奶牛泌乳期奶样分离多种葡萄球菌属抗红霉素甲基化基因鉴定

奶牛乳房炎是由葡萄球菌属、链球菌属、微球菌属、霉形体、棒状杆菌属、分支杆菌和革兰氏阳性菌如变形菌、假单孢菌属引起的一种疾病。已证明乳房炎每年可使美国经济损失达３亿美元。泌乳期和干奶期奶牛抗生素治疗可使奶牛乳房炎感染减少４０％－７５％。但是，未达标准的群体治疗可产生抗药性菌株。抗药性菌株的产生已严重地影响奶牛将来的治疗效果、健康和生产性能。红霉素及其衍生物通常用来控制奶牛乳房炎，滥用红霉毒已经导致抗药性细菌的传播，这说明这些细菌能编码抗红霉素甲基化基因（erm基因）。１９９４年，Robet和Brown从奶牛乳…     

里默杆菌属细菌的分类及新种发现与命名

在目前的细菌分类中,拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）黄杆菌科（Flavobacteriaceae）的里默杆菌属（Riemerella）由鸭疫里默杆菌（Riemerella anatipestifer ）和鸽里默杆菌（Riemerella columbina ）两个种组成。有研究者分离鉴定到家鸽源表型特征类似于黄杆菌科里默杆菌属成员的菌株,并被建议命名为鸽咽喉里默杆菌新种（Riemerella columbipharyngis sp．nov）。论文对里默杆菌属的分类进展及对里默杆菌属、鸭疫里默杆菌、鸽里默杆菌种的修订描述和鸽咽喉里默杆菌新种的描述等进行了综述。     

欧美进口紫花苜蓿可培养种带细菌及其对动植物的致病性

为了探究进口紫花苜蓿种带细菌的多样性及其对动植物的致病性，本研究从北美和欧洲共收集到紫花苜蓿种子样品34份，所有样品经室内研磨稀释分离培养，共获得39株种带细菌分离物，结合常规表型特征及16S rDNA鉴定方法确定它们的分类地位；并在室内采用菌悬液皿内发芽及盆栽接种法和腹腔注射法分别测定了21株代表细菌对供试紫花苜蓿和昆明小鼠的致病性。结果显示：1)39株细菌隶属3门15属，门分别为厚壁菌门、变形菌门和放线菌门，其中优势门为厚壁菌门；属地位的分别为芽孢杆菌属、假单胞菌属、马赛菌属、短芽孢杆菌属、欧文氏菌属、泛菌属、不动杆菌属、肠杆菌属、埃希氏肠杆菌属、假芽孢杆菌属、假节杆菌属、红球菌属、葡萄球菌属、土壤芽孢杆菌属和微杆菌属，其中优势属为芽孢杆菌属和假单胞菌属。2）红球菌属GCKH菌株仅对紫花苜蓿致病；不动杆菌属ZSR17、埃希氏肠杆菌属ZSR25和马赛菌属R1菌株仅对小鼠具有致病性；而欧文氏菌属ZF1和ZS3、泛菌属CQ10和ZS6菌株既可以引起紫花苜蓿致病，又可以引起小白鼠发病，是潜在的植物和动物跨界侵染共致病病原细菌。研究结果初步探明了欧美进口紫花苜蓿种带细菌的分类地位及其危害性，...     

一例猪副猪嗜血杆菌病的诊断与防治

副猪嗜血杆菌（HPS）属巴氏杆菌科嗜血杆菌属,为革兰氏阴性、小短杆至长丝状v因子依赖性非溶血细菌,是猪上呼吸道的一种常在条件性致病菌,在一定条件下可引起严重的全身性疾病,以纤维性多发性浆膜炎、关节炎和脑膜炎为主要特征,又称革拉氏病（Glasser’s disease）。     

食源性阪崎肠杆菌研究进展

阪崎肠杆菌（Enterobacter sakazakii）属肠杆菌科,是人和动物肠道内寄生的一种周生鞭毛、能运动、无芽孢的革兰氏阴性菌,一直以来被称为黄色阴沟肠杆菌（Enterobacter cloacae）,于1980年以日本细菌学家Riichi Sakazakii的名字命名。由于阪崎肠杆菌能引起严重的新生儿脑膜炎、小肠结肠炎和败血症,并且可能引起神经系统后遗症和死亡,近年来已经受到了研究者的广泛关注。目前,有关阪崎肠杆菌的污染来源还尚不清楚,有研究认为婴儿配方奶粉是新生儿阪崎肠杆菌感染的主要感染源。     

