明碱类杀虫剂对异色瓢虫搜寻桃蚜行为影响的评价

利用Y形嗅觉仪观测了烟碱类杀虫剂影响异色瓢虫对桃树叶片与桃蚜、桃瘤蚜复合体的选择行为。结果表明,在正常生长状况下,桃树叶片释放的挥发物对异色瓢虫无明显引诱作用,而桃树叶片受到蚜虫危害后所释放的挥发性次生物质则对异色瓢虫有明显的招引作用;在杀虫剂处理后,烟碱类杀虫剂并不会影响异色瓢虫的搜索行为。     

桃球坚蚧发生为害及其与黑缘红瓢虫发生消长的关系

桃球坚蚧是桃树的重要害虫之一。该虫在豫北地区１ａ发生１代，以２龄若虫越夏越冬。主要天敌为黑缘红瓢虫，平均日捕食成虫８．５８头，幼虫６．４７头，能有效地控制该虫的危害。     

黑缘红瓢虫对朝鲜球坚蚧捕食作用的研究

用Holling-Ⅱ型方程和Holling-Ⅲ型功能反应新模型进行对黑缘红瓢虫成虫捕食朝鲜球坚蚧二龄若蚧的作用拟合。结果表明,功能反应的数学模型为:Na=1.0941Nt/1+0.0300×1.0941Nt和Na=27.5946exp(-14.2124Nt^-1)由模型得出,一头黑缘红瓢虫成虫对朝鲜球坚蚧二龄若蚧的最佳寻找密度约为14.21头。     

黑缘红瓢虫生物学与保护利用

黑缘红瓢虫(Chilocorus rubidus Hope)是朝鲜球坚蜡蚧(Didesmococus koreanus Borchs)等的天敌。在冀南平原一年一代,以成虫主要集居于桃树向阳面的主侧枝背后越冬;翌年2月下旬出蛰活动,取食、交尾。2月底开始产卵,3月上旬为产卵盛期,产卵历期约15天。卵产于朝鲜球坚蜡蚧空壳或桃树裂皮缝内。卵多单粒散产,亦有十几粒并排2～     

矿物油、毒死蜱、柴油·氯防治球坚蚧越夏若虫试验

以日本球坚蚧为主的球坚蚧在永寿逐年偏重发生。该虫于5月下旬至6月初卵孵化出若虫,随即分散活动固着在苹果树叶片上为害。7~8月正是越夏若虫固着为害盛期,也是天敌黑缘红瓢虫的滞育期。通过此期用矿物油、毒死蜱、柴油·氯单用和混加助剂特效王混喷,得出以喷99.1%矿物油(敌死虫)100倍混合特效王7500倍液喷施效果最好,其次用48%毒死蜱(乐斯本)乳油、32%的柴油·氯(蚜吸毙)乳油1000倍液喷防均有明显效果。     

杏毛球坚蚧危害杏树的发生规律与防治

通过对佳木斯地区园林绿化树种杏树主要虫害杏毛球坚蚧的生物学特性发生规律进行采样调查,初步掌握杏毛球坚蚧的发生特点,结合其天敌昆虫黑缘红瓢虫的生物防治情况,提出针对防治杏毛球坚蚧的具体防治措施,为有效防治杏毛球坚蚧这种杏树重要害虫提供技术支持。     

异色瓢虫显明变种对寄主植物和猎物复合体的行为反应

利用Y形嗅觉仪观测了异色瓢虫显明变种对不同寄主植物-蚜虫复合体的定向和选择行为。结果表明，贴梗海棠、柳树、毛白杨在正常的生长状况下，不产生引诱异色瓢虫的挥发性次生物质，而当这些植物受到蚜虫为害后，释放出引诱异色瓢虫的挥发性次生物质，雌雄瓢虫对其选择率分别为73．3％、56．7％（贴梗海棠）；71．7％、73．3％（柳树）；58．3％、68．3％（毛白杨）；紫藤在正常的生长状况下和蚜虫为害后，都会产生排斥异色瓢虫的化学物质。     

