4种药剂对水稻褐飞虱的田间防治效果比较

选用50%烯啶虫胺可溶性粒剂、25%吡蚜酮可湿性粉剂、9.7%乙虫腈悬浮剂和25%噻虫嗪水分散粒剂防治水稻褐飞虱的田间药效试验。结果表明,每667m2使用50%烯啶虫胺可溶粒剂4 g,药后1 d和3 d对水稻褐飞虱的防效分别为25.70%、81.22%,速效性稍差,但7 d和14 d对水稻褐飞虱的防效达97.06%、88.32%,明显优于其他药剂,持效作用突出;每667m2使用25%吡蚜酮可湿性粉剂20 g和9.7%乙虫腈悬浮剂31 ml,药后14 d的防效均达86%以上;3种药剂防治水稻褐飞虱均具有较好的防效性和持效性,且对水稻安全,在生产上可作为防治水稻褐飞虱的药剂交替使用。     

单季晚稻防治稻飞虱药剂筛选试验

6种药剂防治稻飞虱试验结果表明,呋虫胺20%可湿性粉剂30 g/667 m2、烯啶·吡蚜酮60%水分散粒剂12 g/667 m2、烯啶·吡蚜酮80%水分散粒剂10 g/667 m2对单季晚稻稻飞虱均有不错的防治效果,尤其是对低龄若虫。烯啶·吡蚜酮60%水分散粒剂12 g/667 m2、烯啶·吡蚜酮80%水分散粒剂10 g/667 m2对高龄若虫表现最为突出,速效性好,同时对天敌几乎无影响。吡蚜酮50%可湿性粉剂30 g/667 m2速效性较一般,但持效性较好。吡虫啉10%可湿性粉剂50 g/667 m2的防效较差,对高龄若虫几乎不起作用。毒死蜱40%水乳剂100 mL/667 m2加氟啶虫胺腈22%悬浮剂14 mL/667 m2速效性一般,持效性较差,却对天敌影响较大。以六（4）代褐飞虱为主的稻田为例,需掌握低龄若虫或卵孵高峰期,科学选用吡蚜酮50%可湿性粉剂、呋虫胺20%可湿性粉剂、烯啶·吡蚜酮60%水分散粒剂、烯啶·吡蚜酮80%水分散粒剂进行轮换防治。     

不同药剂对水稻稻飞虱的防效评价

选取25%吡蚜酮可湿性粉剂、40%氯虫.噻虫嗪水分散粒剂、10%烯啶虫胺可溶液剂、400 g/L噻嗪酮悬浮剂、80%敌敌畏可溶液剂、70%吡虫啉水分散粒剂6种不同有效成分的杀虫剂,对水稻稻飞虱进行田间药效试验,结果表明：25%吡蚜酮可湿性粉剂、40%氯虫.噻虫嗪水分散粒剂、10%烯啶虫胺可溶液剂、400 g/L噻嗪酮悬浮剂,药后3 d防效分别为89.3%,82.4%,81.2%,66.3%,药后14 d防效分别为92.5%,91.2%,90.8%,83.7%,以上4种药剂对水稻稻飞虱都有很好的防效,在生产上可轮换使用。     

无人机施药防治南疆棉田不同发生程度蚜虫效果及关键时期

依据药剂的田间推荐使用剂量，通过无人机喷施双丙环虫酯可分散液剂、氟啶·啶虫脒水分散粒剂和螺虫·噻嗪酮悬浮剂3种药剂，测定其对不同发生程度棉花蚜虫的防治效果（防效），为明确无人机施药防治南疆不同发生程度棉花蚜虫的效果和关键时期提供依据。结果显示，在药后3 d、7 d和14 d，3种药剂对棉花蚜虫轻度发生区（0%＜蚜害指数≤25%）的防效均最高，对中度发生区（25%＜蚜害指数≤50%）的防效次之，对极严重发生区（75%＜蚜害指数≤100%）的防效最差。表明随着棉花蚜虫发生程度的加重和3种药剂用药量的增加，对棉花蚜虫的防效却在降低；在棉花蚜虫轻度、中度发生期进行无人机喷药防治，效果好且用药量低。     

