Effects of graded levels of Fusarium toxin-contaminated wheat and of a detoxifying agent in broiler diets on performance,nutrient digestibility and blood chemical parameters

1. A growth experiment was carried out with male broilers from d 1 to d 35 of age in order to evaluate the effects of the addition of a detoxifying agent (Mycofix Plus, Biomin GmbH, Herzogenburg, Austria) at different dietary proportions of wheat (0, 16.5, 33, 49.5 and 66%) contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins (21.2 mg of deoxynivalenol and 406 microg of zearalenone, ZON, per kg of wheat) on growth performance, nutrient and zearalenone balance and clinical-chemical parameters. 2. An increase in dietary mycotoxin concentration resulted in a linearly related decrease in feed intake, a slight decrease in weight gain and an improvement in feed to gain ratio. 3. Apparent protein digestibility and net protein utilisation were higher in diets containing exclusively Fusarium toxin-contaminated wheat than control diets. 4. The proportions of beta-zearalenol, alpha-zearalenol and ZON of total ZON metabolites in excreta of broilers fed on the diets containing the Fusarium toxin-contaminated wheat were approximately 3, 21 and 76%. 5. Serum antibody titres to Newcastle disease virus decreased in a linear fashion with increasing mycotoxin concentration in the diets, whereas other clinical-chemical serum parameters (liver cell and muscle cell necrosis indicating enzymes, haemoglobin, haematocrit, magnesium, inorganic phosphate) were not influenced by increasing Fusarium toxin concentrations. 6. Supplementation of the diets with Mycofix Plus decreased performance in a manner independent of mycotoxin concentration. Moreover, some clinical-chemical serum parameters were significantly altered due to Mycofix Plus but also independently of the dietary mycotoxin concentration.     

Flavomycin effects on performance of beef bulls and nutrient digestibility in wethers

For 28 weeks a feeding experiment was conducted to determine the effects of dietary flavomycin on performance of beef bulls. In the first and second half of the trial, 40 animals (average initial weight 352 kg) had free access to corn silage or beet pulp, respectively, both supplemented with an appropriate concentrate containing 0 or 10 mg/kg of the antibiotic. Daily flavomycin intake was 39 to 46 mg when the animals were on the corn silage diet and 51 to 54 mg when they were fed the beet pulp diet. The animals fed the corn silage-based diet supplemented with flavomycin showed a non-significant improvement of daily gain (1.4%) and feed conversion (2.3%). When the beet pulp-based diet was fed, flavomycin significantly increased daily gain (15.2%, P less than 0.002) and feed conversion efficiency (9.1%, P less than 0.03). For the overall feeding experiment the positive effect of flavomycin feeding was 6.7% on body weight gain (P less than 0.09) and 5.2% on feed conversion (P less than 0.13). Flavomycin did not affect carcass yield of beef bulls. Also the effect of flavomycin on diet digestibility was studied in wethers fed a mixture of beet pulp and concentrate, containing 0 or 10 ppm flavomycin. No significant effect from the antibiotic on digestion of dry matter, crude protein, fibre, fat, ash and N-free extract was observed.     

