施氮对稻米淀粉RVA谱特征值的影响

以培杂双七为试验材料,研究不同施氮量对糙米淀粉粘滞谱特性的影响.结果显示,随着施氮量的增加稻米蛋白质含量增加.糙米淀粉粘滞谱曲线整体下降,开始糊化时间延长,糙米淀粉RVA谱的峰值粘度、热浆粘度、崩解值、最终粘度、回复值和消减值随施氮量的增加呈显著或极显著下降.     

稻米淀粉粘滞性谱特征的表现及其遗传

通过对水稻F[sub]2[/sub]无性系群体及大量品种（系）的RVA谱的测定,研究了稻米淀粉RVA谱的类型及遗传。结果表明：（1）RVA谱可分为A~F六种类型,糯稻的特征图谱为A型,籼稻的特征图谱有B、C、D、E、F五种类型,粳稻有D、E、F三种类型。（2）稻米的表观直链淀粉含量（AAC）不同,RVA谱则不同。稻米的AAC相同,RVA谱也可不同,在低、中AAC类型中,RVA谱的差异能反映品种食味品质的差异。（3）4个杂交稻组合的RVA谱表现出相同的特点,除最高粘度和起浆温度外,其他特征值均介于双亲之间,表明杂交稻米品质改良要求不育系与恢复系的改良同步进行。（4）在F[sub]2[/sub]无性系群体中,RVA谱各特征均呈连续分布,最高粘度是典型的数量性状遗传,热浆粘度、冷胶粘度、崩解值、消减值、回复值都可能是由一对主效基因和若干微效基因共同控制的遗传。     

稻米淀粉RVA谱在水稻优质米育种上的应用

水稻优质米育种应用的指标上,利用粘度速测仪测定稻米淀粉粘度特性成为评价稻米食用品质的一个很重要指标。相比于目前公认的直链淀粉、蛋白质及胶稠度等食味性主要影响指标,稻米淀粉粘度特性测定更加准确、迅速。本文综述了稻米淀粉RVA谱测定方法、特征特性、与其它营养食味品质的关系及其基因定位研究,分析了稻米淀粉RVA谱在优质米育种上的应用,为稻米淀粉RVA谱的进一步推广应用奠定了良好的基础。     

粳稻品种的粒厚特征及其对食味品质的影响

 以2006年收获的71份北方粳稻主栽品种为试材,研究了糙米粒厚的分布及粒厚与食味品质的相关性。结果表明,品种间糙米粒厚差异较大,变异系数为6.57%,粒厚在1.81~2.10 mm的品种占参试品种总数的78.88％。糙米粒厚与米饭食味评分呈极显著正相关。用粒厚分级机对其中5个粳稻品种进行粒厚分级,测定同一品种不同粒厚样品的米饭食味评分值、蛋白质含量、直链淀粉含量和RVA谱特征值。结果表明,粒厚对稻米蛋白质含量、RVA特征值、米饭食味评分等指标有显著影响,同一品种随着粒厚的增加,食味品质得到改善。讨论了粒厚作为品种选育指标的必要性。     

减量播种对直播稻品质的影响

为探明减量播种对直播稻品质的影响效应,在田间设置5个播种量,分别为142.5、120.0、97.5、75.0、52.5 kg/hm2,研究减量播种对直播稻糙米率、蛋白质含量、直链淀粉含量、食味值及稻米RVA谱(淀粉黏滞性谱)特征参数的影响。结果表明:减量播种对直播稻糙米率、稻米食味值、淀粉RVA谱特征值均产生了影响,播种量为97.5 kg/hm2处理下的糙米率最高(83.65%),稻米的食味得分最高(85分),RVA谱特征值的崩解值最大(141.6 RVU),消减值最低(126.5 RVU)。因此,播种量为97.5 kg/hm2条件下稻米食味品质最佳。     

全麦粉谷蛋白溶涨指数测定方法研究

为了探讨利用全麦粉代替面粉测定谷蛋白溶涨指数的可行性，本文测定了21个小麦品种(系)的Zeleny,SDS沉淀值及不同溶涨时间下全麦粉和面粉的谷蛋白溶涨指数。简单相关分析结果表明，用全麦粉测得的谷蛋白溶涨指数与Zeleny、SDS沉淀值呈极显著正相关；在溶涨时间相同时，用全麦粉和用面粉测得的谷蛋白溶涨指数呈极显著正相关(0．843^**,0．912^**,0．934^**)。研究结果证明用全麦粉可以代替面粉测定谷蛋白溶涨指数。该方法可以降低样品用量，加快检测速度。     

