水网平原稻田土壤养分空间变异特性研究

 通过对绍兴独树养分监测村土壤10种养分元素空间变异性的研究，明确了水网平原水稻土养分空间变异规律。各向同性球型、指数型半方差函数较好地描述了土壤养分变异与空间距离的关系，该村土壤N、P、K、Mn、Fe等5种养分具有中等的空间相关性， Ca、Mg、S、Cu、Zn等5种养分具有高度的空间相关性。进一步用各向异性变异模型分析土壤养分空间变异，表明土壤Ca、Mg、K、Cu存在一定的带状异质性。经不同采样距离下Kriging内插十字交叉验证，明确可用土壤养分空间相关距离确定方格取样法确定最大取样距离。     

橡胶园土壤全氮和速效钾养分合理取样位置研究

通过地统计学方法分析了土壤全氮和速效钾空间变异特征,并对其合理取样位置进行探讨,绘制了兼顾土壤全氮和速效钾综合养分的合理取样位置空间分布图.结果表明:橡胶园土壤全氮和速效钾综合养分合理取样位置主要受土壤速效钾含量分布决定;在空间分布上,综合养分的合理取样位置主要位于远离施肥穴的橡胶树行间萌生带和中间树头附近区域.此结果为南方长期经济作物土壤样品取样位置的确定提供一种新的尝试.     

海南省乐东县橡胶园土壤养分的空间变异特征研究

通过GIS和地统计学相结合的方法研究海南省乐东县橡胶园土壤速效氮、磷和钾含量的空间变异特征。结果表明:(1)土壤速效氮、磷、钾具有强烈或中等程度的空间自相关性,相关距离变化范围为1 623~61 100 m,块金值/基台值变化范围为4.7%~49.97%;(2)0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层,速效氮、钾养分第四、第五等级分布面积较广,0~20 cm土层速效磷含量第四等级、20~40 cm土层速效磷含量第五等级分布较广;(3)不同土壤类型上,速效氮、磷和钾含量差异不显著,地形地貌和成土母质主要影响速效氮和速效钾含量,而速效磷含量主要受人为管理措施的影响;(4)乐东县胶园土壤速效氮、磷、钾养分含量缺乏,空间结构特征明显,在县级尺度进行养分的宏观分区管理切实可行。     

不同尺度下低山茶园土壤钾素含量空间变异特征

运用统计学方法，研究了蒙顶山茶园土壤钾素在不同尺度下的空间变异特征。结果表明，两个尺度下蒙顶山土壤全钾和速效钾含量均具有中等空间相关性。小尺度下土壤全钾和速效钾的C0／（C0＋C）值分别为43．3％和27．2％，二者的变异方向略有不同，但均表现出在顺坡方向变异明显，在横坡方向变异较弱，土壤全钾和速效钾均呈片状分布，且均有东北区高于西南区的趋势；微尺度下土壤全钾和速效钾也具有中等空间相关性，     

砖红壤香蕉园土壤养分空间变异研究

运用统计学和ArcGIS软件的地统计分析模块对海南砖红壤香蕉园59个土壤采样点两个取样土层（0～20 cm和20～40 cm）养分进行空间变异性研究。结果表明：香蕉园土壤各养分变异系数均为中等变异。0～20 cm土层土壤各养分含量大于20～40 cm土层。0～20 cm和20～40 cm土层中的碱解氮、交换性钙和交换性镁及0～20 cm土层的有机质均符合高斯模型，0～20 cm土层速效磷与20～40 cm土层速效钾符合球状模型，而20～40 cm土层速效磷与0～20 cm土层速效钾符合圆形模型，20～40 cm土层有机质符合指数模型。各养分的变程范围为109.217～279.796 m，有机质具有强烈的空间相关性。0～20 cm土层速效钾的块金效应值小于20～40 cm土层，0～20 cm土层碱解氮、速效磷、交换性钙、交换性镁高于20～40 cm土层。有机质、20～40 cm土层速效磷、0～20 cm土层速效钾的块金效应小于25%，其它养分均在25%～75%，具有中等的空间相关性。确定了合理取样数，0～20 cm碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、交换性钙、交换性镁、有机质合理取样数分别为：5、30、26、29、25、3；20～40 cm碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、交换性钙、交换性镁、有机质合理取样数分别为：4、44、30、26、25、3，就可以满足变量施肥的要求。     