玉米赤霉烯酮及吸附剂对断奶仔猪生产性能、营养物质利用率和肌肉品质的影响

研究1mg/kg玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEA)对断奶仔猪生产性能、营养物质利用率和肌肉品质的影响,并探讨不同Condition Ade 200 HPC(CDA)吸附剂水平改善ZEA影响的效果,以期确定最有效的CDA添加剂量。随机选择35头断奶仔猪,分成7个处理:基础日粮组(C1);基础日粮添加2.5g/kgCDA组(C2);基础日粮添加1mg/kgZEA组(E1);ZEA污染日粮分别添加1.25(E2)、2.5(E3)、5.0(E4)、10.0(E5)g/kgCDA组。试验期24d,通过测定平均日增重(ADG)、平均日采食量(ADFI)、饲料转化率(FCR)、总能(GE)和粗蛋白(CP)表观消化率和代谢率,腿肌、胸肌和背肌的营养成分等,研究CDA吸附剂对ZEA影响的改善作用。研究表明:1mg/kgZEA显著提高ADG(P<0.05),但对ADFI和FCR没有影响(P>0.05);1mg/kgZEA明显降低GE和CP表观消化率及GE代谢率(P<0.05);CDA吸附剂对生产性能、营养物质利用率和肌肉品质没有影响;1mg/kgZEA日粮中添加2.5、5.0和10.0g/kgCDA吸附剂能够缓解ZEA的影响,并在5.0和10.0g/kg水平时,ADG和ADFI、表观消化率(GE和CP)和表观代谢率(GE)不再变化。ZEA浓度为1mg/kg时,断奶仔猪日粮中CDA吸附剂的最佳添加量为5g/kg。     

The efficacy of a modified aluminosilicate as a detoxifying agent in Fusarium toxin contaminated maize containing diets for piglets

Two feeding experiments with female weaned piglets were carried out applying a complete two by two factorial design to investigate the effects of the dietary inclusion of 500 g/kg Fusarium toxin contaminated maize (8.6 mg/kg deoxynivalenol (DON); 1.2 mg/kg zearalenone (ZON)) and of 4 g/kg aluminosilicate (AS) as a detoxifying agent. The resulting four diets were fed ad libitum to a total of 80 piglets (20 piglets per group, allotted to a total of 20 pens) covering a live weight range of 10.5 +/- 1.3 to 27.5 +/- 4.4 kg in experiment 1, and to a total of 48 piglets (12 piglets per group, allotted to 12 pens) covering a live weight range of 9.7 +/- 1.8 to 21.4 +/- 4.8 kg in experiment 2. The animals of experiment 1 were slaughtered on days 34-36 of feeding the experimental diets. The mycotoxin analyses revealed that the control maize also contained considerable concentrations of Fusarium toxins, but the differences in DON and ZON concentrations between control and contaminated diets were sufficiently high to demonstrate both dose-related toxin effects. Voluntary feed intake and live weight gain of the animals were significantly reduced by the inclusion of Fusarium toxin contaminated maize into the diets in both experiments, while a significantly decreased feed to gain ratio was found in experiment 1. Furthermore, the relative weight of the uterus, stomach and heart of the animals fed the contaminated maize containing diets were significantly increased. Serum albumin concentrations and the activity of GLDH were significantly reduced by the inclusion of the contaminated maize. The addition of AS to the Fusarium toxin contaminated diets did not prevent or alleviate any of the mentioned effects. Moreover, the feed intake tended to be decreased by this supplementation in both experiments, while a significantly decreased feed to gain ratio was indicated for this factor in experiment one as well. The serum concentration of albumin and the activities of ASAT and gammaGT were significantly increased if AS was present in the diets while serum concentration of cholesterol and alpha-tocopherol were decreased significantly or in tendency, respectively. The concentrations of retinol and retinyl esters in liver and serum were not altered by the treatments. The analysed concentrations of zearalenone (ZON) and its metabolites in the bile fluid clearly indicated the differences in dietary ZON concentrations and showed that AS was ineffective in preventing the absorption of the toxin from the gastrointestinal tract. Also, serum concentrations of DON reflected the DON intake prior to sampling. However, there were no differences between groups fed diets with or without AS which also suggests the inefficacy of the tested AS in preventing the DON absorption. The present investigations failed to demonstrate a detoxifying capacity of the tested additive and emphasize the general necessity for a critical verification of detoxifying agents in vivo.     

Excretion kinetics and metabolism of zearalenone in broilers in dependence on a detoxifying agent.

