鲤肠道对L-甲硫氨酸和L-苯丙氨酸的离体吸收动力学

采用离体灌注试验系统和茚三酮对氨基酸显色的试验方法,定量分析了鲤肠道壁对氨基酸吸收和跨壁运输量,在相同的试验环境下,分别研究鲤肠道对L-甲硫氨酸和L-苯丙氨酸的吸收转运量.结果表明,在60 min内鲤肠道可对灌流液的氨基酸进行持续的吸收转运,并在肠道外积累;当肠道内灌流氨基酸浓度逐渐增加时,肠道外培养液中氨基酸的浓度与其起始浓度呈正相关变化,并未出现高浓度氨基酸对吸收转运的"抑制"效应;通过对吸收转运量达到最大值时试验氨基酸的浓度与吸收转运量的比较,以及氨基酸吸收转运量随时间的变化规律等的比较分析表明,鲤肠道能有效地吸收、运输L-甲硫氨酸和L-苯丙氨酸.鲤肠道对L-甲硫氨酸和L-苯丙氨酸的吸收曲线符合Michaelis-Menten方程.两种氨基酸的吸收动力学方程分别为:1/V=0.125 1×1/[S] + 0.052 4(R2=0.978 1,P<0.05)和1/V=0.188 7×1/[S]+0.028 8(R2=0.976 2,P<0.05),动力学参数为:L-甲硫氨酸:Vmax=19.08 μmol/(g*min),Kmax=2.39 mmol/L;L-苯丙氨酸:Vmax=34.72 μmol/(g*min),Kmax=6.55 mmol/L.吸收动力学特征分析表明:鲤肠道对两种氨基酸的吸收是一种逆浓度、需要转运载体的主动吸收方式,且对不同的氨基酸有不同的吸收、运输特异性,鲤肠道对L-甲硫氨酸的吸收率和跨壁运输能力均强于L-苯丙氨酸(P<0.05).     

鲇离体肠道对亮氨酸和苯丙氨酸的吸收

采用外翻肠囊和茚三酮显色法研究了鲇离体肠道对L-亮氨酸(leu)和L-苯丙氨酸(phe)的吸收转运量。结果表明,在一定的氨基酸浓度范围内,鲇离体肠道对L-亮氨酸(leu)和L-苯丙氨酸(phe)的吸收量随着其浓度的升高而增加;鲇对L-亮氨酸(leu)的吸收量高于L-苯丙氨酸(phe)。     

草鱼肠道离体培养的适宜条件

取1龄草鱼(体长20～25 cm)肠道制成常规肠囊样本,分别使用Ringer's液、山本液、今村液以及1mmol/L亮氨酸(Leu)溶液和1 uci/ml H3-Leu溶液进行体外培养,并设定培养条件分别为培养温度20、25、30和37℃,培养时间5、10、30及60 min.测定在各条件下草鱼肠道碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性和Leu的吸收积累量.结果显示,1龄草鱼肠道离体培养最佳条件为培养液为山本液(NaCl 0.75%,KCl 0.02%,Ca-Cl2 0.02%,NaHCO3 0.002%),培养时间为5 min,培养温度为25℃.此时,草鱼肠道AKP活性为51.61金氏单位,对Leu的吸收速率为0.047 2μmol/(g·     

饲料添加L-精氨酸或N-氨甲酰谷氨酸对杂交鳢肠道黏膜形态和肠道菌群的影响

为研究饲料中添加精氨酸或N-氨甲酰谷氨酸(NCG)对杂交鳢肠道黏膜形态和肠道菌群的影响,实验选用初始体质量为(22.02±0.02) g的杂交鳢450尾,分别饲喂基础饲料以及在基础饲料中添加0.60%L-精氨酸(Arg)、0.03%NCG,饲养周期为56 d。结果显示,与对照组相比,饲料中添加0.60%Arg显著提高了杂交鳢终末体质量和特定生长率,添加0.60%Arg或0.03%NCG显著提高了杂交鳢的蛋白质沉积率,显著降低了饲料系数。与对照组相比,NCG组杂交鳢全鱼异亮氨酸、谷氨酸、赖氨酸含量显著升高。与对照组相比,Arg组和NCG组杂交鳢全鱼精氨酸和亮氨酸含量显著升高,其他氨基酸无显著差异。与对照组相比,饲料添加Arg或NCG可显著提高杂交鳢肠道中肠、后肠肌层厚度,中肠绒毛宽度,NCG组后肠肌层厚度显著高于对照组与Arg组。各实验组肠道黏膜层、肌层结构清晰紧密、黏膜层绒毛丰富,对照组与Arg组出现少量绒毛顶部上皮与固有层间隙增宽,NCG组却未见明显异常。饲料添加精氨酸可显著提高杂交鳢肠道菌群物种丰度,Chao指数与Ace指数显著高于对照组与NCG组。与对照组相比,NCG组显著提高厚...     