无人机喷雾防治棉蚜药剂筛选及助剂增效作用研究

研究旨在寻找对棉花蚜虫高效、低毒的防治药剂,探索植保无人机喷雾防治棉蚜效果及助剂的增效作用。根据国家标准《农药田间药效试验准则》,在采用浸叶法对8种药剂室内生物测定基础上,应用大疆T16型四旋翼无人机及电动喷雾器在无棣县柳堡镇开展了棉伏蚜防治试验。室内生物测定结果表明,氟啶虫酰胺、呋虫胺、噻虫嗪、联苯菊酯、螺虫乙酯对棉花伏蚜效果较好。选择这5种成分的剂型并添加助剂进行田间小区试验,结果表明,10%(质量分数,下同)氟啶虫酰胺干悬浮剂(DF)+20%噻虫嗪悬浮剂(SC)、10%氟啶虫酰胺DF+20%呋虫胺SC、10%氟啶虫酰胺DF对棉花伏蚜防效较优。用量降低20%添加"无水快T"(每666.7 m2 30 g)的处理对棉伏蚜的防效与无助剂正常用量处理相当或更优。表明,无人机喷雾防治或添加助剂均能有效降低防治棉伏蚜的农药用量。     

几种新型杀虫剂对棉盲蝽的防治效果

 研究了6种杀虫剂对棉盲蝽的田间防治效果。结果表明：50%氟啶虫胺腈水分散粒剂（WDG）按照75 g·hm^-2（有效成分）、20%呋虫胺可溶粒剂（SG）按照60 g·hm^-2和40%稻丰散·高效氯氟氰菊酯乳油（EC）按照450 g·hm^-2使用后,综合防效较好,不仅速效性快,而且持效期较长,优于常用杀虫剂97%乙酰甲胺磷WDG、45%马拉硫磷EC和2.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯EC。由于50%氟啶虫胺腈WDG、20%呋虫胺SG和40%稻丰散·高效氯氟氰菊酯EC均具有高效低毒安全等特点,对环境影响小,可作为综合防治棉盲蝽的理想药剂。     

不同施药方式下6种药剂对棉蚜的防治效果研究

为了达到延缓棉蚜抗性和高效防除的目的,2017年研究了几种新型药剂在不同的施药技术下对棉蚜的防治效果。结果表明,采用茎叶喷雾处理,48%（质量分数,下同）丁硫·啶虫脒油悬浮剂对棉花苗蚜的防治效果较好,120～180 g·hm^－2处理的速效性好,持效期长,能维持14 d左右,优于25%噻虫嗪水分散粒剂 33.75～45.00 g·hm^－2和25%高效氯氟氰菊酯·啶虫脒乳油 7.5～22.5 g·hm^－2处理;采用种子包衣（拌种）处理,70%噻虫嗪种子处理可分散粉剂和40%噻虫嗪·吡唑醚菌酯·萎锈灵种子处理悬浮剂均具有较好防治效果,前者3.15～4.20 g·kg^－1和后者3.00～4.00 g·kg^－1处理对棉蚜持效期均可至播种后30 d左右,能有效控制苗蚜;2%吡虫啉缓释粒剂按照22 500～37 500 g·hm^－2沟施防治棉花苗蚜效果优良,持效期可超过播种后30 d,但对蕾铃期发生的伏蚜基本没有控制效果。     

9种烟碱类杀虫剂对棉蚜的防治效果研究

试验研究了常见的9种烟碱类杀虫剂对棉蚜的田间防治效果。结果表明：10%（质量分数,下同）氟啶虫酰胺水分散粒剂（WG）和50%吡蚜酮可湿性粉剂（WP）速效性稍差,但持效性好,3个剂量的持效期均可达到药后14 d;20%噻虫胺悬浮剂（SC）、10%氯噻啉WP、10%吡虫啉WP、25%噻虫嗪WG和20%呋虫胺可溶粒剂（SG）3个剂量的防效均较好,速效性和持效性表现优良,持效期达到14 d;2.0%噻虫啉微囊悬浮剂（CS）和10%烯啶虫胺水剂（AS）的速效性好,但持效期稍短（7 d左右）,高剂量处理效果优于中、低剂量。     

