中国森林生态系统细根分解格局及调控因子研究进展

细根分解是森林生态系统地下生态过程的关键环节,在C和养分循环发挥着重要作用。细根分解过程及其调控因素的研究对揭示全球碳循环和森林生态系统功能具有重要意义。细根分解受底物质量、环境因素和土壤微生物等许多因素的影响,在区域尺度上表现出不同的变化格局。我们选取了国内近年来具代表性的细根分解文献,分析了中国不同森林生态系统细根分解的空间格局,对调控细根分解的主要因子进行了综述。同时,针对目前细根研究的现状,展望了细根分解的研究方向和研究难点。     

植物细根生产和周转研究进展

细根是植物根系最重要的组成部分,作为衡量植物生产力的重要因素,对森林生态系统生产力具有重要影响。前人研究表明,细根的生产与周转对细根的寿命、分解和生物量估算具有重要意义,并且会影响森林生态系统碳、养分和水循环过程。文中系统阐述了细根生产和周转的研究进展,介绍了细根的3种主要研究方法（根钻法、内生长法和微根管法）,进一步分析细根生产和周转的影响因素,即除了受植物内在因子（细根构型、根序和化学组成）的制约外,细根生产和周转还受到纬度、海拔、气候、土壤条件、土层深度等环境因子及生物因子的影响;探讨了在植物细根研究中存在的问题,并对今后的发展趋势进行了展望,以期为植物细根深入研究和根系生态学学科发展提供参考。     

影响森林细根分解的腐生真菌功能特性研究综述

森林细根分解是陆地生态系统养分循环的关键环节和重要过程,腐生真菌通过其特性广泛参与有机质分解、养分循环,连接植物与土壤2大碳库。环境和生物因素共同影响着腐生真菌生态功能的实现。文中综述了森林细根分解的腐生真菌功能特性、胞外酶特性、腐生真菌群落多样性变化、演替过程及影响因素,指出在后期研究中可利用高通量测序技术,深入开展腐生真菌胞外酶功能特性、营养策略、功能多样性组间协作研究,探索真菌主导的凋落物分解机制,并应用网络关系分析生境和底物异质性对腐生真菌群落结构和多样性、生态位划分、竞争或合作频率关系的影响,揭示细根分解的腐生真菌群落演替、聚集和驱动机制。     

林木细根动态及其在矿质养分循环中的作用研究进展

林木细根在森林生态系统能量流动和物质循环中起着重要作用。近年来,随着人们对细根功能的深入认识和研究方法的发展,细根研究成为当今森林生态学的研究热点之一。本文简要介绍了细根研究普遍采用的研究方法及其优缺点、适用性;并综合前人的研究成果,对林分细根生物量、分布、分解和周转以及细根在养分循环中的作用等研究结果进行综述。     

森林细根生产和周转的影响因素

细根在森林生态系统碳平衡和养分循环中具有重要作用。随着全球碳循环研究的开展, 作为森林生态系统中土壤碳的主要来源, 对细根的研究受到了广泛关注。在系统分析国内外大量研究报道的基础上, 文中对影响细根生产和周转的非生物因素(土壤养分、温度、土壤水分及CO₂浓度)和生物因素(土壤生物、细根形态及林分特征)进行总结和评述, 分析根系研究中存在的问题, 对今后的研究方向提出展望。     

林窗生态学研究进展

林窗是森林生态系统中的一种中小尺度干扰,是促进森林更新、养分循环、功能提高的重要推动力。本文阐述林窗生态学的研究进展与展望,以期为今后的林窗理论研究和森林经营实践提供参考。林窗生态学研究集中于林窗的形成、基本特征以及林窗对森林小气候和植物群落特征等地上结构与过程的影响;近年来,林窗对细根与枯落物分解、土壤碳氮动态及酶活性以及对森林动物和土壤微生物的生理生态学特征影响研究逐渐增多,但研究的时空尺度较小且不够全面、深入。今后应着重研究林窗如何调控林分结构和森林生态服务过程与功能,重点阐明林窗对土壤碳氮分配、循环和固持,细根分解及根际效应等地下生态过程,以及对动植物与微生物生理生态学的影响与影响机制;同时,应进一步拓展研究的时空尺度,并加强地上与地下生态系统、生物与非生物因子、宏观与微观尺度等的整合研究。     

环境因子对树木细根生物量、生产与周转的影响

细根在森林生态系统C平衡和养分循环中的重要作用已为大量研究所证实，树木有赖于细根吸收水分和养分，而细根对环境胁迫比较敏感，因此细根动态可指示环境变化，还可反映树木的健康状态，影响树木细根生产和周转的因子很多，本文在收集大量研究文献基础上，讨论了文献基础上，讨论了土壤养分，水分、pH值，温度等环境因子以及大气CO2增长对树木细根分布，生物量，生产和周转的影响，以期为我国开展细根生态学研究提供参考。     

凋落物分解与细根生长的相互作用

本文综述了细根在凋落物层的觅食行为与策略,细根生长与凋落物数量、质量及分解过程的关系,细根生长与凋落物分解的相互作用机制及影响因素等以期为理解森林生态系统中细根对凋落物分解的作用机制以及凋落物分解对细根生长的影响提供依据。一方面,凋落物的数量和质量影响细根生长,地上凋落物的数量影响细根的觅食行为,并驱动细根在凋落物层的生长动态,凋落物质量的差异也对细根的生长产生影响,不同性质的地上凋落物对细根的生长是促进还是阻碍主要取决于分解过程中所产生的养分以及多酚含量的正平衡或负平衡;另一方面,生长进入凋落物层的细根通过根际激发效应、养分吸收以及共生真菌等作用综合影响凋落物的分解过程,生活的细根对凋落物分解的激发效应主要表现在根系分泌物控制微生物群落的活力及组成,进而加速或抑制凋落物分解;N的有效性是影响凋落物分解的重要因素,处于分解后期的凋落物层中生长的细根,通过吸收凋落物表面矿化形成的大量无机N,避免过量的N对微生物群落及其生境的不利影响;根系的共生伙伴——菌根真菌也对凋落物的分解产生重要影响,这与真菌类型及其分泌的酶和有机酸有关。未来该领域应注重全球变化背景下细根生长对凋落物分解作用机制以及细根的分支结构与其获取凋落物层养分功能的联系等方面的研究。     