坏疽性乳房炎

该病多发生于奶牛分娩后数日内，乳房组织形成大面积坏疽，导致败血症而引起严重的全身症状．是一种死亡率很高的乳房炎疾病。 1病因1．1感染病原菌 主要是大肠杆菌属感染，但有时也可由黄色葡萄球菌、厌氧性菌、化脓杆菌、芽孢杆菌属、梭状芽孢杆菌属、放线菌属、李氏杆菌属、牛布氏杆菌属等感染。     

奶牛腐蹄病的诊治

奶牛腐蹄病是指奶牛因指（趾）间皮肤外伤感染化脓菌引起的。以蹄角质腐败、趾间皮肤和组织局部化脓坏死性炎症为特征的高度接触性传染病。其病原包括拟杆菌属和梭杆菌属的细菌,在拟杆菌属中最常见的致病细菌主要是结杆菌,而在梭杆菌属中主要是坏死梭杆菌。蹄是奶牛重要的支撑器官,一旦发生病变,在影响其运动功能和采食能力的同时,极易引起生产性能（产奶量）下降,如果丧失运动能力,就意味着这头奶牛将被淘汰。     

云南省边境地区2008-2009年度蓝舌病血清学调查

蓝舌病（BLU）是由呼肠孤病毒科（Reoviridae）环状病毒属（Orbivirus）的蓝舌病病毒（Bluetongue virus,BTV）引起的一种侵害反刍动物的严重传染病,其特征是颊粘膜和胃肠道粘膜严重的卡他性炎症,乳房和蹄冠等部位也常发生上皮脱落、充血肿胀但不发生水泡的病变。传播媒介为昆虫一库蠓。该病毒主要引起山羊、绵羊发病和死亡,     

益生菌在畜禽生产中的应用

根据菌株的组成可分为单一菌株和复合菌株.现生产上常用的多为复合菌株.目前最常用的菌种为乳酸杆菌属、粪链球菌属、芽孢杆菌属和酵母菌属.其中乳酸杆菌属、粪链球菌属为正常存在的微生物,而芽孢杆菌属和酵母菌属仅零星存在于肠道中.芽孢杆菌具有较高的蛋白酶、脂肪酶和淀粉酶的活性,可明显提高畜禽生长速度和饲料利用率.芽孢杆菌在饲料加工过程及酸性环境中有较高的稳定性,在肠道环境中不增殖.目前已被国家批准使用的益生菌有:芽孢杆菌、乳酸杆菌、粪链球菌、酵母菌、黑曲菌、米曲菌.     

两种检测方法在奶牛结核病流行病学调查中的应用比较

奶牛结核病主要是由牛分枝杆菌引起的一种慢性消耗性人畜共患传染病。该病传染性强,能通过病畜传染给人类或其他动物,危害严重,被世界动物卫生组织（OIE）定为B类动物传染病,我国将其列为二类动物疫病。试验采用皮内变态反应和ELISA两种方法对市中区奶牛进行结核病检测,并对两种检测方法进行了比较研究。     

Comparison of the API 20E and BBL Crystal E/NF Identification Systems for Differentiating Bacterial Isolates from Apparently Healthy Reared Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)

The ability of two commercial rapid identification systems, API 20E and BBL Crystal E/NF, to reliably identify bacterial isolates from the internal organs of reared sea bass were compared. The tests gave different results: API 20E identified bacteria as Pseudomonas spp. with 37% accuracy, while BBL Crystal E/NF identified them as Flavobacterium odoratum with 99% accuracy. Although F. odoratum is not a marine fish pathogen, conventional tests conducted with the same isolates were more indicative of them being Flavobacterium spp. than Pseudomonas spp., suggesting that BBL Crystal E/NF was more reliable in this identification. Both systems were found to be applicable for diagnostics of marine fish pathogens, but should be used with caution because of possible misinterpretation.     

A survey of Salmonella spp and Campylobacter spp in dairy goat faeces and bulk tank milk in the Murcia region of Spain

This study was designed to investigate the occurrence of Salmonella spp and Campylobacter spp in faeces samples from 222 healthy Murciano-Granadina dairy goats reared on 12 farms in Spain and in samples of bulk tank milk from 11 of those herds. Neither Salmonella spp nor Campylobacter spp were isolated from any of the samples. Our results suggest that, under the management practices applied to this breed in Spain, Murciano-Granadina goats are not likely to be a significant reservoir for these food-borne pathogens.     