油菜施钾效果及土壤速效钾临界值初步判断

对湖北省近10多年的80个油菜施钾试验数据进行了统计分析。结果表明，油菜施用钾肥具有明显的增产和增收效果，油菜施钾效果与土壤速效钾含量水平密切相关，与土壤缓效钾含量呈一定的负相关，但相关性不显著。土壤质地明显影响钾肥效果，总体而言，轻质土壤施钾效果高于粘质土壤。土壤速效钾临界值研究结果表明，按照Cate—Nelson方法，以不施钾对照处理占施钾处理产量的90％为依据，初步估计轻质土壤和粘质土壤的速效钾(K)临界值分别为103mg／kg和84mg／kg；以施钾产投比为2作为依据，估计轻质土壤和粘质土壤的速效钾临界值分别为55mg／kg和46mg／kg；以施钾产投比为1．5作为依据，估计其临界值分别为103mg／kg和74mg／kg。     

不同土地利用方式对土壤磷有效性和溶磷细菌群落结构的影响

为探究不同土地利用方式对土壤磷有效性和溶磷细菌群落的影响,以海南省白沙县龙眼园（LO）和由龙眼园转化的有机茶园（OTP）、传统无机茶园（CTP）土壤为研究对象,利用Illumina高通量测序技术分析土壤phoD功能微生物的群落结构,研究土壤速效磷与phoD功能微生物和酸性磷酸酶的相关性。结果表明：龙眼园转换成无机茶园后,在0~10 cm土层,pH、总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）、速效钾（AK）和有机碳（SOC）含量显著降低。同时,在10~20 cm土层,pH、总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）和有机碳（SOC）含量也显著降低。在0~10 cm土层,土壤速效磷（AP）含量在龙眼转化成有机茶园和无机茶园后分别降低了16%和71%。在10~20 cm土层,有机茶园土壤速效磷（AP）提高了56%,而无机茶园的速效磷（AP）含量降低了65%。相似性分析表明,土地利用方式明显改变了土壤phoD微生物群落结构。但是,土层深度并没有改变phoD微生物群落结构。RDA分析表明,土壤pH、总钾（TK）、速效钾（AK）和硝态氮（NO₃^--N）是驱动phoD功能微生物群落结构分异的主要环境因子。土壤速效磷（AP）含量与phoD功能微生物密切相关,其中Betaproteobacteria在调控土壤磷的有效性中发挥重要作用。研究结果表明,龙眼园转化成茶园改变了phoD微生物群落结构,同时降低了有机茶园土壤总磷（TP）和无机茶园土壤有效磷（AP）含量。与无机茶园相比,有机管理可以提高土壤速效磷（AP）含量。     

秸秆还田量对免耕黑土速效养分和玉米产量的影响

研究了不同秸秆还田量对免耕黑土速效养分含量和玉米产量的影响.结果表明:秸秆还田可以增加土壤表层(0～10 cm)碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量,以5000 kg/hm~2秸秆还田处理效果最为明显.研究同时发现,玉米产量与碱解氮含量呈显著的相关性(P<0.05).     

湖南省油菜施钾效应及土壤速效钾临界值研究

2005-2008年在湖南省油菜主产区布置67个田间试验,研究施钾对油菜籽产量的影响及土壤速效钾含量对施钾效应的影响,并对土壤速效钾临界值进行初步判定。结果表明,油菜施钾具有明显的增产和增收效果,平均增产率19.1%,增产范围为33-1 587 kg/hm2,平均增产332 kg/hm2,每千克K2O平均增加2.5 kg油菜籽,其中51个试验施钾增产效果在10%以上;施钾平均产投比为1.4,产投比大于1.5的试验占35.8%。土壤速效钾含量对施钾产量效应及经济效应均有明显影响,土壤速效钾与施钾增产量及产投比分别呈极显著和显著负相关。以不施钾处理占施钾处理产量的90%为标准,初步估计土壤速效钾临界值为106 m g/kg;以施钾产投比2.0和1.5为标准,估计其临界值分别为70 m g/kg和100 m g/kg。     

