Preparation and use of amine-functionalized glycidyl methacrylate-g-poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers for removal of chromium(VI) from aqueous solution

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fibers were grafted with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) using benzoyl peroxide as initiator. 1,6-diaminohexane (HMDA) was then covalently attached to this GMA grafted PET fibers. Variations of time, temperature, initiator and monomer concentrations were investigated. HMDA-GMA-g-PET fibers were used as a new sorbent for removal of Cr(VI) ions from aqueous solutions through batch adsorption method. Effects of various parameters such as pH, treatment time, and initial ions concentration on the adsorption amount of ions onto reactive fibers were investigated. The adsorption rates of Cr(VI) ions were much higher on the HMDA-GMA-g-PET fiber than on GMA-g-PET and ungrafted PET fiber. Within 60 min, at pH 3, Cr(VI) was removed by 98 % while the initial concentration of ions was at 25 mg/l and by 94 % at 400 mg/l. The Cr(VI) ions adsorbed were easily desorbed by treating with 1M KOH within 10 min.     

Dual-mode adsorption of cochineal natural dye on wool fibers: Kinetic,equilibrium, and thermodynamic studies

The dual-mode adsorption model was used to investigate the adsorption behavior of cochineal natural dye on wool fibers. Kinetic, thermodynamic, and equilibrium characteristics were investigated in terms of the adsorption isotherm, affinity, enthalpy and entropy changes, dyeing rate, diffusion coefficient, and activation energy of dye diffusion. The results revealed the prominent role of dyeing pH in determination of dyeing mechanism and dye adsorption isotherm type. At pH 4, dual Langmuir-Nernst model with the highest correlation coefficient was found as the most appropriate isotherm model to describe the adsorption behavior of cochineal onto wool fibers while at pH 6, the adsorption isotherm was the Nernst type. Cochineal adsorption onto wool was exothermic which resulted in progressive fall in affinity and equilibrium dye up-take values with increasing temperature. Moreover, dyeing rate steadily increased with temperature. At pH 4, affinity, dyeing rate, and diffusion coefficient demonstrated higher values compared to pH 6 whereas enthalpy and entropy changes, and activation energy showed lower values. Additionally, negative value for activation energy was obtained at pH 6. The results are deliberated based on the different possible interactions between cochineal dye and wool fiber.     

Structural factors and physical properties of needle-punched nonwovens based on Co-PET/PA bicomponent fibers via alkali treatment

Needle-punched nonwovens are widely used in industrial fields. However, they are limited to some applications such as high-efficiency filters, high-performance synthetic leathers, and high-absorption wipes because of their low surface area and large pore size. In this study, needle-punched nonwovens composed of Copolyethylene terephthalate (Co-PET)/Polyamide (PA) sea-island bicomponent fibers were treated in NaOH solution with various conditions for preparing nonwovens composed of ultra-fine fibers. The effect of NaOH concentration and treatment temperature on the structural factors and physical properties of nonwovens was investigated. The morphological structures of Co-PET and PA components were analyzed by scanning electron microscope. After alkali treatment, fiber diameter was significantly reduced from 23.65 to 3.95 μm, specific surface area of nonwovens increased more than five times, calculated and experimental mean pore diameter decreased by 83.6 % and 20.8 %, respectively. By increasing NaOH concentration and treatment temperature, pore diameter was reduced, thereby decreasing the air permeability of nonwovens. Meanwhile, tensile strength increased and tearing strength decreased as NaOH concentration and treatment temperature were increased in both machine and cross direction, respectively. The treatment temperature of alkali treatment was significantly influenced by the physical properties of nonwovens.     

Fabrication of Gelatin-Based Electrospun Composite Fibers for Anti-Bacterial Properties and Protein Adsorption

A major goal of biomimetics is the development of chemical compositions and structures that simulate the extracellular matrix. In this study, gelatin-based electrospun composite fibrous membranes were prepared by electrospinning to generate bone scaffold materials. The gelatin-based multicomponent composite fibers were fabricated using co-electrospinning, and the composite fibers of chitosan (CS), gelatin (Gel), hydroxyapatite (HA), and graphene oxide (GO) were successfully fabricated for multi-function characteristics of biomimetic scaffolds. The effect of component concentration on composite fiber morphology, antibacterial properties, and protein adsorption were investigated. Composite fibers exhibited effective antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The study observed that the composite fibers have higher adsorption capacities of bovine serum albumin (BSA) at pH 5.32–6.00 than at pH 3.90–4.50 or 7.35. The protein adsorption on the surface of the composite fiber increased as the initial BSA concentration increased. The surface of the composite reached adsorption equilibrium at 20 min. These results have specific applications for the development of bone scaffold materials, and broad implications in the field of tissue engineering.     