L-苹果酸对吉富罗非鱼肠道结构功能及肝脏TCA循环效率的影响

实验选取体质量为(37.94±0.09)g吉富罗非鱼幼鱼420尾,随机分为7个处理(每个处理3个重复,每个重复20尾鱼),分别饲喂添加0(对照)、1.0、2.0、4.0、8.0、16.0和32.0 g/kg L-苹果酸的饲料,进行为期154 d的生长实验,研究L-苹果酸对罗非鱼肠道组织结构和功能及肝脏TCA循环效率的影响。结果发现,随着L-苹果酸水平的增加,前肠和中肠绒毛高度、密度、肌层厚度均在16.0 g/kg组达到最大值且显著高于对照组(P0.05);后肠绒毛高度、密度和肌层厚度逐渐降低(P0.05)。肠道淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性均在1.0 g/kg组达到最大值且显著高于对照组(P0.05);肠道蛋白酶、肝脏ATP含量随着L-苹果酸水平的增加逐渐升高(P0.05);肠Na+-K+-ATP酶活力、肠表皮生长因子(EGF)和肠表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)含量在16.0 g/kg组达到最高值;肝脏柠檬酸合酶活力在8.0 g/kg到达最大值。研究表明吉富罗非鱼饲料中适量添加L-苹果酸(1.0~8.0 g/kg),能改善罗非鱼前肠和中肠的形态结构,促进肠粘膜上皮细胞的增殖,提高肠消化和吸收能力,同时提高肝脏TCA循环效率。     

饲料中添加乳酸菌对鲤鱼肠道酶活性的影响

为探究鲤鱼饲料中添加不同水平的乳酸菌对其肠道酶活性的影响,并确定鲤鱼饲料中乳酸菌的最适添加水平。选择体况良好、健康且体重相近的鲤鱼400尾,按照单因子试验设计,将其均分为4个处理组,每组100尾鲤鱼。对照组鲤鱼投喂基础饲料;试验1组鲤鱼投喂基础饲料+0.25%乳酸菌;试验2组鲤鱼投喂基础饲料+0.5%乳酸菌;试验3组鲤鱼投喂基础饲料+1.0%乳酸菌。试验周期分为7天的预饲期和60天的正式试验期。试验结束,检测各组鲤鱼肠道酶活性。结果表明：试验2组和试验3组鲤鱼肠道中蛋白酶活性显著高于对照组和试验1组（P <0.05）;试验2组和试验3组鲤鱼肠道中淀粉酶的活性显著高于对照组（P <0.05）,而试验1组鲤鱼肠道淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性有比对照组提高的趋势,但未达到显著性水平（P> 0.05）;试验2组和试验3组鲤鱼肠道蛋白酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶活性差异不显著（P> 0.05）。     

中草药添加剂对离体小肠葡萄糖吸收的影响

本文采用健康昆明小白鼠的离体小肠段做了葡萄糖吸收的实验,就促生长散、催乳保健散、催情促孕散、对小肠葡萄糖吸收的影响进行了研究。实验结果表明,复方促生长散对小肠葡萄糖吸收有明显的增强作用（0．01＜P＜0．05）,催情促孕散和催乳保健散对小肠葡萄糖的吸收均有所增加,但未达到显著水平（P＜0．05）。     

植酸酶对黄河鲤鱼肠道消化酶活性的研究

通过对120尾黄河鲤鱼,分别投喂不同剂量的植酸酶日粮,然后分析其肠淀粉酶、肠蛋白酶和肠脂肪酶活性,结果发现植酸酶能提高黄河鲤鱼消化道淀粉酶、蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性,且以1000u/kg植酸酶添加量为效果最佳,从而促进有关营养成分的消化吸收,可能成为植酸促进鲤鱼生长的机制之一。     