捕食扶桑绵粉蚧的异色瓢虫肠道菌群分析

迄今,对捕食性天敌昆虫肠道菌系与入侵物猎物之间的关系,知之甚少。本研究旨在查明广谱捕食性异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis (Pallas)肠道菌群与外来入侵猎物扶桑绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsis (Tinsley)之间的关系。从异色瓢虫幼虫刚孵化开始饲喂扶桑绵粉蚧(食粉蚧组)或本土常见猎物豌豆修尾蚜Megoura japonica (Matsumura)(食蚜虫组对照),直至成虫羽化后20 d;然后,应用高通量测序技术测定异色瓢虫20 d龄成虫肠道的16S rDNA V3-V4区片段,以鉴定微生物群落组成。分析结果发现,食粉蚧组异色瓢虫肠道菌系的基本分类单元(OUT)数量是食蚜组瓢虫的(297个)近2.3倍;在两组瓢虫共有的16个门级阶元中,食粉蚧组瓢虫有7个特有门,而食蚜虫组瓢虫没有特有的门;在两组瓢虫共有的169个属中,食粉蚧组瓢虫有210个特有属,食蚜虫组瓢虫只有35个属,而且两组瓢虫之间在14个属的物种丰度上存在统计学差异。虽然两组瓢虫的肠道代谢通路有一定的相似性,但在功能丰度上具有明显的差异。研究结果说明,取食非本土粉蚧的异色瓢虫成虫的肠道菌群物种丰富度和多样性均高于取食本土蚜虫的同类。     

异色瓢虫显现变种对寄主的寻找行为研究

本文利用生物测试法,观测了异色瓢虫显现变种对不同寄主上的不同蚜虫的定向和选择行为。结果表明帖梗海棠、毛白杨、柳树在正常的生长状况下,不会产生引诱异色瓢虫的植物挥发性物质,在这些植物受到蚜虫危害以后,会释放出引诱异色瓢虫的植物挥发性物质,而紫藤在正常的生长状况下和蚜虫危害后,都会产生排斥异色瓢虫的化学物质。     

六种蚜虫对多异瓢虫生长发育和繁殖的影响

多异瓢虫是新疆地区的优势捕食性天敌,可取食蚜虫、粉蚧、木虱等多种害虫。开展多异瓢虫的大规模扩繁对于推进害虫的绿色防控具有重要意义,选择适合多异瓢虫生长发育和繁殖的食物,是保证其人工扩繁的重要基础。本研究通过室内比较饲喂6种蚜虫（麦长管蚜、棉黑蚜、棉蚜、玉米蚜、豌豆蚜、桃蚜）后多异瓢虫的生命参数,筛选适合用于其人工扩繁的活体饲料。结果表明：多异瓢虫取食6种蚜虫显著影响幼虫的发育历期、存活率、成虫寿命、繁殖力以及世代历期。其中,多异瓢虫幼虫取食麦长管蚜（7.70d）和玉米蚜（7.67d）的发育历期明显短于取食其他4种蚜虫的;取食麦长管蚜发育成的雌、雄成虫均较重（雌11.02mg、雄8.54mg）;取食棉黑蚜时蛹期（3.80d）和卵期（2.52d）均较短;多异瓢虫取食麦长管蚜（20.02d）、棉黑蚜（21.14d）、棉蚜（20.07d）和玉米蚜（20.37d）的世代历期均较短;多异瓢虫幼虫取食麦长管蚜（96.33%）、棉黑蚜（96.50%）和棉蚜（90.67%）的存活率均明显高于取食其他3种蚜虫的。同时,多异瓢虫雌、雄成虫分别在取食棉黑蚜（44.67d）和麦长管蚜（59.13d）时寿命最长。在繁殖力方面,多异瓢虫成虫取食麦长管蚜（3.53d）和棉蚜（3.68d）时产卵前期均较短;取食棉黑蚜（1044.02粒）和棉蚜（1084.45粒）时单雌产卵量较高。综合来看,在6种蚜虫中,麦长管蚜、棉黑蚜和棉蚜均相对适合多异瓢虫的生长发育和繁殖,是饲养与人工扩繁多异瓢虫较为理想的活体饲料。     