Development of amino acid-modified PET/PA6 segmented pie bicomponent spunbonded microfiber nonwoven for bilirubin affinity adsorption

A novel affinity membrane based on PET/PA6 segmented pie bicomponent spunbonded microfiber nonwoven (PET/PA6 SBSNW) was developed for bilirubin adsorption. PET/PA6 SBSNW was initially fabricated as microfiber nonwoven fabric, and was then ammoniated with ethylenediamine (ETDA). Finally, amino acids as affinity ligands were immobilized on the ammoniated PET/PA6 SBSNW. The amino acid-modified PET/PA6 SBSNW was applied to adsorb bilirubin, and the effects of pH, temperature, species of affinity ligands, and time were investigated. The results showed that amino acid-modified PET/PA6 SBSNW has decent adsorption performance, and adsorption capacity of PET/PA6 SBSNW-Lys peaked at 388.35 mg/g.     

Tobacco stems as a low cost adsorbent for the removal of Pb(II) from wastewater: Equilibrium and kinetic studies

Adsorption of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solution onto tobacco stems has been investigated to evaluate the effects of initial lead ion concentration, adsorbent dosage, contact time, pH and temperature on the removal of Pb(II) systematically. The optimal pH value for Pb(II) adsorption onto the tobacco stems was found to be 5.0. The removal of lead ions for concentrations 10, 30 and 50 mg L⁻¹ using 0.8 g adsorbent at contact time of 120 min and at temperature of 299 K were 94.37%, 92.10% and 90.43%, respectively. Thermodynamic parameters such as standard Gibbs free energy (ΔG°), standard enthalpy (ΔH°), and standard entropy (ΔS°) were evaluated by applying the Van’t Hoff equation, which describes the dependence of equilibrium constant on temperature. The thermodynamics of Pb(II) adsorption onto the tobacco stems indicated that the adsorption was spontaneous and endothermic. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were used to analyze the equilibrium data at different temperatures and the equilibrium data were found to fit Freundlich isotherm equation better than Langmuir isotherm. The adsorption was analyzed using pseudo-second-order kinetic equation.     

Effects of carbon nanotubes on morphological structure, thermal and flammability properties of electrospun composite fibers consisting of lauric acid and polyamide 6 as thermal energy storage materials

The ultrafine composite fibers consisting of lauric acid (LA) and polyamide 6 (PA6) as form-stable phase change materials (PCMs), were prepared successfully by electrospinning. The effect of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the structural morphology, phase change behaviors, thermal stability, flammability and thermal conductivity properties of electrospun LA/PA6 composite fibers was investigated by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analyses (TGA), microscale combustion calorimeter (MCC) and melting/freezing times measurements, respectively. SEM observations indicated that the LA/PA6 and LA/PA6/CNTs composite fibers possessed flat and ribbon-shaped morphologies, but the neat PA6 fibers had cylindrical shape with smooth surface; and the average fiber diameters for LA/PA6 composite fibers decreased generally with the addition of CNTs. DSC measurements indicated that the heat enthalpies of the composite fibers were lower that that of neat LA powders, while the amounts of CNTs had no appreciable effect on the phase change temperatures and heat enthalpies of the composite fibers. TGA results showed that the addition of CNTs increased the onset thermal degradation temperature, maximum weight loss temperature and charred residue at 700 °C of the composite fibers, attributed to the improved thermal stability properties. It could be found from MCC tests that there were two-step combustion processes for composite fibers, and corresponded respectively to combustion of LA and polymer chains (PA6) in composite fibers. The addition of CNTs reduced the peak of heat release rate (PHRR) of electrospun composite fibers, contributing to the decreased flammability properties. The improved thermal conductivity performances of LA/PA6/CNTs composite fibers was also confirmed by comparing the melting/freezing times of LA/PA6 composite fibers with that of neat LA powders. The results from the SEM observation showed that the composite fibers had no appreciable variations in shape and diameter after heating/cooling processes.     