Two experiments were carried out with male broilers to examine excretion kinetics of zearalenone (ZON) and its metabolites and their occurrence in blood plasma and bile fluid after a single oral dose of ZON (approximately 6 micrograms/kg BW) from naturally contaminated wheat (406 micrograms ZON per kg). In addition, this ZON bolus was administered either in the absence or presence of a detoxifying agent (Mycofix-Plus, Biomin GmbH, Herzogenburg, Austria). Specimens were sampled after administration of the zearalenone bolus at different times of up to 48 h. Excretion of zearalenone and alpha-zearalenol as the only detectable metabolite of ZON peaked at approximately 6.5 h after administration of the bolus. Cumulative excretion of both substances amounted to approximately 58% of ZON intake after 48 h, when a plateau was achieved. The incomplete recovery could have been due to a partial total degradation of ZON in the digestive tract, undetected sulfate conjugates of ZON or its metabolites, to other unknown and undetected metabolites or to incomplete analytical recovery from the matrix, and needs to be examined further. Peak concentrations of zearalenone and alpha-zearalenol in bile were detected in the time period of approximately 2 to 6 h after bolus, whereas ZON and metabolite concentrations in blood plasma were around or lower than the detection limits. Mycofix-Plus supplementation seemed to have only minor or no effects on the parameters examined.     

不同大豆加工产品对早期断奶仔猪生长及日粮养分消化率的影响

膨化全脂大豆 (ＥＦＳ)与豆粕 (ＳＢＭ)相比 ,油脂的含量相对较高 ,因此越来越多地作为氨基酸和能量饲料应用于畜禽日粮中。饲养试验结果发现 ,二者对断奶仔猪饲喂效果差别较大。如Ｋｉｍ等 (1 998ｂ)发现 ,用ＥＦＳ取代ＳＢＭ时 ,断奶仔猪平均日增重 (ＡＤＧ)和饲料转化率 (ＦＣＲ)不受影响 ;但Ｐｉａｏ等 (1 999)研究发现 ,ＳＢＭ对早期断奶仔猪的饲喂效果明显差于ＥＦＳ。本试验旨在比较ＳＢＭ与ＥＦＳ对早期断奶仔猪日粮养分消化率的影响 ,为大豆加工产品的有效利用提供试验依据。1　材料与方法1 1　试验动物　选择 2 1日龄断奶体重为 …     

Effects of Aspergillus niger fermented rapeseed meal on nutrient digestibility,growth performance and serum parameters in growing pigs

The aim of the present study was to investigate the influences of Aspergillus niger fermented rapeseed meal (FRSM) on growth performance and nutrient digestibility of growing pigs. A total of 72 growing pigs (body weight = 40.8 ± 2.1 kg) were used in feeding trials, lasting for up to 42 days, and were randomly allotted to one of three diets, including a corn‐soybean meal control diet as well as two experimental diets containing 10% unfermented rapeseed meal (RSM) or 10% FRSM. The results showed that average daily gain and feed conversion ratio of pigs fed FRSM were superior (P < 0.05) to that of pigs fed unfermented RSM and did not differ from the control. Pigs fed control diet had higher (P < 0.05) total tract apparent digestibility for dry matter, protein, calcium and phosphorus than pigs fed unfermented RSM diet and did not differ from the FRSM diet. Pigs fed FRSM had lower levels (P < 0.05) of serum aspartate transaminase compared to unfermented RSM. In conclusion, solid state fermentation using Aspergillus niger may improve the growth performance and nutrient digestibility of RSM for pigs and FRSM is a promising alternative protein for pig production.     