利用RVA谱快速鉴别不同表观直链淀粉含量早籼稻的淀粉粘滞特性

采用粘度速测仪分析了浙江省新近培育的早籼稻新品种（系）的淀粉粘滞特性,结果表明不同品种（系）具有特征性RVA谱。依消减值可有效区分出品种（系）表观直链淀粉含量（AAC）的高低。低AAC品种（系）的消减值一般为负值,中等或高AAC品种（系）的消减值为正值。中等AAC品种（系）间食用品质的优劣,可根据消减值和崩解值判断。RVA谱的崩解值与胶稠度和米饭口感相关,消减值与米饭质地关联。上述结果表明, RVA谱特性可望作为理化标记在优质稻米育种中发挥重要作用。     

利用RVA谱快速鉴别不同表现直链淀粉含量早籼稻的淀粉粘滞特性

采用粘度速测仪分析了浙江省新近培育的早籼稻新品种（系）的淀粉粘滞特性，结果表明不同品种（系）具有特征性RVA谱。依消减值可有效区分出品种（系）表观直链淀粉含量（AAC）的高低。低AAC品种（系）的消减一般为负值，中等或高AAC品种（系）的消减值为正值。中等AAC品种（系）间食用品质的优劣，可根据消减值和崩解值判断。RVA谱的崩解值与胶稠度和米饭口感相关，消减值与米饭质地关联。上述结果表明，RVA谱特性可望作为理化标记在优质稻米育种中发挥重要作用。     

稻米淀粉RVA谱特征与品质性状的相关性

 通过对106份水稻材料稻米外观品质、蒸煮品质和RVA谱特征值的测定,研究了淀粉黏滞性（RVA谱）特征值与各项品质指标的相关关系。RVA谱特征值与外观品质中的垩白率关系最为密切,其中垩白率与崩解值(BDV)和消减值(SBV)的相关系数分别为-0.43**和0.40**;RVA谱特征值与低直链淀粉含量(AC)品种和糯稻品种的蒸煮品质指标呈显著或极显著相关,与中高直链淀粉含量品种的指标相关性不显著,特别是高直链淀粉含量品种的AC与RVA谱特征值相关性均不显著,而糯稻品种的AC与RVA谱特征值（BDV和 SBV除外）的相关系数均在0.85以上。由此认为,水稻品种的AC越低,AC与RVA谱特征值的关系越密切。     

杂交稻淀粉RVA谱特征值的配合力及杂种优势研究

以6个籼型三系杂交稻不育系和5个恢复系按不完全双列杂交配制的30个杂交稻组合及其亲本为材料,对其淀粉RVA谱特征值进行了测定和分析。结果表明:淀粉RVA谱特征值在各组合间均存在极显著遗传差异,其加性效应和非加性效应对杂交稻淀粉RVA谱特征值均存在极显著的影响,并以加性效应为主;杂交稻亲本RVA谱特征值一般配合力(GCA)效应高的,其后代特殊配合力(SCA)效应不一定高;杂交稻母本RVA谱特征值GCA方差在总的基因型方差中所占比重远远大于父本和组合SCA方差,表明杂交稻淀粉RVA谱特征值主要受不育系的影响;杂交稻淀粉RVA谱特征值的竞争优势与母本的GCA极显著正相关,且决定系数较高,表明杂交稻母本的一般配合力高,其所配杂交稻组合的竞争优势也强;杂交稻淀粉RVA谱特征值的峰值黏度存在明显的超高亲优势;糊化开始温度存在超低亲优势;其他性状存在中亲优势。     

Effect of Rolled Leaf Gene Rl（t） on Grain Quality in Hybrid Rice

Effects of rolled leaf gene Rl（t） on grain quality characters of hybrid rice were analyzed by using three pairs of rolled leaf near-isogenic lines under two fertilizer treatments. Under normal fertilizer level （e.g. 450 kg urea per ha）, head rice rates and milled rice recovery of rolled leaf hybrids were significantly higher than those of corresponding non-rolled crosses, while the chalky rice rate and chalkiness were all lower. Of the RVA profiles, the peak viscosity, the hot paste viscosity and the breakdown viscosity of the rolled were all higher than those of the corresponding non-rolled ones to various degrees. Increasing fertilizer application for promoting panicle development increased the brown, milled and head rice rates except for Shanyou 63, furthermore, significant difference of head rice rates existed between the rolled leaf Shanyou 559 and Shanyou 559; while the peak viscosity, the hot paste viscosity and the breakdown viscosity all decreased to different levels; changes of values of other characters had no apparent regularity. It suggested that Rl（t） could improve rice quality under certain conditions.     