An adsorption study of alum-morin dyeing onto silk yarn

Silk yarn was dyed with morin (2′,3,4′,5,7-pentahydroxyflavone) by using alum as mordant. In order to optimize the process, three methods of dyeing involving: pre-mordanting, simultaneous mordanting, and post-mordanting were assessed and compared with a mordant-free process. The adsorption of alum-morin dye onto silk fibers indicated that the adsorption capacities were significantly affected by pH, the initial dye concentration, and temperature. The initial dye adsorption rates of alum-morin dye on silk before equilibrium was reached increased with higher dyeing temperatures. The pseudo second-order kinetic model was indicated for alum-morin dyeing (simultaneous mordanting) of silk at pH 4.0 with an activation energy (E _a ) of 45.26 kJ/mol. The value of the enthalpy of activation (ΔH ^#) for alum-morin dyeing on silk at pH 4.0 was −31.29 kJ/mol. Also, the free energy (ΔG ^o) and entropy changes (ΔS ^o) for alum-morin dyeing on silk were −17.73 kJ/mol and −45.7 J/molK, respectively, consistent with a spontaneous and exothermic adsorption process.     

Squid Pen Chitin Chitooligomers as Food Colorants Absorbers

One of the most promising applications of chitosanase is the conversion of chitinous biowaste into bioactive chitooligomers (COS). TKU033 chitosanase was induced from squid pen powder (SPP)-containing Bacillus cereus TKU033 medium and purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and column chromatography. The enzyme was relatively more thermostable in the presence of the substrate and had an activity of 93% at 50 °C in a pH 5 buffer solution for 60 min. Furthermore, the enzyme used for the COS preparation was also studied. The enzyme products revealed various mixtures of COS that with different degrees of polymerization (DP), ranging from three to nine. In the culture medium, the fermented SPP was recovered, and it displayed a better adsorption rate (up to 96%) for the disperse dyes than the water-soluble food colorants, Allura Red AC (R40) and Tartrazne (Y4). Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopic (FT-IR) analysis proved that the adsorption of the dyes onto fermented SPP was a physical adsorption. Results also showed that fermented SPP was a favorable adsorber and could be employed as low-cost alternative for dye removal in wastewater treatment.     

Use of 1,6-diaminohexane-functionalized glycidyl methacrylate-g-poly(ethylene terephthalate) fiber for removal of acidic dye from aqueous solution

In this study, removal of Congo red (CR) from aqueous solution by 1,6-diaminohexane-functionalized glycidyl methacrylate-g-poly(ethylene terephthalate) (HMDA-GMA-g-PET) fiber was investigated. A new aminated fibrous adsorbent was prepared by a reaction between amine and epoxy group in GMA-g-PET fiber prepared by grafting GMA monomer onto poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fiber. Effects of various parameters such as pH, treatment time, initial, dye concentration, and reaction temperature on the adsorption amount of dye onto reactive fiber were investigated. The adsorption rates of CR were much higher on the HMDA-GMA-g-PET fiber than on GMA-g-PET and ungrafted PET fiber. The effective pH was 2.0 for adsorption on grafted PET fiber. It was found that the sufficient time to attain equilibrium was 60 min. The maximum adsorption capacity of the reactive fiber for CR is 16.6 mg/g fiber. The rates of adsorption were found to conform to the pseudo-second order kinetics with good correlation. It was found that the adsorption isotherm of CR fitted Freundlich type isotherm.     

Green and Efficient Synthesis of an Adsorbent Fiber by Plasma-induced Grafting of Glycidyl Methacrylate and Its Cd(II) Adsorption Performance

A new chelating adsorbent for the removal of Cd(II) from aqueous solution, PP-g-GMA-DETA fibers, is prepared by plasma induced grafting of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) onto the surface of polypropylene (PP) fibers, followed by modification with diethylenetriamine (DETA). The effects of grafting parameters on the grafting degree are investigated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy prove the successful grafting of GMA onto the surfaces of PP fibers and the subsequent conversion of epoxy groups of grafted GMA to amine groups, on reaction with DETA. The adsorption performances of Cd(II) by the chelating fibers are evaluated in detail. Kinetic and isothermal parameters are also evaluated. The data fit well with the pseudo-second order and Langmuir isotherm model, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacity of Cd(II) is 46.47 mg g^-1 and the prepared fibers show selective adsorbability towards target Cd(II) in presence of competing Mg(II) ions.     

Structure,electrical and mechanical properties of polyamide 66/acid-treated MWCNT composite films prepared by solution mixing in the presence of nonionic surfactant

Two different sets of polyamide 66(PA66)-based composite films containing 2.0-10.0 wt% acid-treated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) were manufactured by solution mixing and casting method in the presence or absence of a nonionic surfactant. For the improved dispersion and interfacial interaction of MWCNTs in the PA66 matrix, carboxylic acid-functionalized MWCNTs were prepared by the acid-treatment of pristine MWCNTs. The uniform dispersion of the acidtreated MWCNTs in the PA66 matrix was confirmed from FE-SEM images of the fractured composite film surfaces. DSC thermograms supported that the acid-treated MWCNTs served as nucleating agents for the melt-crystallization of PA66 in both composite films prepared with/without the addition of the surfactant. The electrical and tensile mechanical properties of the composite films prepared with the surfactant were ~20 % higher than those of the composite films manufactured without the surfactant. For both composite films, sheet resistivity and tensile mechanical properties were found to be highly decreased and increased, respectively, with the increment of the acid-treated MWCNT content.     