土壤因子与小粒咖啡品质产量形成关系研究

土壤因子是影响小粒咖啡品质产量的主要因子。本研究通过对土壤因子进行相关性分析、改进的灰色关联分析、通径分析及多元线性回归分析,明确影响小粒咖啡品质和产量的主要因子,以指导科学施肥。结果表明:小粒咖啡咖啡因含量的土壤决定因子为海拔（-0.296^*）,总糖含量的土壤决定因子为有机质（0.607^**）和速效磷（-0.232^*）,蛋白质的土壤决定因子为pH（-0.387^**）和有机质（0.227^*）,灰分含量的土壤决定因子为速效磷（0.334^**）,水溶性浸出物含量的土壤决定因子为海拔（-0.494^**）,脂肪含量的土壤决定因子为碱解氮（-0.461^**）,产量的土壤决定因子为速效钾（0.339^**）和有机质（0.248^*）。研究结果可为小粒咖啡优质高产的土壤条件筛选和肥料的减施增效提供一定的理论基础,以期增强优质咖啡种质的适宜性和目的性。     

Cropping Systems and Soil Quality

SUMMARY

Cropping system refers to temporal and spatial arrangements of crops, and management of soil, water and vegetation in order to optimize the biomass/agronomic production per unit area, per unit time and per unit input. Soil quality refers to its intrinsic attributes that govern biomass productivity and environment moderating capacity. It is the ability of soil to perform specific functions of interest to humans. Three components of soil quality (e.g., physical, chemical and biological) are determined by inherent soil characteristics, some of which can be altered by management. Soil quality and soil resilience are inter-related but dissimilar attributes. Resilient soils, which have the ability to restore their quality following a perturbation, have high soil quality and vice versa. Decline in soil quality sets-in-motion degradative processes, which are also of three types, namely physical (e.g., compaction, erosion), chemical (e.g., acidification, salinization) and biological (e.g., depletion of soil organic matter content). Soil degradation, a biophysical process but driven by socioeconomic and political causes, adversely affects biomass productivity and environment quality. Determinants of soil quality are influenced by cropping systems and related components. Dramatic increases in crop yields during the 20th century are attributed to genetic improvements in crops, fertilizer use, and improved cropping systems. Dependence on fertilizers and other input, however, need to be reduced by adopting cropping systems to enhance biological nitrogen fixation and use efficiency of water and nutrients through conservation tillage, cover crops, and improved methods of soil structure and nutrient management.     

扩大复种面积发挥双季水稻生产优势

本文针对当前我国特别是湖南省出现的水稻生产新问题——单季稻面积不断扩大，双季稻面积不断缩小，稻米市场仍处紧平衡等，分析了一季稻面积扩大的原因，提出了扩大双季稻面积的措施，以提高稻农收入，保障粮食安全。     

Cropping Systems and Water Quality Concerns

SUMMARY

The impact of cropping systems on water quality is uncertain, and its interpretation depends heavily upon our definition of acceptable risk. As a means of determining net effect, both classical and precautionary approaches to assessing risk have their strengths and weaknesses. Relating the impact of cropping practices to human health outcomes can be particularly difficult. A variety of guidelines and standards are used to assess water quality, and recent methods for assessing water quality seek to incorporate more than water chemistry alone. An understanding of the derivation of water quality guidelines and standards is essential to their effective application, and meaningful interpretation.

In addressing water quality concerns, it is essential to first clarify that there is indeed a problem, and whether agriculture makes a significant contribution. Compound interactions and modes of chemical movement can render this troublesome. Yet, because farmers live on the land and drink the water, they want to be among the first to know what is happening and to take appropriate action when problems are identified.

Agriculture must be proactive in addressing water quality concerns. However, effective land management strategies depend greatly upon regional differences and may be highly site-specific. Hence, it is best to apply a set of common sense concepts at the local level. Because soil and water degradation are closely related, practices first developed to help conserve the soil (i.e., crop rotations, reduced tillage, cover crops) may also tend to conserve water quality. As well, restricting the loss of agricultural inputs (e.g., fertilizer nutrients, pesticides) from off farmland, and reducing the amount of those that might be available to do so, can assist in effectively reducing potential pollution. Buffer zones are a promising means of using plants and wetlands as a filter towards intercepting escaping contaminants.     

