neither glucose nor EDTA had an influence on the nematicidal activity of the strains CHA0 and CHA89. Under in vitro conditions, antibiotic overproducing strain CHA0/pME3424 and CHA0 expressed phl‘-’lacZ reporter gene but strain CHA89 did not. Expression of the reporter gene reflects actual production of DAPG. In general, CHA0/pME3424 expressed reporter gene to a greater extent compared to its wild type counterpart CHA0. Regardless of the bacterial strains, reporter gene expression was markedly enhanced when NBY medium was amended with glucose but EDTA had no such effect. A positive correlation between the degree of juvenile mortality and extent of phl‘-’lacZ reporter gene expression was also observed in vitro. Strain CHA0 produced zones of 4-6 mm on MM medium containing gelatin while strain CHA0/pME3424 and CHA89 did not. When MM medium containing gelatin was amended with 2% glucose of 1 mM EDTA size of haloes produced by the strain CHA0 reduced to 2 mm. Under glasshouse conditions aqueous cell suspension of the strains CHA0 or CHA0/pME3424 at various inoculum levels (10⁷, 10⁸ or 10⁹ cfu ml⁻¹) significantly reduced root-knot development. CHA89 caused significant reduction in galling when applied at 10⁹ cfu ml⁻¹. To better understand the mechanism of nematode suppression, split root bioassay was performed. Split-root experiments, that guarantee a spatial separation of inducing agent and a challenging pathogen, showed that soil treatment of one half of the root system with cell suspension of CHA0 or CHA0/pME3424 resulted in a significant systemic induced resistance leading to reduction of M. javanica infection of tomato roots in the non-baterized nematode treated half. The results clearly suggest that the antibiotic 2,4-DAPG from P. fluorescens CHA0 act as the inducing agents of systemic resistance in tomato roots. Populations of CHA0 and its derivatives declined progressively by 10-fold between first and fourth harvests (0-21 days after inoculation). However, bacterial populations increased at final harvest (28 days after application).     

Characterization of a GH3 family β-glucosidase from Dictyoglomus turgidum and its application to the hydrolysis of isoflavone glycosides in spent coffee grounds

A recombinant β-glucosidase from Dictyoglomus turgidum was purified with a specific activity of 31 U/mg by His-Trap affinity chromatography. D. turgidum β-glucosidase was identified as a memmber of the glycoside hydrolase (GH) 3 family on the basis of its amino acid sequence. The native enzyme existed as an 86 kDa monomer with an activity maximum at pH 5 and 85 °C with a half-life of 334 min. The hydrolytic activity of the enzyme with aryl-glycoside substrates was the highest for p-nitrophenyl (pNP)-β-D-glucopyranoside (with a K(m) of 1.3 mM and a k(cat) of 13900 1/s), followed by oNP-β-D-glucopyranoside, pNP-β-D-xylopyranoside, pNP-β-D-fucopyranoside, and pNP-β-D-galactopyranoside. However, no activity was observed for oNP-β-D-galactopyranoside, pNP-α-D-glucopyranoside, pNP-α-D-glucopyranoside, pNP-β-D-mannopyranoside, pNP-β-L-arabinopyranoside, and pNP-α-L-rhamnopyranoside. The hydrolytic activity of the β-glucosidase for coffee isoflavones followed the order genistin (with a K(m) of 0.67 mM and a k(cat) of 5750 1/s) > daidzin > ononin > glycitin. The concentrations of daidzin in ground coffee and spent coffee grounds were 160 and 107 μg/g, respectively, but other isoflavones were present at low concentrations or absent. The enzyme completely hydrolyzed 1.2 mM daidzin in spent coffee grounds after 2 h, with a productivity of 0.6 mM/h. This is the first report concerning the enzymatic hydrolysis of isoflavone glycosides in spent coffee grounds.