Manipulation of parasitoids for aphid pest management: progress and prospects

This paper describes research at IACR-Rothamsted on aphid parasitoid responses to semiochemical foraging stimuli, aimed at developing novel ways of manipulating these behaviours to overcome ecological constraints to biological and integrated pest control. Female parasitoids respond both to aphid sex pheromones acting as kairomones, and to aphid-induced plant volatiles, acting as synomones. A range of economically important parasitoid species respond to aphid sex pheromones, and their potential for enhancing parasitization of aphid populations has been demonstrated in the field. Commercial production of the pheromone from the plant Nepeta cataria L has been developed and strategies for its use in arable crops are being investigated. Aphid-induced plant volatiles are released systemically throughout the plant and are aphid species specific, probably induced by elicitors in aphid saliva. Aphid-infested plants can induce uninfested neighbours to release damage-related volatiles, plant-to-plant communication occurring via the rhizosphere. The plant compound cis-jasmone has been identified as a plant signal with potential for aphid control, inducing plant defence mechanisms that both deter colonising aphids and attract parasitoids and predators. Such compounds may represent a new generation of crop protectants and their further investigation and development will be aided by the tools generated by genomic and post-genomic biology.     

不同水稻挥发物对稻虱红螯蜂雌蜂的引诱作用

为了解水稻挥发物在稻虱红螯蜂雌蜂寻找寄主过程中的作用,采用触角电位仪和Y-型嗅觉仪测定了稻虱红螯蜂雌蜂对不同水稻挥发物的触角电位（electroantennogram,EAG）反应和行为反应。不同生育期水稻挥发物中,稻虱红螯蜂雌蜂对幼苗期挥发物的EAG反应最强烈,显著高于分蘖期及抽穗期。行为测定显示中优5617和湘优109幼苗期稻株挥发物对稻虱红螯蜂雌蜂具有显著引诱作用。稻虱红螯蜂雌蜂对虫害植株挥发物的EAG反应最强烈,与健康植株和机械损伤植株之间均存在显著差异。稻虱红螯蜂雌蜂明显趋向于湘优109、黔香优302和宜香481三个品种的虫害处理植株。结果表明,幼苗和虫害稻株挥发物在稻虱红螯蜂雌蜂寻找寄主过程中起到了重要作用。     

西藏林芝杏树朝鲜毛球蚧生物学特性及防控对策

朝鲜毛球蚧已成为我国西藏林芝地区果树主要害虫之一,威胁到当地果树正常生长和产量。当前对其在西藏地区果树上的形态特征、生物学特性以及发生规律的报道很少。本研究通过野外定期取样调查对杏树朝鲜毛球蚧的形态特性、生活史和发生动态进行了研究,并对其防控措施进行简述。结果表明,林芝地区朝鲜毛球蚧1年发生1代,以2龄若虫固着在被害枝条上越冬,翌年4月出蛰,成虫4月中下旬发生,当年若虫孵化期在6月中-7月下旬,主要以固定若虫和雌成虫为害。雌虫产卵期可持续8~12d,卵量平均为985粒/雌。虫体膨大期(4月上旬)和若虫孵化游走盛期(6月上旬)是林芝地区杏树朝鲜毛球蚧防治的适宜期。可用40%氧化乐果或石硫合剂原液涂抹法进行防治。     

蚜虫唾液主要成分及其在寄主和害虫互作中的作用

刺吸式害虫唾液里的某些成分通常是植物诱导反应中一些共有的或特异性诱导信号物质。本文综述了蚜虫取食、唾液的主要成分和取食诱发的植物防御信号传导途径,例如水杨酸途径、茉莉酸/乙烯途径,以及唾液诱导使植物防御因子上调效应的分子检测方法;同时还展望了蚜虫唾液研究的应用前景。     

Host plant preference of Diuraphis noxia (Kurdj.) (Hom., Aphididae)

Host plant preference of the Russian wheat aphid Diuraphis noxia (Kurdj.) was studied on 11 cultivars of 9 plant species: winter barley, spring barley, winter wheat, spring wheat, rye, oat, Triticale, canary grass, red millet yellow millet and maize. Seeds of the host plants were sown in a circle near the edge of pots. The host plant choice was evaluated 24 hours after releasing 55 Diuraphis noxia female adults in the middle of each pot. The suitability of different hosts for aphid development was evaluated 2, 7 and 14 days after infestation based on the mean number of Russian wheat aphid individuals per plant. Red millet, yellow millet and maize were chosen by significantly fewer aphids than grain crops. Winter and spring barley were chosen as hosts most frequently, and the progeny production was also the highest on these plants. The growth rate of D. noxia was significantly affected by the host plants and the date of assessment and their interaction.     