正茬与迎茬对大豆根际土壤微生物群落组成的影响

为探索正茬与迎茬种植方式对大豆根际土壤微生物群落组成的影响,分析导致大豆迎茬障碍形成的主要病原微生物,研究大豆迎茬障碍的形成机制,进而为其生物防治提供一定的理论基础,本研究采用Illumina HiSeq 2500高通量测序技术分析正茬与迎茬大豆根际土壤微生物群落组成。结果表明：大豆迎茬种植在一定程度上降低了土壤细菌群落丰度和多样性,而增加了土壤真菌群落丰度和多样性。正茬与迎茬大豆根际土壤微生物群落组成和主要优势菌群所占比例均存在较大差异。酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)分别为正茬和迎茬大豆根际土壤细菌群落中最具优势的细菌门。镰孢霉属(Fusarium)和粗糙孔菌属(Subulicystidium)分别为正茬和迎茬大豆根际土壤真菌群落中最具优势的属。     

中国水稻种植区划

 根据各地生态环境、社会经济条件和水稻种植特点,将中国稻区划分为6个稻作区(一级区)和16个稻作亚区(二级区)。对各个稻作区和亚区的基本情况、自然生态条件、稻田种植制度、品种类型、主要病虫害等作了评述,並提出水稻生产发展方向、途径和措施。     

连作大豆化感作用研究进展

大豆连作导致产量和品质下降、病虫害加剧等障碍现象发生,研究连作大豆化感作用对揭示大豆连作障碍机理、克服大豆连作障碍具有重要的意义。该文对连作大豆根系分泌物、根茬腐解物、土壤有机化合物、土壤微生物和地上部淋洗液化感作用的研究进展进行了综述;提出了大豆化感作用未来的研究方向,以期为今后大豆化感作用研究提供参考。     

Forage Legumes for Sustainable Cropping Systems

SUMMARY

Perennial and annual forage legumes are important components of sustainable cropping systems. Forage legumes are a primary source of forage to supply protein and fiber for livestock rations. They can be grazed, or stored as hay or silage. They contribute biologically fixed N and sustain the soil by reducing erosion and increasing soil organic matter levels. Diversifying cropping systems by including legumes can also reduce weed, insect, and disease incidence. Potential new uses of legumes include phytoremediation of N contaminated sites and capturing N lost from cropping systems. Legumes also have potential use as a feedstock for renewable energy production. Legumes have traditionally been used in rotation with grain crops but more recently have been shown promise as winter cover crops, intercrops with grain crops, and as living mulches. In this review, we discuss traditional and new roles of forage legumes in sustainable cropping systems with examples primarily chosen from northern USA and Canada.     

Sustainability of the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Abstract

The rice-wheat cropping system of the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) has contributed tremendously to food security of the region. However, of late there has been a significant slowdown in yield growth rate of this system and the sustainability of this important cropping system is at stake. A decline in soil productivity, particularly of organic C and N, a deterioration in soil physical characteristics, a delay in sowing of wheat, and decreasing water availability are often suggested as the causes of this slowdown in productivity. Therefore, a paradigm shift is required for enhancing the system's productivity and sustainability. Resource-conserving technologies involving zero-or minimum tillage with direct seeding, improved water-use efficiency, innovations in residue management to avoid straw burning, and crop diversification should assist in achieving sustainable productivity and allow farmers to minimize inputs, maximize yields, conserve the natural resource base, reduce risk due to both environmental and economic factors, and increase profitability.     

稻田两种粮经型新复种方式

 通过1987～1990年稻田粮经型新复种方式对比试验结果，表明了新复种方式大麦／西瓜+玉米-稻和绿肥+大麦／西瓜-稻分别比原复种方式大麦／西瓜-稻和西瓜-稻亩增粮食99.2和296.2 kg， 增收25.11元和49.93元， 提高光能利用事0.145%和0.596%。同时，分析了水、旱作茬口对晚稻的增产后效。     

Weed Biology,Cropping Systems,and Weed Management

SUMMARY

Weeds pose a recurrent threat to agricultural productivity in both industrialized and developing countries. Weeds respond dynamically to all cropping practices, and therefore, the design and function of cropping systems plays a central role in the composition of weed communities. The unique and challenging nature of weed communities requires more integrated approaches to weed management than are currently being employed by most growers. Integrating weed management with cropping system design and application may be an effective approach to diversifying weed management systems. Each crop-weed system is a unique mix of genetics and biology and will respond dynamically to changes in management practices. Practices such as crop rotation, tillage, cover crops, and fertility management modify weed populations. The challenge is to integrate these and other practices with the best available control tactics to generate integrated management systems. Cropping system design provides an excellent framework for developing and applying integrated approaches to weed management because it allows for new and creative ways of meeting the challenge of managing weeds. Weed science must integrate the theories and application of weed management into cropping system design based on the unique characteristics of weed communities and the available weed management options.