Effects of a Brown‐midrib corn hybrid on nutrient digestibility in wethers and on dry matter intake,performance, rumen and blood variables in dairy cows

The aim of the present trials was to determine the effect of an experimental Brown‐midrib (Bm) corn hybrid in relation to a commercial corn hybrid (Con) on digestibility in wethers and on dry matter intake (DMI), milk yield and milk composition in dairy cows. Digestibility of crude fibre (CF), neutral detergent fibre (NDFom) and acid detergent fibre (ADFom) were higher for Bm (CF Con: 57.8%; Bm: 67.2%; NDFom Con: 56.8%; Bm: 64.8%; ADFom Con: 52.0%; Bm: 63.9%), but concentration of net energy for lactation did not differ (Con: 6.4 MJ/kg DM; Bm: 6.3 MJ/kg DM). A total of 64 lactating German Holstein cows were assigned to one of the two dietary treatments Con or Bm according to milk yield, lactation number, days in milk and live weight. In Trial 1, cows were fed a total mixed ration consisting of 50% corn silage (Con or Bm) and 50% concentrate on dry matter (DM) basis. In Trial 2, the same animals were fed the respective silage for ad libitum intake and 5.3 kg of concentrate DM per animal per day. In Trial 1, DMI and milk‐fat content were decreased significantly for the Bm‐treatment (DMI Con: 22.5 kg/day; Bm: 21.5 kg/day; milk fat Con: 3.8%; Bm: 3.3%). In Trial 2, milk yield and fat‐corrected milk (FCM) were increased significantly, whereas milk‐fat% was decreased significantly (milk yield Con: 25.8 kg/day; Bm: 29.4 kg/day; FCM Con: 27.2 kg/day; Bm: 29.6 kg/day; fat Con: 4.4%; Bm: 4.0%). Diets did not influence ruminal pH or temperature. Diets, furthermore, did not influence rumination in either trial. Additional research on digestibility and rumen fermentation should, however, be carried out using dairy cows at respective intake levels as trials with wethers cannot be transferred to high‐yielding ad libitum fed cows.     

Effects of space allocations and energy levels on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in growing and finishing pigs

Two experiments were conducted to investigate effects of different space allocations and different dietary metabolizable energy (ME) levels on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in growing and finishing pigs. In experiment 1, a total of 84 growing pigs [(Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc] with an initial body weight (BW) of 27.10 ± 1.60 kg were used in a 5‐week trial. Pigs were blocked based on initial BW into a 2 × 2 factorial design with the following factors: (i) 0.60 or 0.80 m²/pig space allocations; and (ii) 3,400 or 3,550 kcal/kg ME of diets. In experiment 2, a total of 84 finishing pigs with an initial BW of 67.43 ± 1.97 kg were used in a 10‐week trial. Pigs were allotted based on initial BW into a 2 × 2 factorial design with the following factors: (i) 0.81 or 1.08 m²/pig space allocations; and (ii) 3,300 or 3,450 kcal/kg ME of diet. In experiment 1, high ME diet improved gain‐to‐feed ratio (G:F) in pigs with low space allocation but not in pigs in high space allocation (p < .05). Additionally, high ME diet increased apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nitrogen in low space allocation but decreased ATTD of nitrogen in high space allocation (p < .05). In experiment 2, high ME diet improved average daily gain (ADG) and G:F in early‐finishing pigs with low space allocation but not in pigs with high space allocation (p < .05). In conclusion, the provision of high ME diets was not enough to overcome the reduction in growth performance due to low space allocation but can improve feed efficiency in growing pigs and daily gain and feed efficiency early‐finishing pigs.     

Effects of Fusarium toxin-contaminated wheat grain on nutrient turnover, microbial protein synthesis and metabolism of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in the rumen of dairy cows