真江蓠对氨氮去除效率与吸收动力学研究

以真江蓠(Gracilaria asiatica)为实验材料,在实验室水平上测定了真江蓠培养密度对NH4-N去除效率和吸收速率的影响,比较了真江蓠在氮半饥饿和氮饱和状态下的氨氮吸收动力学特征以及不同起始浓度NH4-N对其吸收速率的影响.结果表明:真江蓠密度为2～24 g·L-1时,5 h内随着藻体密度增大和实验时间延长,真江蓠去氨氮能力也增强.当藻体密度为24g·L-1时,真江蓠在5 h内去除氨氮效率最高,达到99.77%.各种藻体密度在起始阶段保持较高吸收速率(30～41 μmol·g-1·h-1),随后藻体密度与吸收速率呈反比关系,其最低藻体密度组(2 g·L-1)在3 h和5 h吸收速率最大,分别为28.33 μmol·g-1·h-1和18.85μmol·g-1·h-1.在起始浓度梯度实验中,氮半饥饿和氮饱和真江蓠吸收氨氮的最大吸收速率和半饱和常数在1 h均达到最高值,分别为116.47、159.40μmol·g-1·h-1和439.70、913.61 μmol·g-1·h-1.之后随着培养时间的延长而降低.氮半饥饿和氮饱和真江蓠对NH4-N的吸收差别不显著;当氨氮浓度为300～500μmol·L-1时,氮半饥饿的真江蓠在起始1 h内有一个快速吸收阶段(40.7～102.1μmol·g-1·h-1),吸收速率与NH4-N浓度几乎成正比,此时不符合米氏动力学饱和方程,而在低N浓度下(100～200μmol·L-1),藻体对NH4-N的吸收则没有出现这种现象;随着培养时间延长,直到NH4-N浓度达到一定限度时,吸收速率可达到一极大值而符合米氏动力学饱和方程.该研究结果为大规模栽培真江蓠净化水体和生态修复提供了理论依据.     

苦草对NH4+的吸收动力学

以苦草为试验材料,研究了3种光照、3种pH和3种温度条件下苦草对NH4+的吸收动力学以及苦草根叶的吸收差异.结果表明:弱酸性组(pH 5.5)最大吸收速率和亲和力显著高于中性组(pH 7.0)和弱碱性组(pH 8.5);亲和力随照度增大而增大,但中等光强组的最大吸收速率显著高于其他2组;温度试验中,最大吸收速率和亲和力先随着温度的上升而升高,然后随着温度的上升而降低;叶在苦草全株对NH4+的吸收中占主导地位,3种环境因子通过对叶的作用来影响全株对NH4+的吸收效率.     

用RAPD方法研究草鱼、柏氏鲤和3个地理种群鲤的亲缘关系

用２４种随机引物对雅罗鱼亚科（Ｌｅｕｃｉｓｃｉｎａｅ）的草鱼,鲤亚科（Ｃｙｐｒｉｎｉｎａｅ）的柏氏鲤和３个地理种群鲤（荷包红鲤、黑龙江野鲤和德国镜鲤）进行ＲＡＰＤ分析,构建了这５种鱼类的基因组指纹图谱。通过对获得的基因组指纹图谱的量化分析,利用ＵＰＧＭＡ重建了它们之间的亲缘关系。结果鲤种内３个地理种群之间的相似性高于鲤和柏氏鲤种间的相似性,而草鱼与另４种鲤亚科鱼类亚科之间的差异明显高于柏氏鲤、黑龙     

鲤鲫杂交(♀)×鲫(♂)回交子代的形态特征研究

利用雌性鲤鲫杂交与雄性鲫鱼回交,制备了鲤鲫杂交回交子代鱼,并对其1龄鱼的形态特征和内部器官结构进行了测定。其主要性状为：回交子代的背鳍条Ⅲ,15～18;臀鳍条Ⅲ,4～6;侧线鳞27～36;侧线上鳞和侧线下鳞同为5～6;鳃耙28～33;体长为体高的(2.35±0.11)倍,为头长的(3.33±0.13)倍,为尾柄长的(6.36±0.54)倍;头长为眼径的(4.54±0.20)倍;为眼间距的(1.74±0.07)倍;为尾柄高的(1.96±0.10)倍;尾柄长为尾柄高的(0.90±0.28)倍;体高为头高的(1.59±0.09)倍。结果表明,该回交子代鱼在可数和可量性状上都有个别性状产生变易,但大多数性状相对比较稳定。     

鲤鱼的遗传连锁图谱（初报）

建立了鲤鱼的遗传连锁图谱。图谱有ＲＡＰＤ分子标记５６个,鲤鱼的ＳＳＬＰ标记２６个,鲤鱼ＳＳＬＰ标记１９个,斑马鱼的ＳＳＬＰ分子标记７０个,鲤鱼基因标记９１个,共有标记２６２个;图谱有５０个连锁组,连锁图给出鲤鱼的基因组大小在５７８９ＣＭ左右。     

Anoxia survival in common carp and crucian carp is related to high zinc concentration in tissues

