蒜棉两熟制棉花轻简化生产的途径——短季棉蒜后直播

蒜棉套种是当前鲁西南棉区普遍采用的高效种植模式,但费工费时,也不适合机械化生产。改蒜棉套种为蒜后直播、改棉花中早熟品种为短季棉品种、改稀植大棵为密植矮化的棉蒜两熟种植模式,在保证棉蒜产量不减的情况下,减少了作业环节和次数,大大减少了用工,提高了机械化程度,实现了农机与农艺的有机融合,是鲁西南蒜棉两制条件下棉花轻简化生产的重要途径。     

不同种植模式对棉田主要害虫及其天敌种群消长动态的影响

以直播春棉为对照,田间调查比较棉瓜套种、麦后移栽、棉蒜套作、麦棉套作和育苗移栽棉田主要害虫及其天敌种群动态.结果表明,不同种植模式对棉田主要害虫及其天敌种群动态影响不同.与直播春棉棉田相比,棉花整个生长季节育苗移栽棉田平均百株棉铃虫落卵量减少,其他棉田均有所增加,棉瓜套种和麦后移栽棉田平均百株棉铃虫幼虫数量增加,其他棉田均有所减少,差异均不显著;除麦后移栽棉田外,其余棉田棉蚜发生量均增加;棉叶螨均有所减少;棉蓟马有所增加;除育苗移栽棉田外,棉叶蝉均有所增加,差异均不显著;绿盲蝽均明显增加.与直播春棉棉田相比,棉花整个生长季节草蛉均有所增加,棉瓜套种和麦后移栽、麦棉套作棉田差异显著,其余均不显著;棉瓜套种和棉蒜套作棉田平均百株龟纹瓢虫量有所增加,其余棉田有所减少,差异均不显著;麦棉套作棉田草间小黑蛛增加,棉瓜套种、麦后移栽、棉蒜套作和育苗移栽棉田草间小黑蛛均减少,育苗移栽棉田小花蝽平均百株增加,其余棉田均有所减少,差异均未达显著水平.因此要根据不同种植模式棉田不同害虫和天敌发生规律进行棉花害虫综合防治.     

鲁西南植棉区不同茬口短季棉的种植表现和效益分析

为探索适于鲁西南气候条件的、效益最佳的短季棉种植模式,为当地大面积推广种植短季棉提供依据,从而提高鲁西南棉花的种植效益,稳定棉花种植面积,以单价转抗虫基因常规夏棉品种鲁棉532为研究对象,以蒜套棉（转抗虫基因中早熟杂交品种德棉998）作对照,设置蒜后直播和麦后直播2个处理,研究不同种植模式对当地棉花农艺性状、产量和经济效益的影响。结果表明：长势方面,蒜套棉处理比短季棉直播处理略好;9月10日,短季棉直播处理的单株果枝数、结铃数、吐絮铃数均少于蒜套棉处理;蒜后直播、麦后直播模式的籽棉产量均低于蒜套棉模式,但两者用工均减少90.4个·hm^－2,物化投入均减少792元·hm^－2,纯收益分别增加3 775和1 775元·hm^－2。综上,鲁西南蒜套棉种植模式下棉花产量较高,能最大限度地发挥土地潜力,但用工较多,物化投入大;短季棉直播可明显减少管理用工,降低植棉物化投入,使纯收益明显提高。     

山东省不同茬后直播短季棉效果 与轻简化栽培技术

2016年以来,德州市农业科学研究院根据鲁西北、鲁西南和黄河三角洲的不同生态特点,在这些地区开展了短季棉新品种德0720和德棉15号的小麦、大蒜和小黑麦(饲)三种茬后直播短季棉的轻简化栽培试验示范,取得了籽棉产量3742.35～4051.5 kg/hm2成效,并探索出了适合山东省该三植棉区特点的麦、蒜、饲后直播棉栽培模式与轻简化栽培技术。     

短季棉虫害发生特点及综合防治

在黄河流域和长江流域棉区，短季棉（夏棉）主要用于麦（油）棉套种，移栽或直播，棉花由一年一作冬春休闲，变为一年两作，作物群体组合和时空分布发生了变化，必然引起生态环境变化，本文分析总结了短季棉虫害发生特点，并研究提出综合防治措施。     