The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of feeding Fusarium toxin-contaminated wheat to dairy cows on nutrient utilization in the rumen and on duodenal flow of deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZON) and their metabolites. Six dairy cows fitted with a large rumen cannula and a simple T-shaped cannula at the proximal duodenum was used in two experiments. The experiments included a control period in which the uncontaminated control wheat was fed and a period in which the control wheat was replaced by the Fusarium toxin-contaminated wheat (8.05 and 7.15 mg DON/kg and 0.26 and 0.1 mg ZON/kg in Expts 1 and 2 respectively). The wheat portion of the daily ration amounted to 50% on a dry matter (DM) basis and rations were completed with hay or grass silage. Five of the six cows were non-lactating and the total daily DM-intake ranged between 4 and 12 kg. The pH-values and the concentration of volatile fatty acids in ruminal fluid were not significantly influenced by feeding the contaminated wheat. In contrast, the postprandial ammonia concentration was consistently higher when the mycotoxin-contaminated wheat was fed. Moreover, the flow of microbial protein and utilizable protein at the duodenum were reduced at the same time. The concentrations of DON and ZON and of their metabolites in freeze-dried duodenal digesta were either not detectable or negligible during the control periods whereas distinct concentrations were measured during the periods where the contaminated wheat was fed. DON was nearly completely metabolized to de-epoxy-DON and the flow at the duodenum ranged between 4% and 28% of DON-intake. The ZON metabolites alpha-zearalenol (ZOL) and beta-ZOL were recovered at the duodenum beside the parent toxin ZON. Their recovery as a percentage of ZON-intake ranged between 43% and 132%. In conclusion, feeding of Fusarium toxin-contaminated wheat altered the ruminal protein utilization. The question of whether this effect was a result of the mycotoxin being present in the rumen or of Fusarium growth-related structural (cell wall) changes of the wheat grain needs to be clarified. The low recovery of DON at the duodenum would indicate either a nearly complete degradation of the molecule in the rumen or an absorption by the mucosa of the rumen, whereas the higher ZON recovery would suggest a lower degradation of the parent toxin in the rumen and/or recovery of some bile-originating entero-hepatic cycling ZON/metabolites.     

营养水平对鲁农2号配套系生长肥育猪生长性能以及养分消化率的影响

为探讨鲁农2号配套系生长肥育猪适宜的能量和粗蛋白质需要量,试验采用单因子随机区组设计,在保持消化能/粗蛋白质比不变的基础上,设为高能量粗蛋白质、中能量粗蛋白质和低能量粗蛋白质3个处理组。选取健康、初始体重（49.58±1.49）kg的鲁农2号配套系生长肥育猪108头（公母各半）随机分3个处理,每个处理4个重复,每个重复（圈）9头猪。试验分为50～80 kg和80～100 kg两个阶段。结果表明,试验全期饲粮营养水平的降低对猪日采食量、日增重和料重比影响不显著,但50～80 kg低营养水平组日增重和粗蛋白质日摄入量显著低于高、中营养水平组。养分表观消化率,50～80 kg以低营养水平组最高,与中营养水平组相比,其干物质、有机物、粗蛋白质和能量的表观消化率分别提高6.97%、8.53%、10.48%和6.45%,差异显著。饲粮营养水平对钙和磷的表观消化率均无显著影响（P〉0.05）。80～100 kg不同营养水平组养分表观消化率差异显著,其中,高营养水平组养分表观消化率最高,其干物质表观消化率分别比中、低营养组提高5.49%和7.17%（P〈0.05）;有机物的表观消化率分别提高4.48%和6.07%（P〈0.05）;钙的表观消化率分别提高32.76%和27.93%（P〈0.05）;磷的表观消化率分别提高38.77%（P〈0.05）和17.44%;粗蛋白质的表观消化率比中营养水平组提高8.56%（P〈0.05）。综合考虑,在50～80 kg阶段,鲁农2号配套系生长猪适宜的消化能为12.98 MJ/kg、粗蛋白质为14.56%;80～100 kg阶段,鲁农2号配套系肥育猪适宜的消化能为12.98 MJ/kg、粗蛋白质为12.40%。     