80%烯啶·吡蚜酮水分散粒剂防治棉花蚜虫药效

为探究80%（质量分数,下同）烯啶·吡蚜酮水分散粒剂对棉蚜的杀虫效果,采用喷雾法进行了田间药效试验。结果表明：80%烯啶·吡蚜酮水分散粒剂对棉蚜具有良好的速效性,3个剂量处理药后3 d的校正防效均在87%以上,显著高于对照药剂25%吡蚜酮悬浮剂2 500倍液（每666.7 m²用量24 mL）;持效期长,药后14 d的校正防效均在94%以上,其中每666.7 m²用量30～40 g时校正防效高达97.60%～99.11%。因此,在生产中应用80%烯啶·吡蚜酮水分散粒剂防治棉蚜的推荐用量为每666.7 m² 30～40 g。     

甜菜夜蛾病毒杀虫剂防治花生甜菜夜蛾田间效果试验

为验证甜菜夜蛾核型多角体病毒生物杀虫剂对花生甜菜夜蛾的防治效果以及对瓢虫、草蛉、食蚜蝇、蜘蛛和土蜂5种天敌的安全性,通过田间试验对3×10~(10) PIB/g甜菜夜蛾核型多角体病毒水分散粒剂和对照药剂25g/L高效氟氯氰菊酯乳油对甜菜夜蛾的种群控制作用进行了评价。结果显示,3×10~(10) PIB/g甜菜夜蛾核型多角体病毒水分散粒剂对花生甜菜夜蛾表现出了较好的防治作用。施药后7d和10d,2500倍和1250倍两个处理药剂的防效均达到85%以上,显著优于对照药剂25g/L高效氟氯氰菊酯乳油。上述两处理药剂对花生田瓢虫、草蛉蜘蛛、食蚜蝇、和土蜂5种主要天敌昆虫无不良影响,对花生生长安全,可在花生生产上推广应用。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

热区蔬菜质量安全分析与评价

对影响我国热区主要蔬菜产前、产中、产后的质量安全相关因素与现状进行调研,获取基础数据与有关信息。对比分析国内不同生产区质量安全存在的差异与差距,研究我国热区蔬菜从生产至市场各个环节的质量安全评价方法,提出建立我国热区蔬菜质量安全评价体系方案。     

棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术应用与推广

经过多年实践,探索总结出抗病虫品种、频振式太阳能杀虫灯、糖盆诱蛾、黄蓝板诱虫、生物多样性控虫等绿色防控技术,形成了切合库尔勒实际的棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术模式。介绍了上述技术措施及其在当地棉田的推广应用效果。     

生物质能作物——甘薯开发利用现状及趋势

甘薯是世界上重要的粮食、饲料、工业原料及新型能源用块根作物，在我国乃至世界再生能源开发中起到重大作用，其分布地域广，适应性强，沙荒地、岗坡地均可种植。生物产量高，而且种植栽培容易。甘薯含淀粉15％～30％，晒干率20％～35％，世界各国以薯干或淀粉为原料生产乙醇有着悠久的历史。随着全球能源的日趋紧张，乙醇作为一种可再生的环保燃料．将快速步入全球成品油市场，在替代汽油供应方面起到越来越大的作用。各国正在推行或制定燃料乙醇计划，并着眼于生物燃料乙醇应用方案，认为甘薯可能是摆脱将来粮食和能源危机的“最后一张王牌”。     

施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响

采用盆栽试验，研究施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响，结果表明：适量施用镁肥，可以促进烟草的生长发育、改善其农艺学性状，影响烟株对其它营养元素的吸收与积累，提高烟叶产量，并能使烟叶N，P，K，Ca等营养元素含量更趋协调。随着施镁量的增加，烟叶中镁含量提高10．7％～71．4％，烤烟单株吸镁量、叶片叶绿素含量、干物质产量分别提高17．6％～115．4％，1．9％～23．ooA和6．3％～25．7％，而对烟叶含钾量没有明显影响。在镁比较缺乏的土壤上，镁肥作基肥施比叶面喷施的效果好，基肥施镁结合叶面喷镁的效果最佳；叶面喷镁，肥料用量少、成本低、见效快，是一种有效的镁肥施用方法；提高镁肥用量，施镁的效果更加显著。     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。