Preparation of adsorbent based on cotton fiber for removal of dyes

Synthetic dyes are used extensively in modern industries, which are toxic and harmful to environment and human. Cotton fiber is a kind of abundant, renewable and eco-friendly cellulose fiber in nature, however, the adsorption capacity of raw cellulose for pollutants was often low. Therefore, an efficient adsorbent for removal of dyes was successfully prepared by grafting beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and amino-terminated hyperbranched polymer (NH₂-HBP) onto cotton fibers in this study, which was effective to anionic dyes and cationic dyes. The adsorbent were characterized using FTIR, SEM and XPS analysis. The results of adsorption experiments showed that the adsorbent based on cotton fiber exhibited better adsorption performance for Congo red(CR) and methylene blue(MB). The experimental results revealed that the pH value had a great influence on the adsorption capacity.     

木薯渣基生物质炭对阿维菌素吸附解吸行为研究

为了研究阿维菌素在生物质炭上的吸附动力学,吸附-解吸等温线和吸附热力学特征,通过FTIR分析进一步阐述阿维菌素在生物质炭上可能存在的吸附机制。以木薯渣为原料,在限氧条件下,分别于350、550、750℃制备生物质炭(分别记作MS350、MS550、MS750),并对其理化性质进行表征。结果表明:随着制备温度升高,生物质炭呈现产率降低,pH值、灰分及比表面积增加,芳香性增大、极性减弱等特征;生物质炭吸附阿维菌素呈现先快速后缓慢最后平衡的3个阶段;吸附能力表现为MS750>MS550>MS350,吸附等温线属于非线性L型等温吸附线;解吸等温线结果表明木薯渣基生物质炭吸附阿维菌素存在解吸滞后现象。吸附热力学结果表明随着环境温度的上升,生物质炭的吸附量会得到提升。同时根据吉布斯自由能方程计算,可知生物质炭吸附阿维菌素是物理吸附为主,且是一个吸热的、熵增大的自发反应。孔隙填充效应、π-π电子供受体作用、静电相互作用和氢键作用等可能是阿维菌素在生物质炭上的吸附机制。      

Removal of benzidine-based azo dye from aqueous solution using amide and amine-functionalized poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers

In this study, amide and amine groups bound to poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers are used to remove the colored toxic Congo red dye from aqueous solution. The effects of process variables like pH, contact time, graft yield, and initial dye concentration on the adsorption were investigated. The maximum adsorption of Congo red to amide and amine groups was observed at pH 3 and 5 respectively. Equilibrium was attained at approximately 60 min for the amine group. The adsorption capacity of amine group on the poly(ethylene terephthalate) fiber was 46.5 mg g⁻¹ at 25 °C, which was higher than that of the amide group on the poly(ethylene terephthalate) fiber. Desorption was done using 0.1 M NH₃, and recovery was measured at 58.2 %. The used adsorbent was regenerated and recycled six times. The results showed that the amine-functionalized fiber could be considered as potential adsorbents for removal of Congo red from aqueous solution.     

Modified polyamide 66 fibers for the removal of reactive dyes from aqueous suspension

In this paper, we report the modification of polyamide sample (PA) with different contents of chitosan (CS) using citric acid (CA) as a cross-linker [PA-CA-CS]. New materials were confirmed to be formed in PA using FT-IR spectrum. It is also checked in terms of the change in thermal stability event and decomposition behavior in thermogravimetry through TG-DTA instruments. Then, the ability of unmodified and modified supports was tested for the adsorption of two reactive dyes i.e. Cibacron Brilliant Yellow 3G-P and Cibacron Blue P-3R. Sorption experiments were performed under varying several experimental conditions such as pH, contact time, initial dye concentration, and temperature. The isotherm and kinetic models were undertaken to assess the dye removal mechanism. The applicability of Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich, and Temkin equations was checked and data were fitted using Langmuir model. The second-order equation was shown to fit the adsorption kinetics. Data gleaned from both thermodynamic results and modeling data indicate that the adsorption follows a chemical and exothermic process.     