玉米赤霉烯酮污染日粮添加膨润土对断奶仔猪生长性能、养分利用率及生殖器官发育的影响

文章旨在评估玉米赤霉烯酮污染日粮添加膨润土对断奶仔猪生长性能、养分利用率、血清生化指标及生殖器官发育的影响。试验1选择28 d断奶仔猪[(10.00±0.85)kg]960头,随机分为8组,每组4个重复,每个重复30头。试验1日粮采用4(玉米赤霉烯酮水平:0、0.3、0.6和0.9 mg/kg)×2膨润土(0、2或0.5或1 g/kg),试验阶段28～56 d。试验2选择56 d仔猪[(27.00±1.40)kg]480头,分组同试验1。试验2日粮玉米赤霉烯酮水平同试验1,膨润土水平为0或2 g/kg,试验阶段57～75 d。结果显示:随着日粮玉米赤霉烯酮水平的升高,日增重和饲料报酬显著线性降低(P <0.05)。日粮添加膨润土显著提高了28～56 d断奶仔猪饲料报酬(P <0.05)。日粮添加2 g/kg膨润土显著提高了57～75 d断奶仔猪的平均日增重(P <0.05)。日粮玉米赤霉烯酮显著降低了采食量和饲料报酬(P <0.05),但添加膨润土显著提高了饲料报酬(P <0.05)。随着日粮玉米赤霉烯酮水平的升高,干物质和氮表观消化系列表现为显著的线性降低(P <0.05)。28 d断奶仔猪阴户宽度、长度和面积随着日粮玉米赤霉烯酮水平的升高表现为显著的线性升高(P <0.05)。玉米赤霉烯酮污染日粮添加2 g/kg膨润土显著降低了阴户长度和面积(P <0.05)。日粮添加膨润土显著提高了2和4周龄仔猪粪中乳酸杆菌含量(P <0.05),显著降低大肠杆菌含量(P <0.05)。结论 :断奶仔猪采食较低水平玉米赤霉烯酮污染日粮会降低营养物质消化率,诱发氧化应激,使生长性能下降。添加膨润土后可以缓解采食玉米赤霉烯酮污染日粮对仔猪的毒副作用。     

牛至油对生长猪生产性能和养分表观消化率的影响

选用健康、体重25kg左右的荣×大×杜杂交猪60头,随机分到2个组,每组6个重复,每个重复5头猪,每圈为1个重复,研究添加牛至油对生长猪生产性能和养分消化率的影响。试验组在对照组的基础上添加100g/t的牛至油,测定猪的生产性能和养分表观消化率。试验结果表明,在生长猪日粮中添加100g/t的牛至油具有改善猪只生产性能、提高养分表观消化率的趋势,可降低单位增重饲料成本。     

壳聚糖对肉牛生长性能及营养物质消化率的影响

试验旨在研究壳聚糖(chitosan,CHI)对肉牛生长性能及营养物质表观消化率的影响。选择体重、月龄接近,健康无病的24头西门塔尔育肥公牛,随机分为3个日粮处理组,每组8头牛,饲养试验分前、中、后三期,每期28 d,共84 d。三组日粮分别是在基础日粮中添加0、500和1 000 mg/kg的壳聚糖配制而成。结果表明:试验全期500 mg/kg壳聚糖组的平均日增重(ADG)和日采食量(ADFI)最高、料肉比(F/G)最低;日粮添加500 mg/kg壳聚糖可提高肉牛干物质、蛋白质、能量和钙表观消化率。说明日粮中添加500 mg/kg壳聚糖可提高肉牛营养物质的消化率,进而促进肉牛的生长。     

Effect of dietary mannan-oligosaccharides on in vivo performance, nutrient digestibility and caecal content characteristics of growing rabbits