卷叶基因Rl（t）对杂交稻稻米品质性状的影响

 以3对卷叶近等基因系杂交组合为研究对象，设置两种施肥水平处理，研究Rl(t)卷叶基因对杂交稻稻米品质性状的影响。在正常肥力水平下，卷叶组合的精米率显著或极显著高于其对应组合，整精米率高于其对应组合，垩白率和垩白度均低于其对应组合。稻米淀粉RVA谱特征值中，卷叶组合的最高粘度、热浆粘度和崩解值均大于其对应组合，其他性状指标值在对应组合间的差异表现趋势不一致。增施穗肥，除汕优63外，各组合的糙米率、精米率和整精米率都有提高的趋势，各组合最高粘度、热浆粘度和崩解值均降低，消减值均增大，其他性状指标值变化趋势因组合而异。增施穗肥，卷叶组合的精米率和整精米率都高于其对应组合，其中卷叶汕优559与汕优559的整精米率差异达显著水平，其他性状指标值在对应组合间的差异没有明显的规律性，说明Rl(t)基因在一定条件下有利于提高稻米品质。     

Impact of proteins on pasting and cooking properties of waxy and non-waxy rice

Changes of RVA viscosity and texture properties of waxy rice (n=9) and non-waxy rice (n=10) were analyzed through protein removal or disulfide bond disruption. Protease or DTT had similar effects on the pasting behavior of the waxy rice, but affected differently that of non-waxy rice. For all waxy rice flour treated with DTT or protease, the peak, breakdown and consistency viscosity values all significantly decreased, and the viscosity curves barely rose from the baseline. Pre-incubation of flours with a protease increased RVA pasting temperatures, decreased viscosities along all the points of the curves and the slopes of the linear parts of the curves for all non-waxy cultivars. DTT decreased RVA pasting temperatures and peak viscosities of all non-waxy flour, but increased breakdown viscosities in six non-waxy rice cultivars. With DTT-added cooking water, the hardness of cooked waxy and non-waxy rice, as determined by Instron, generally decreased. With DTT-added cooking water, the adhesiveness of all cooked waxy rice significantly decreased, while it increased significantly or remained the same in all cooked non-waxy rice. The above results indicated that the protein agent of a network linked by disulfide bonds increased the RVA gelatinized paste rigidity, the hardness and adhesiveness of cooked rice of all waxy cultivars, while in non-waxy cultivars, both the network and the increase of the gelatinized paste concentrations resulting from protein hydration contributed to the enhancements of the RVA paste rigidity and the cooked rice hardness.     

施氮量对机插稻主要米质性状的影响

以粳型超级稻宁粳3号和常规粳稻镇稻11号为材料,在机械插秧条件下,研究施氮量(0、90、180、270、360 kg/hm2)对粳型超级稻主要米质性状及淀粉粘滞谱(RVA谱)特征的影响。结果表明:施氮量对两个品种的稻米加工品质、营养品质、蒸煮食味品质及淀粉RVA谱3个曲线峰值的影响达到显著或极显著水平,对淀粉RVA谱其他特征参数的影响因不同品种而异;增加施氮量使两品种外观品质变差。随施氮量的增加,两个品种的糙米率、精米率、整精米、精米蛋白质含量呈增加趋势,而稻米的直链淀粉含量、食味值和淀粉RVA谱曲线峰值(峰值黏度、热浆黏度和冷胶黏度)呈现下降趋势。表明增施氮肥在提高粳型超级稻和常规粳稻加工和营养品质的同时,降低了稻米食味品质,并使稻米淀粉粘性变劣。     

Relative nutritional value of some rices for growth ofTribolium castaneum larvae

Growth of red flour beetleTribolium castaneum (Herbst) larvae with brown or milled rice as the carbohydrate source was faster on diets containing milled rice than on those with brown rice. Larval growth was negatively correlated with amylose content of both brown and milled rice. Among high-amylose (>25%) milled rices, heavier larvae were obtained with rices of low gelatinization temperature (alkali-spreading values 6–7) than with those with higher gelatinization temperature (alkali-spreading values < 6). The differences in larval growth reflected relative digestibility of raw rice starch granules.     