Resistance to gentamicin and amikacin of gram-negative organisms isolated from horses

Resistance of gram-negative bacteria to gentamicin has become an increasingly common problem among clinical isolates from human beings. Susceptibility of isolates from horses to gentamicin and amikacin was evaluated for the period from July, 1983 to June, 1985. All isolates of Escherichia coli, and species of Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Proteus, and Pseudomonas examined were susceptible to amikacin, except 2 of the 46 Pseudomonas isolates. In contrast, 13 to 50% of isolates were resistant to gentamicin. Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella, Proteus, and Enterobacter species isolates were highly significantly more susceptible to amikacin (P less than 0.01) than to gentamicin. Pseudomonas spp (P = 0.13) were not significantly different in susceptibility to the 2 drugs. There was significant variation among genera in their susceptibility to gentamicin (P = 0.002), primarily because of the frequency of resistance in isolates of Klebsiella spp and Proteus spp, compared with the other 3 organisms (E coli, Enterobacter spp, and Pseudomonas spp). There was no significant difference of susceptibility to amikacin among the genera studied (P = 0.06).     

Effect of pathogen-specific clinical mastitis on herd life in two New York State dairy herds

The objective of this study was to estimate the effects of clinical mastitis (CM) (both with and without specific pathogen identification) occurring in different stages of lactation on length of herd life in two New York State dairy farms. The 2,697 cows in the study were followed for one lactation (the first-occurring one on or after 1 October 1999), until it ended because of a new lactation, culling, or end of study (31 March 2001 in one farm; 31 July 2001 in the other). A Cox proportional hazards model with time-dependent covariates, in SAS((R)), was used to measure, within a lactation, the effect of the first occurrence of CM (without specific pathogen identification) occurring 1--7, 8--66, 67--100, 101--225, or >or=226 days in milk (DIM), on how long cows remained in the herd. For the first occurrence of CM due to Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., and 'no pathogen isolated', the intervals were before and after the median DIM of first occurrence of each pathogen. There were too few cases due to Arcanobacterium pyogenes, and 'other pathogens grouped together' to split into intervals, so they were modeled as binary variables, i.e. as they occurred. CM was modeled using time-dependent covariates, to account for its differing effects throughout lactation on culling. Other variables controlled for were herd, parity, calving season, and other significant diseases. In the dataset, the lactational incidence risk of the first occurrence of CM was 18.2%; 20.0% of the cows did not survive the lactation that was studied. The overall annual culling percentage for both herds during the study period (including all cows, whether eligible for the study or not) was 35.6%. For cows with CM without pathogen identification, their highest hazard ratio (HR) of culling occurred from 67 to 100 DIM. All of the pathogens modeled markedly reduced herd life. On average over the entire lactation, cows with Staphylococcus spp. CM had the highest HRs for culling, although there were no significant differences among pathogens (at p=0.0018 (reflecting 28 pairwise comparisons)). For early-occurring (before median DIM of first occurrence) S. aureus CM, the daily rate of change of the HR of culling increased over time. The HRs for culling were particularly high for late-occurring (after median DIM of first occurrence) E. coli and Klebsiella spp. CM early in the interval, but the daily rate of change of the hazard of culling for these two pathogens decreased sharply over time. Treating CM as time-dependent therefore allowed us to measure in greater detail, its varying effects (of when it occurred) on herd life.     

Detection and Identification of Fish-Pathogenic Aphanomyces piscicida Using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) with Species-Specific Primers

Abstract

Aphanomyces piscicida is an important pathogen that plays a role in the morbidity and mortality of various fish species around the world. The poor quality of current identification techniques for this fungus led to the development of highly sensitive and specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. Primers derived from the ITS1 and ITS2 regions of A. piscicida NJM 0204 were designed for the detection and identification of fish-pathogenic A. piscicida, with the potential for the diagnosis of mycotic granulomatosis (MG). Polymerase chain reaction amplification showed that the primer set was specific only to fish-pathogenic A. piscicida, not to non-fish-pathogenic Aphanomyces, Saprolegnia spp., Achlya spp., Dictyuchus spp., and Lagenidium spp. In addition, PCR revealed an improved sensitivity sufficient to detect A. piscicida in artificially infected goldfish Carassius auratus. Results demonstrated that the PCR method established in this study is effective for the detection and identification of A. piscicida with MG.     