ABSTRACT:   Ten lots of common carp and six lots of crucian carp (each lot of 100 fish) were treated under anoxia for five days at water temperatures of 25–31°C. The average per group mortality of common carp was 17%, but none of the 600 crucian carp died. The digestive tract tissues of the common carp that died had significantly lower zinc concentrations than those that survived (59 ± 41 vs 142 ± 60 μg/[g fresh tissue], P  < 0.001). The digestive tract tissues of the crucian carp had mean zinc concentrations of 652 ± 458 μg/(g fresh tissue). One lot of common carp that had low tolerance for anoxia was fed a high zinc diet (2000 mg zinc/kg diet) for 1, 2 or 6 months and then subjected to 5 days anoxia. The survival rates of those fed the high zinc diet 1 and 2 months increased from 0 to 50%, respectively; all of fish that had fed a high zinc diet for 6 months survived. Thus, anoxia survival in common carp and crucian carp is closely related to the high concentrations of zinc in their tissues.     

转生长激素基因工程鲤鱼研究

约10000余尾注射牛和羊生长激素基因的鲤鱼已被生产出来，并从中筛选出生长速度快且整合了外源基因的个体143尾，也证明外源基因可传递给子代同时子代也具有快速生长的特征。建立了把外源基因直接注入受精卵的方法，确定了注入外源基因的最佳时期。     

Effects of feeding rates on growth and production of Nile tilapia, common carp and silver carp polycultured in fertilized ponds

Abstract In an attempt to identify appropriate feeding rates for multispecies of fish raised in fertilized earthen ponds, the present work was conducted over a 19‐week experimental period to establish the growth performance, production and body composition of Nile tilapia, common carp and silver carp fed 0.0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 3.0%, 5.0% biomass and to apparent satiation (treatments). Twelve ponds were stocked with a similar number and weight of each fish species. Two ponds were assigned to each of the treatments, and a 25% protein pelleted fish feed was used to feed fish at the specified rate of feeding. At the end of the experiment, growth, weight gain, survival, yield and body composition of fish groups were affected by the treatments. The economic effectiveness also varied among treatments. The most conspicuous attribute of the feeding rates was its lack of influence on growth (g day^?1), weight gain (g per fish), yield (kg ha^?1) or body composition of silver carp. The results of whole‐body proximate analysis indicated that various feeding rates had either an irregular pattern or no effects on the protein and ash gain per 100 g of fish body weight (bw) gain. The most notable exceptions were significant (P < 0.05) increases in body fat and gross energy gains in Nile tilapia, common carp and silver carp accompanied by decreases in percentages of moisture (but not in silver carp) as feeding rate increased. Among the six different feeding levels, feeding to apparent satiation (feed amount was equivalent to 2.67% of fish bw day^?1) appeared to be optimal, as it significantly (P < 0.05) supported the highest fish production, income and net profit compared with all other treatments except for the 3% feeding level, for which the differences in those measurements were comparable.     

Glutamine precursor supplementation increases glutamine synthetase gene expression in intestine of common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

To evaluate if the addition of glutamine (Gln) precursors could enhance the utilization rate of plant protein on molecular level, the expressions of glutamine synthetase (GS) gene were analysed under supplementation of α‐ketoglutaric acid (AKG), ornithine‐α‐ketoglutaric acid (OKG), glutamic acid (Glu), and Gln. The relative quantification of GS gene expression in the plant meal (PM) group was significantly lower than the fish meal (FM) group. All the four additives increased the GS gene expression. The additive that most significantly increased the GS gene expression, Gln concentration and GS activity was glutamic acid. Supplementation of AKG in plant meal can improve the GS activity and Gln concentration. Effect of OKG on the activity of GS was not significant. The GS expression was up‐regulated by Gln, but had no significant effects on the Gln concentration and GS activity. In conclusion, substitution of plant protein for animal protein reduced the GS gene expression, and the supplementation of Gln precursors was capable of promoting the expression of GS gene in common carp.     

新疆天池移植鲤鱼效应的探讨

1971年7月15日，新疆昌吉州阜康县水产部门向天池水域首次移植鲤鱼、鲢鱼、鳙鱼夏花鱼种50万尾，1981年11月2日，自治区水产局从北京空运400尾4寸虹鳟鱼种投放天池，多年来对天池水域鱼类捕捞观察，发现移植鱼类中仅有鲤鱼生存并衍生。1989，1990年我们对天池水域进行了调查，本文旨在对天池中鲤鱼的生长进行评价，同时，对该水域渔业利用进行探讨。