To evaluate the effect of mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS) on in vivo performance, nutrient digestibility, fermentation characteristics and caecal microbial populations of rabbits, 144 thirty-five days old hybrid Hyla were equally divided into three groups, one of which was fed the same diet without additives (control group), one with antibiotics (colistin sulphate, 144 mg/kg; tylosin, 100 mg/kg; oxytetracyclin, 1000 mg/kg) and one with MOS (1 g/kg of diet). Mortality rate, live weight, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were recorded up to 62 days of age. At 60 days nutrient digestibility was measured by acid insoluble ash method. The caecal content of 10 rabbits per group was collected at 62 days and analysed for volatile fatty acids production, ammonia content and microbial count. Rabbits from the control group had a significantly (p < 0.01) lower body weight at 62 days (1638.9 g vs. 1779.4 g and 1862.5 g, respectively for the control, MOS and antibiotic groups) while the antibiotic group showed a higher (p < 0.05) feed intake than the control group (127.9 g/day vs. 109.3 g/day). Rabbits from the MOS group had a higher apparent digestibility of cellulose (34.27% vs. 29.61% and 27.49%, respectively for the MOS, control and antibiotic groups) and, as a consequence a higher level of acetate in the caecal content (39.93 mmol/l vs. 34.21 mmol/l and 23.09 mmol/l, respectively for the MOS, control and antibiotic groups). Caecal microflora of the MOS group rabbits also had a higher fermentative activity in respect of protein source, as demonstrated by the higher productions of branched chain fatty acids. MOS and antibiotics significantly reduced the colonies of Coliformis (2.32 vs. 3.20 vs. 2.40 logCFU/g, respectively for the MOS, control and antibiotic groups, p < 0.01). Mannan-oligosaccharides at 1 g/kg of diet can be used as an alternative to antibiotics during the rabbit's growth period.     

日粮蛋白质和脂肪水平对育成期雄性水貂生长性能、营养物质消化率及氮代谢的影响

试验旨在探讨日粮不同蛋白质和脂肪水平对育成期雄性水貂生长性能、营养物质消化率及氮代谢的影响,确定育成期雄水貂日粮蛋白质和脂肪的适宜水平。试验采用2×3因子试验设计,2个蛋白质水平(32%和36%)和3个脂肪水平(10%、20%和30%),共配制6种试验日粮。选取90只60日龄健康雄性水貂随机分成6组,每组15个重复,每个重复1只貂。预试期7 d,试验期60 d。结果表明:蛋白质水平为32%,脂肪水平为20%和30%组水貂各阶段平均日增重和饲料转化率、脂肪消化率、氮沉积氮生物学效价均最高,日粮蛋白质和脂肪交互作用对脂肪消化率影响显著(P0.05),对其他指标影响均不显著(P0.05)。综合各项指标,在本试验条件下,当日粮蛋白质水平为32%,脂肪水平为20%~30%时,育成期雄性水貂生产性能最佳,且能够降低尿氮排放量,提高水貂对日粮蛋白质的利用率。     

发酵木薯酒精糟对生产猪生产性能及营养物质消化的影响

试验研究不同水平的发酵木薯酒精糟对生长猪生产性能的影响。选择200头初始体重约(26.35±0.43)kg的生长猪,随机分为5个处理组,每组4个重复,每个重复10头猪。5个处理组分别为:A组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮;B组、C组和D组分别为发酵木薯酒精糟用量为2%、6%和15%的配合日粮组,E组则为用发酵木薯酒精糟直接替代6%基础日粮的混合日粮组。结果表明,B组和C组的日增重较A组分别提高了6.45%(P0.05)和4.84%(P0.05),各试验组料肉比均低于对照组,分别降低了7.48%、9.06%、5.12%和0.39%。日粮中添加发酵木薯酒精糟后有效改善了营养物质消化率,B组、C组、D组及E组干物质消化率较对照组分别提高了8.62%(P0.05)、7.50%(P0.05)、4.75%(P0.05)和5.26%(P0.05);粗蛋白消化率较对照组分别提高了11.43%(P0.05)、9.50%(P0.05)、9.61%(P0.05)和10.61%(P0.05);粗脂肪消化率较对照组分别提高了15.66%(P0.05)、15.86%(P0.05)、12.98%(P0.05)和14.10%(P0.05);钙的消化率则较对照组分别提高了10.46%(P0.05)、6.50%(P0.05)、6.93%(P0.05)和10.60%(P0.05)。B组、C组、D组及E组较A组的养殖效益均有所提高,每千克饲料的增重成本分别降低了0.683、0.833、0.523元和0.238元,其中使用处理C组饲料的效益最好。本试验结果说明,生长猪日粮中发酵木薯酒精糟的适宜添加量为2%~6%,能有效提高猪的生产性能和养殖效益。     