杀菌剂拌种防治草坪草病害的研究进展

综述了国内外用杀菌剂拌种防治草坪草病害的研究进展.现已报道,早熟禾、黑麦草和高羊茅3属草坪草常见的种带与土传真菌病害14类,病原真菌54种;其中最常见的包括立枯丝核菌、德氏霉、腐霉、镰刀菌、细交链孢和壳针孢等.常用杀菌剂福美双、甲基硫菌灵、三唑酮和甲霜灵等对草坪草主要病原真菌的室内防效明显,其中对福美双反应极敏感的病原真菌有禾谷德氏霉,对甲基硫菌灵反应极度敏感的病原真菌有禾顶囊壳、粉红粘帚霉和瓶霉菌等,对三唑酮反应敏感的真菌有串珠镰孢、禾顶囊壳、结缕草锈菌、颖枯壳针孢和立枯丝核菌,甲霜灵主要对腐霉有效.田间条件下杀菌剂拌种可提高草坪草种子发芽率和田间出苗.杀菌剂拌种时要尽量避免在防治一种病害的同时,可能会导致另一种原本不重要病害的大发生.杀菌剂应向着在植物体内、土壤、大气和水体中无残留或有微量残留也可以在短期内降解,生成无毒天然物质而向完全融入大自然的方向发展,这是草地农业生态系统可持续发展的一种必然趋势.     

黄牛阿氏肠杆菌的分离鉴定及生物学特性研究

为查明广西某牛场病死黄牛的病死原因,提供科学的综合防治措施,用细菌分离、生化鉴定、细菌16S rRNA测序、体外药敏试验、常见病原的PCR检测等方法对送检的病料进行检测。结果显示,化脓隐秘杆菌、多杀性巴氏杆菌、溶血性曼氏杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、牛副流感病毒3型、牛病毒性腹泻病毒、牛支原体和牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒PCR检测结果均为阴性。而从出血肺组织中分离到1株能引起小鼠致死的短杆状革兰阴性菌,该细菌在血琼脂平板上呈灰白色菌落,不溶血;在麦康凯培养基上呈圆形灰色、轻度隆起、光滑湿润、边缘整齐、直径为0.2 mm^0.3 mm的针尖状小菌落;在营养肉汤中生长呈絮状物浑浊。生化鉴定发现其符合阿氏肠杆菌的生化特性,16S rRNA测序结果显示该菌与阿氏肠杆菌的基因序列同源性为99%。体外药敏试验结果显示该菌仅对头孢类药物敏感,头孢类药物作用效果强度为头孢曲松钠>头孢地嗪钠>头孢哌酮钠舒巴坦钠。     

Intestinal microflora in 45 crows in Ueno Zoo and the in vitro susceptibilities of 29 Escherichia coli isolates to 14 antimicrobial agents

Microorganisms from 45 jungle crows (Corvus macrorhynchos) captured from July to December 2002 at Ueno Zoo, Tokyo were identified as Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter agglomerans, Pseudomonas maltophila, Staphylococcus spp., Micrococcus spp., and Streptococcus spp. E. coli showed the highest rate of isolation (21.6%). In an in vitro susceptibility test for 29 isolates of E. coli to 14 antimicrobial agents, all the isolates were resistant to penicillin G, vancomycin, erythromycin, lincomycin, bicozamycin, sulfadimethoxine, and olaquindox. Several isolates of them were also resistant to tetracycline, oxytetracycline, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and ampicillin. Twenty-nine isolates were divided into 19 serogroups and the most frequently identified serogroups were O8, O114 and O144, which showed the same multidrug-resistant patterns.     

Gram-negative bacterial infections of the mammary gland in cows

Naturally acquired gram-negative bacterial intramammary infections (n = 160) were studied in 99 cows over a 2-year period. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp, Serratia spp, Enterobacter spp, and unidentified gram-negative bacteria were isolated from 28.8, 39.4, 9.4, 5.0, and 11.2%, respectively, of infected mammary glands. A majority (61%) of intramammary infections were first detected during the nonlactating period. Gram-negative bacteria isolated during the first half of the nonlactating period were predominantly Klebsiella spp, Serratia spp, and Enterobacter spp. Onset of E coli intramammary infections was more prevalent during the second half of the nonlactating period and during the first 7 days of lactation. The majority (59%) of infections were less than 28 days in duration, but Klebsiella spp and Serratia spp infections were of significantly (P less than 0.05) greater duration than infections with E coli. The greatest percentage (47%) of gram-negative bacterial intramammary infections were first detected during the summer.     

Experimental infection of weaned piglets with Campylobacter coli – Excretion and translocation in a pig colonisation trial

Campylobacter (C.) is one of the most common food-borne pathogen causing bacterial enteric infections in humans. Consumption of meat and meat products that have been contaminated with Campylobacter are the major source of infection. Pigs are a natural reservoir of Campylobacter spp. with C. coli as the dominant species. Even though some studies focussed on transmission of C. coli in pig herds and the excretion in faeces, little is known about the colonisation and excretion dynamics of C. coli in a complex gut microbiota present in weaned piglets and the translocation to different tissues.