优化棉作制度，创新种植模式，为山东棉业发展插上科技的翅膀

近年来，受生产成本升高、产业结构调整等诸多因素影响，山东植棉面积大幅下滑。为保障山东棉花产业可持续健康发展，山东棉花研究中心经多年科研攻关，创建了棉花轻简高效栽培技术体系，通过降低物化成本和人工投入提高植棉效益；因地制宜发展出蒜（麦）后直播短季棉以及花椒间作蒜后直播短季棉的“三元”种植等高效种植模式；改革优化棉作制度，发展出黄河三角洲无膜短季棉、棉花花生宽幅间作定向轮作、饲草棉花两熟等新的棉作模式。同时，还帮建和扶持了一批涉棉新型农业经营主体，使其不仅成为当地促进农民增收、农业发展的主力军，也成为加快科技成果转化、开展农业技术服务的桥头堡。以上技术进展和举措为山东棉业发展提供了强有力的科技支撑。     

山东成武县蒜棉两熟高效种植现状与发展对策

<正>山东省成武县是全国优质棉基地县,也是黄河流域棉区发展蒜棉两熟高效种植的代表县之一。回顾并总结全县蒜棉套种高效种植的发展现状,查找并分析存在的问题,提出蒜棉两熟高效种植的发展对策,不仅有利于当地高效棉田的可持续发展,而且对于其他产棉县建设蒜棉两熟高效棉田也有重要的参考价值。1成武县蒜套棉生产现状1.1种植模式和技术2018年成武县棉花种植面积1.33万hm~2,其中98%是蒜套棉,其余为纯春棉、麦套棉和瓜套棉。     

黄河三角洲地区短季棉无膜栽培的种植表现和效益分析

通过短季棉鲁棉532覆膜晚播和无膜晚播种植模式与春棉鲁棉258常规种植模式进行比较,探索适宜山东黄河三角洲地区气候地理条件的短季棉最佳种植模式,为大面积推广短季棉种植模式提供依据。结果表明,短季棉覆膜晚播种植模式对促进生长、增产、增效效果不突出;短季棉无膜晚播种植模式比其他模式可明显减少管理用工,降低植棉投入,比覆膜晚播效益略高,比春棉产量和效益均降低。建议采用短季棉无膜晚播与黑麦草(饲草)连作模式在黄河三角洲地区大面积推广,以提高短季棉的种植效益。     

麦棉套种冬小麦冠层环境和生长与产量的补偿效应分析

在两种不同麦棉套种模式下研究了冬小麦冠层环境条件的变化,以及冬小麦叶面积和千物质累积动态,分析了不同麦棉套种模式的冬小麦产量及其构成,并对麦棉套种冬小麦的生长和产量的补偿效应做了进一步的探讨。试验结果表明,（1）麦棉套种小麦冠层透光率高于麦棉轮作;3：1式麦棉套种冬小麦预留行间透光率低于4：2式,但小麦行间透光率明显高于4：2式。不同栽培模式小麦冠层麦行间温度和湿度没有明显差异．但冠层温度低于预留行,湿度则高于预留行;4：2式预留行温度稍高于3：1式,湿度则低于3：1式。（2）麦棉轮作冬小麦叶面积系数大于麦棉套种模式,两种套种模式间差异不明显;单株叶面积最大差异出现在4月22日前后,此时3：1式和4：2式麦棉套种小麦单株叶面积分别为麦棉轮作的1．17倍和1．41倍。千物质积累量麦棉轮作高于麦棉套种,单株千物质量则麦棉套种表现出明显的优势,两种麦棉套种模式小麦单株千物质积累量均比麦棉轮作增加40％左右。（3）麦棉套种冬小麦在生长和产量上其边行均表现出明显的补偿效应,综合不同栽培模式的冬小麦产量构成及其差异分析,3：1和4：2式麦棉套种冬小麦分别比麦棉轮作减产17．8％和20．1％,两种套种模式冬小麦对产量的补偿率分别为37％和40．1％。     

黄淮海平原棉区短季棉高产技术研究

自1982年以来,在商丘基点进行了短季棉与小麦连作试验。结果为:小麦亩产300～400公斤,比麦套棉亩增70～100公斤,皮棉亩产60～75公斤,高产田逾百公斤,霜前花为70%,可与麦棉套种相伯仲。现将短季棉高产技术的试验示范结果概述如下。     

Factors in the Reduction in Grain Number in Winter Wheat by Early-Sowing in Yamaguchi