Influence of feeding-damaged plants on the oviposition responses within a community of female moths

Competitive or facilitative interactions characterise phytophagous insect communities that utilise the same resources. These interactions are often mediated by the host plant. Plant mediation influences the oviposition choices that a community of insects, sharing the same host plant make. In this context, the oviposition choices of females within a community of lepidopteran cereal stemborers namely Busseola fusca, Sesamia calamistis and Chilo partellus were studied in plant choice-experiments under laboratory and field conditions. Gravid females of each species were presented with a choice between maize plants infested by conspecific or heterospecific larvae and uninfested maize plants. The number of eggs and egg batches laid on plants were used to quantify oviposition. Results showed that none of the three stemborer species avoided oviposition on infested maize plants. In some cases a significant preference for infested maize plants were observed. Similarly, data from field trials under natural stemborer infestation, with B. fusca as the only species, showed that the wild ovipositing moths were not avoiding infested plants. Host plant mediation may influence the incidence of multi-species infestations by stemborer species often found in the field. The potential roles of herbivore-induced and egg-deposited-induced plant volatiles in this mechanism are discussed.     

3种寄主挥发物中引起旋幽夜蛾嗅觉反应的活性组分分析

为探究植物挥发物中引起旋幽夜蛾嗅觉电生理反应的活性组分, 本研究采用动态顶空吸附法收集藜、甜菜和棉花植株的挥发物, 利用气相色谱-触角电位联用仪(GC-EAD)和气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)定性鉴定寄主挥发物中引起旋幽夜蛾嗅觉反应的活性组分。结果表明, 藜挥发物中有6种活性组分, 甜菜和棉花挥发物中各有5种, 其中乙酸叶醇酯、1, 2-二乙苯、对二乙苯、壬醛、二乙二醇丁醚为3种植物共有的挥发物组分, 异佛尔酮仅在藜挥发物中发现。触角电位(EAG)测定结果显示, 以上6种组分都能引起旋幽夜蛾雌雄成虫的EAG反应, 且随浓度增加EAG相对反应值增大。雌雄成虫对壬醛和异佛尔酮的EAG反应最强烈, 其次是乙酸叶醇酯和1, 2-二乙苯。在相同浓度条件下, 雌雄成虫对同种化合物的EAG反应无性别特异性。本研究为探明旋幽夜蛾定位寄主机制及开发行为调控产品提供基础。     

茶翅蝽成虫对不同植物种类的选择偏好性

茶翅蝽是一种重要的农林害虫,近年来在我国的发生为害程度呈现加重趋势。本文通过田间小区试验和室内行为研究,评价了茶翅蝽成虫对不同植物种类的选择偏好程度。在田间25科115种植物中,84种植物上调查到茶翅蝽成虫,种群发生密度整体较低,但寒麻、芝麻、红麻、籽粒苋、向日葵、大豆、白花菜等植物上成虫密度相对偏高。在室内Y型嗅觉仪测试中,与空白对照相比,茶翅蝽雌雄成虫对苗期和花期的向日葵、大豆、白花菜植株气味均表现出了明显的趋好行为。上述研究结果为深入解析我国茶翅蝽区域分布与发生消长规律提供了科学依据。     

Previous infestation affects recolonization of cotton byAphis gossypii: induced resistance or plant damage?

The effect of previous infestation by the cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii Glover) on resistance of cotton seedlings to further infestation by the same insect, was examined in the laboratory. Seedlings which survived a heavy infestation and produced new leaves, were recolonized artificially and the fate of the colonizers was monitored. The two cotton varieties used in the experiments differed in resistance to aphid colonization, and a few seedlings were initially unsuitable for aphid colonization. Aphids transferred to new leaves on previously infested plants were not so successful as on uninfested seedlings and repeated attempts over a few weeks were sometimes required until a colony became established. Reinfested plants often showed no visible signs of stress, but the aphid colonies were frequently of the ‘yellow dwarf’ morph, indicating that the plants had been stressed after the first infestation. We suggest that damage caused by the first infestation — and not the production of some excess metabolites — is the reason for the lower success on previously infested plants.