微生态制剂对奶牛产奶性能及日粮营养物质消化率的影响

<正>微生态制剂与抗生素相比,具有无残留、安全、不产生耐药性等特点,符合饲料生产安全无公害的发展趋势。目前,有关微生态制剂在奶牛实际生产中应用效果的研究报道较多,且多数研究结果得出,饲喂微生     

Effects of dietary supplemental phytoncide instead of zinc oxide on growth performance,nutrient digestibility,blood profiles,and faecal microflora in growing pigs

This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of phytoncide (PTC) instead of zinc oxide on growth performance, blood profile, nutrient digestibility and faecal microflora in growing pigs. A total of 120 growing pigs [(Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc] with initial body weight 24.48 ± 1.62 kg were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments for a 6 weeks feeding trials, the treatments as follow: CON (base diet),ZO (CON + 0.03% Zinc Oxide), PTC1 (CON + 0.5% PTC), PTC2 (CON + 1.0% PTC). Compared to basal diet, during weeks 1–3, 3–6, and overall experimental period, the ADG of growing pigs fed phytoncide diet trend to be increased, and fed ZO diet was significantly increased (p < 0.05). During weeks 3–6 and overall experiment period, pigs fed the ZO diet showed improvement in feed intake compared to pigs fed basal diet as a trend. Compared with basal diet, the pigs receiving phytoncide diet significantly increased the digestibility of DM and reduced the concentration of aspartate transaminase in pigs receiving 1.0% phytoncide diet. These results suggested that dietary supplement of phytoncide, Korean pine extract, could be used as an alternative to zinc oxide by decreasing detoxify to soil and plants without influencing the performance of growing pigs. Further study is needed to determine the systemic estimation of the dose of phytoncide.     

Effects of dietary sorghum dried distiller's grains with solubles on growth performance,diet nutrient digestibility,carcass characteristics and immunity in growing rabbits

Sorghum dried distiller's grains with solubles (S‐DDGS) are distillation extract residues from the ethanol fuel industry. In this experiment, two hundred 42‐day‐old rabbits were randomly allocated to five experimental diets containing 0 g/kg (control), 75, 150, 225 and 300 g/kg S‐DDGS. The experiment lasted for 4 weeks. No difference was found in the average daily feed intake (ADFI; p > 0.05). With increasing sorghum inclusion, the average daily gain (ADG) was linearly (p < 0.001) and quadratically (p = 0.039) reduced, while, conversely, the feed conversion ratio (FCR) linearly (p < 0.001) increased. Increasing the amount of S‐DDGS in the diet linearly decreased (p < 0.001) the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP) and ash. Carcass weight, carcass yield, heart and liver weights were linearly decreased by an increase in the amount of S‐DDGS added to diets (p < 0.001), but no difference was observed between the 0, 75 and 150 g/kg S‐DDGS groups (p > 0.05). Serum IL‐6, IL‐10 and SIgA linearly increased (p = 0.008) with increasing levels of S‐DDGS in the diet. Rabbits fed 0, 75 and 150 g/kg of S‐DDGS had similar IL‐6 and IL‐10 levels. Statistically significant differences in SIgA were observed between rabbits fed control diets and feed mixtures containing S‐DDGS (p < 0.01). To conclude, S‐DDGS can safely be added up to 75 g/kg, to the diet of rabbits. Increasing dietary S‐DDGS inclusion may decrease the growth performance, nutrient digestibility and carcass traits, and activate immune responses.