The role of absorbed hemicelluloses on final paper properties and printability

Hemicelluloses isolated from eucalyptus wood were adsorbed onto both bleached eucalyptus kraft pulp and pine kraft pulp as part of a general strategy to investigate their role on final sheet mechanics and physical properties. The tensile indices increased upon hemicelluloses addition and respectively reached a maximum at 9 mg/g and 10 mg/g hemicelluloses adsorption for bleached eucalyptus kraft pulp and pine kraft pulp, whereas the tear index increased depending on the pulp type. The air permeability and surface roughness of the bleached eucalyptus kraft pulp slightly decreased, however, brightness and opacity did not changed. SEM analysis shows that hemicelluloses adsorption increases bleached eucalyptus kraft pulp fibers interaction, whereas the effect of hemicelluloses addition on the beaten pine kraft pulp is unclear. The hemicelluloses adsorption also affected printability. It was found that print through for the bleached eucalyptus kraft pulp hand sheet slightly decreased, but for the bleached pine kraft pulp hand sheet it was unaffected. Print densities were not influenced.     

Preparation and antibacterial properties of nanocomposite fibers made of polyamide 6 and silver-doped hydroxyapatite

Nanocomposite fibers of polyamide 6 (PA6) and hydroxyapatite (HA) were prepared and doped with silver to investigate antibacterial activities due to good potential for textile modification. Nano-sized HA could be synthesized using agarose and ethanol as thickener and washing medium, respectively. The PA6/HA nanocomposite fibers could be doped with silver by dipping the fibers having HA in aqueous AgNO₃ solution containing 300 ppm of Ag ion for 1 min utilizing HA as a carrier to load silver through ion-exchange mechanism. It was found that silver was successfully doped to PA6/HA nanocomposite fibers from the EDS spectra. The nanocomposite fibers containing 3.3 wt% of HA after silver doping demonstrated such excellent antibacterial activities against K. pneumonia and E. coli that they are expected to serve as functional antibacterial materials in various application fields.     

Effects of electron-beam irradiation crosslinking on PA6 fibers

Irradiation crosslinking of PA6 fibers with and without the presence of triallyl cyanurate (TAC) was investigated. The dose for incipient gel formation was 500 kGy for pristine PA6 fibers and it decreased to 12 kGy when 5 % TAC was incorporated. Changes in structure and properties of irradiated PA6 fibers were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy and thermal gravimetric analysis. Irradiation crosslinking improved the anti-dripping properties of PA6 fibers effectively. Irradiated samples showed an increase of the breaking strength and then a decrease at further doses due to radiolysis effect, the elongation at break decreased during the irradiation process. Irradiation crosslinking had not changed the crystal form and crystallinity decreased first and then increased to some extent. DSC measurement reported that the melting temperature decreased with increasing the dose. The thermal stability decreased after irradiation whereas the amount of nonvolatile residue at 600 °C increased as the irradiation dosage increased. The infrared spectra of irradiated samples were identical with the unirradiated, no new bands were observed.XPS analysis showed that the number of C-C band increased after irradiation which proves that branching and crosslinking has occurred.     

Preparation,Characterization and Properties of High-salt-tolerance Sodium Alginate/Krill Protein Composite Fibers

Sodium alginate (SA) and krill protein (AKP) were blended to obtain composite solution, and functional SA/AKP composite fibers were prepared via wet spinning. To further improve the salt tolerance, SA/AKP composite fibers were modified with copper sulfate aqueous solution as secondary coagulation bath because of the strong adsorption to copper ions. The CSA/AKP composite fibers with high salt tolerance have been successfully prepared. The intermolecular interaction of SA/AKP composite system and the two-order structure of protein in the composite system were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Besides, the crystallinity, morphology, mechanical properties, salt tolerance and water resistance and thermal stability of SA/AKP composites were investigated respectively. The results showed that the adsorption rate and the adsorption capacity of the composite solution to copper ion were significantly higher than those to calcium ion. Under the effect of secondary solidification by copper sulfate, the β-sheet chain of the composite fibers increased from 41.48 % to 49.21 %, the intramolecular hydrogen bond increased from 38.18 % to 44.26 %, the intermolecular hydrogen bond decreased from 59.84 % to 54.70 % and free hydroxyl slightly decreased. The water resistance of the modified composite fibers was improved by about 22 %; when the swelling time was 25 min, the salt resistance increased by about 150 %; the number of grooves on the surface of the composite fibers obviously increased, and the grooves on the surface of CSA/AKP composite fibers and the fiber section structure were much denser; Meanwhile, copper sulfate had some influence on the crystallization, thermal stability and mechanical properties of the composite fibers.