稻米淀粉黏滞性(RVA谱)特征值的遗传及QTL定位分析

利用武育粳3号/Aichi 106构建的F2 群体,研究了精米粉RVA谱8个特征值: 最高黏度(peak viscosity,PKV)、热浆黏度(hot paste viscosity,HPV)、冷胶黏度(cool paste viscosity,CPV)、崩解值(breakdown viscosity,BDV)、消减值(setback viscosity,SBV)和回复值(consistence viscosity,CSV)、峰值时间（peak time, PeT）、糊化温度（pasting temperature, PaT）的遗传规律。结果表明, PKV为由微效基因控制的数量性状;HPV、CPV、SBV、BDV、CSV可能是由一对主基因和微效多基因共同控制的数量性状;PeT可能由两对主基因控制,并且还受微效多基因的影响。用热研2号/密阳23构建重组自交系群体,于2005-2006年对稻米淀粉RVA谱8个特征值进行了数量性状基因座QTL定位和分析,两年试验共检测到34个QTL,分布在第1、2、3、4、6、7、8共7条染色体上;两年同时检测到的QTL共8个,其中qHPV6、 qCPV6、 qCSV6、 qSBV6、qBDV6位于第6染色体的Wx基因附近;qHPV2、qCSV2位于第2染色体RM341与RM475标记之间,qCPV2位于RM573与RM250标记之间。第2染色体上与支链淀粉合成有关的两个基因与RVA谱特征值有密切关系。     

优质水稻品种越光(Koshihikari)中控制稻米淀粉RVA谱特征值的QTL分析

利用南京11×Koshihikari RIL群体在南京两年的种植结果,检测与稻米淀粉RVA谱特征值峰值黏度、最低黏度、最终黏度、崩解值、消减值、峰值时间和糊化温度相关加性和上位性效应QTL,并分析其表达稳定性。结果表明,7个稻米淀粉RVA谱特征值在两年中均呈连续分布,且存在超亲遗传现象。共检测到8个具有加性效应的QTL与稻米6项淀粉RVA谱特征值有关,两年中能重复出现的QTL有6个,即qTPV-6、qFPV-6、qBDV-6、qSBV-6、qPKT-6和qPT-6,分别控制最低黏度、最终黏度、崩解值、消减值、峰值时间和糊化温度,两年的平均贡献率分别为46.4%、60.3%、31.1%、71.9%、38.5%和12.4%,而qSBV-8和qPT-5仅在1年中被检测到,环境稳定性差。此外,还检测到5对影响稻米淀粉RVA谱特征值的QTL具有上位性效应,互作既发生在相同染色体上也发生在不同染色体之间,但贡献率较小,且受环境的影响较小。控制稻米淀粉RVA谱特征值的稳定、主效QTL,可为Koshihikari中稻米优良蒸煮食味品质相关基因的育种利用提供基础。     

Inheritance Analysis and QTL Mapping of Rice Starch Viscosity (Rapid Visco Analyzer Profile) Characteristics

The rice starch viscosity characteristics, which can be indicated by Rapid Visco Analyzer profile (RVA profile), have been proved useful for the evaluation of cooking and eating quality in rice breeding program. To study the inheritance of the RVA profile, an F2 population of Wuyujing 3/Aichi 106 was used. The results indicated that the peak viscosity (PKV) was a typical quantitative character, and the hot paste viscosity (HPV), cool paste viscosity (CPV), setback viscosity (SBV), breakdown viscosity (BDV), and consistence viscosity (CSV) might be controlled by one major gene and several minor genes.To elucidate the genetic basis of the paste viscosity characteristics, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from Nikken 2/Milyang 23 and its genetic linkage map were used to map the QTLs controlling RVA profiles in 2005 and 2006. A total of 34 QTLs distributed on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7 and 8 were detected, including 19 and 15 QTLs in 2005 and 2006,respectively. Eight QTLs were both detected in the two years, qHPV6, qCPV6, qCSV6, qSBV6, and qBDV6were located on chromosome 6, while qHPV2, qCSV2, and qCPV2 were on chromosome 2.     

Inheritance of flour paste viscosity is associated with a rice Waxy gene exon 10 SNP marker

Apparent amylose content is a key element for characterizing a rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivar for cooking quality. However, cultivars with similar apparent amylose content can have widely varying quality attributes, including major parameters of flour paste viscosity. It has been postulated that the presence of a rice Waxy gene single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker is associated with elevated Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA) properties in specific high amylose rice cultivars. A mapping population derived from a cross between two varieties, Cocodrie and Dixiebelle, having similar high apparent amylose contents, but with different paste viscosity properties and Waxy gene markers was analyzed for the genetic segregation of various pasting properties, measured with RVA instrumentation. Marker inheritance analyses revealed that the Waxy exon 10 SNP marker was associated with the proportion of soluble to insoluble apparent amylose and most RVA pasting measurements. Waxy gene markers can be used to efficiently improve the selection of rice with desirable characteristics, particularly for superior parboiling and canning quality.