Abstract

Grain number per spike of wheat is lower in early sowing than in the conventional standard cultivation in Yamaguchi, Prefecture, Japan. Components of the grain number per spike in five cultivars were analyzed with respect to temperature during the spike development period throughout three growing seasons 2001/2002, 2002/2003 and 2003/2004 to find the cause of the problem of early sowing cultivation. The plants sown in early-October and late-November were called the early sown group and the standard group, respectively, in the following. Three of the five cultivars, Hokushin, Akitakko and Nanbukomugi, showed a strong winter habit, which requires very cold temperatures for spike differentiation. The other two cultivars, Iwainodaichi and Airakomugi, had a moderate winter habit. Grain number per spike and grain yield were decreased by early-sowing (compare with the standard group) in almost all cultivars throughout the three growing seasons. The three cultivars which had a strong winter habit had fewer spikelets per spike in the early-sown group than in the standard group. The other two cultivars which had a moderate winter habit had fewer grains per spikelet in the early-sown group. The higher the temperature during the spikelet formation phase, which is from flag leaf initiation to terminal spikelet initiation, the higher the number of spikelets per spike in the standard group. The spikelet number per spike in the early-sown group increased with the increase in productive tillers under fertile conditions. Such conditions also increased the grain number per spike.     

Allelopathy in Agroecosystems in Spain

Summary

This paper reviews the effects of allelopathic interactions in agroecosystems in Spain on plant physiological activity and their ecological advantages. The phenological stage of growth of donor plants and the effective allelochemicals in the soil solution while studying the role of phenolic compounds were highlighting. Finally possible future prospects and conclusions regarding weed control by allelochemi-cals under integrated crop management strategies are discussed.     

2009年中国稻米市场分析及2010年展望

以翔实的资料对2009年中国稻米生产、消费、进出口、供求平衡、库存、价格走势、购销政策和国际稻米供求等情况进行了全面地分析,对影响2010年稻米市场价格走势的各种因素进行了深入研究,并在此基础上对2010年我国稻米市场价格走势进行了预测,结论是我国稻米价格仍呈上行趋势。     

Advances in Variable Rate Technology Application in Potato in The Netherlands

Precision agriculture is a farming management concept based on observing, measuring and responding to inter- and intra-field variability in crops. In this paper, we focus on responding to intra-field variability in potato crops and analyse variable rate applications (VRAs). We made an overview of potential VRAs in potato crop management in The Netherlands. We identified 13 potential VRAs in potato, ranging from soil tillage to planting to crop care to selective harvest. We ranked them on availability of ‘proof of concept’ and on-farm test results. For five VRAs, we found test results allowing to make a cost-benefit assessment. These five VRAs were as follows: planting, soil herbicide weed control, N side dress, late blight control and haulm killing. They use one of two types of spatial data: soil maps or biomass index maps. Data on costs and savings of the VRAs showed that the investments in VRAs will pay off under practical conditions in The Netherlands. Savings on pesticide use and N-fertilizer use with the VRAs were on average about 25%, which benefits the environment too. We foresee a slow but gradual adoption of VRAs in potato production. More VRAs will become available given ongoing R&D. The perspectives of VRAs in potatoes are discussed.     

我国高粱育种研究进展

对我国高粱育种的主要途径和研究方向进行了概述,针对目前高粱产量徘徊现象,提出了高粱超高产育种设想,并对其技术路线进行了探讨。     

Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate in potato in two environments

Summary Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate were measured in a furrow-irrigated potato crop and in a riverbed crop where the water table was always maintained at 20–28 cm from the soil surface. In the irrigated crop, the photosynthetic rate during mid-afternoon was about half the peak rate observed at noon. This reduction was accompanied by a near tripling of stomatal resistance, a 45% reduction in transpiration, and a 5-fold increase in the difference between leaf and air temperatures. No such changes were observed in the riverbed crop where the photosynthetic rate remained nearly constant at about 0.9 mg m⁻² s⁻¹ between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. Tuber yield in the riverbed crop was about 30% higher than in the irrigated crop.     

我国干热区甘蔗抗旱植蔗主要问题研讨

我国干热蔗区是我国甘蔗糖业的重要生产基地,蔗区光热资源丰富,唯降水分布不均成为植蔗生产的主要限制因子;根据蔗区植蔗特点和甘蔗需水规律,苗期抗旱是干热蔗区抗旱植蔗的关键,保证较多的总苗数和足够的生长量是苗期抗旱植蔗需解决的关键技术难题,制定相应的苗期抗旱植蔗栽培技术措施是解决该难题的重要保障;该观点为我国干热蔗区植蔗生产、甘蔗引育种提供理论和技术支持。     

棉花体细胞无性系变异的研究进展

体细胞无性系变异是一种重要的细胞工程育种技术,其应用于棉花育种的前提是建立高效的组织培养诱导再生植株体系.本文简要综述了棉花离体诱导植株再生研究的现状,重点讨论了棉花体细胞无性系变异的表现、利用方法及机理,提出了当前研究存在的问题并对今后的研究进行了展望.