林木细根的研究进展

细根是地下生态过程的核心,细根的形态变化直接影响养分和水分的吸收及利用效率。因此,正确认识细根的生产、周转及其寿命对科学的指导生产实践以提高森林生态系统生产力具有重要意义。目前细根的研究方法主要分为直接法和间接法2种,其中最常用的为直接方法中的根钻法、微根管法和生长室法。细根的生产和周转对环境变化具有重要的指示作用,可反映树木或生态系统水平的健康状况。因此,文章着重对细根的研究方法及影响细根生产和周转的因素进行了阐述。     

高寒沙地中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿细根分解动态特征

【目的】分析青海共和盆地1990年种植的中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿人工灌丛的细根分解状况,探讨不同径级细根分解规律、元素释放规律及其影响因素,评价2种锦鸡儿人工灌丛在共和盆地的长期适应性,为长期研究高寒沙地土壤碳循环和养分循环规律提供理论依据。【方法】利用埋袋法,比较不同径级(0~0.5、0.5~1和1~2 mm)细根经历489天分解期后的质量损失率和元素(C、N、P和K)释放率,研究分解速率与初始元素含量的相关性,总结2种锦鸡儿细根分解动态特征;运用非线性指数衰减模型拟合估算细根分解系数及分解50%和95%所需时间。【结果】2种锦鸡儿细根在前60天均快速分解,各径级细根质量残留率为53.28%~66.34%,122~367天进入缓慢分解阶段,367~420天分解速率缓慢上升,420天后细根质量显著下降,残留率为39.94%~58.20%;树种、径级和分解时间对细根质量损失率影响显著;中间锦鸡儿0~0.5、0.5~1和1~2 mm细根质量损失95%所需时间分别为17.18、14.96和12.57年,柠条锦鸡儿所需时间分别为27.35、26.41和14.77年;分解489天后,中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿细根C分别释放了56.34%~79.70%和44.37%~87.39%,N分别释放了62.73%~83.43%和54.41%~88.63%,树种、径级和分解时间的两两交互对元素释放率影响不显著。【结论】中间锦鸡儿各径级细根的分解速率和元素累积释放率均大于柠条锦鸡儿,即中间锦鸡儿的细根,尤其是1~2 mm细根向土壤中释放化学元素(C、N、P和K)的速率更快,更有利于土壤有机碳循环和养分循环,对高寒沙地土壤改良效益更显著。在高寒沙地应当选择中间锦鸡儿作为防风固沙、改良土壤的典型树种。     

Influencing Factors of Fine Root Production and Turnover in Forest Ecosystem

Fine roots（≤2mm in diameter） play important roles in carbon balance and nutrient recycling in forest ecosystem.With the development of the study on global carbon cycle,fine roots have attracted considerable attention as the main source of soil carbon in forest ecosystem.On the basis of synthetic analysis of research reports in domestic and foreign literatures,we summarized and elaborated the major abiotic and biotic factors that control fine root production and turnover.The environmental factors included soil nutrient,soil temperature,soil moisture and the CO₂ concentration.Soil organisms,fine root morphology and forest stand characteristics were discussed as biotic factors in this paper.Finally,we defined the problems arising in root system research and prospected the future research direction.     

Fine root decomposition in tropical dry evergreen and dry deciduous forests in Thailand

Dry evergreen forest (DEF) and dry deciduous dipterocarp forest (DDF) are major forest types extensively distributed in northeastern Thailand, exhibiting different nutrient cycling properties. This study aims to improve our understanding on the pattern of mass loss and nitrogen release from two categories of roots (fine, <2 mm and small, 2–5 mm) of Hopea ferrea at DEF and fine roots of mixed trees and dwarf bamboo (Arundinaria pusilla) at DDF sites. Decomposition experiment was performed for more than 12 months using buried litter bag technique. Initial chemistry was significantly different among the four root litters; fine root of H. ferrea exhibited a low ratios of C:N and acid-insoluble:N. The fine root of dwarf bamboo was characterized by high contents of total carbohydrate and ash. Decomposition rate constants (year⁻¹) of ash-free weight remaining were 1.27 and 0.55 for fine and small roots of H. ferrea, and 0.73 and 0.66 for fine root of mixed trees and dwarf bamboo, respectively. At the end of the experiment, the N concentration in fine and small roots of H. ferrea increased to 1.5 times the initial concentration. Whereas, N mass of dwarf bamboo decreased during the experiment. This suggests a different pattern of root decomposition and N release in two forest ecosystems. Generally, the fine root decomposition was faster in the DEF than in the DDF. The role of initial litter chemistry was more pronounced than the climatic seasonality on the belowground decomposition pattern in our study.     

马尾松苦竹混交林根系分布格局

对马尾松苦竹混交林根系分布格局进行研究.结果表明:混交林根系垂直分布比较合理.水平上有重叠,但根系多相互交错,穿插延伸.低密度混交经营的马尾松细根在40～60 cm土层占细根总量的83.8%,而苦竹竹鞭及其构成的竹林地下吸收、输导、贮存系统主要分布在0～40 cm土层占96.0%,较合理地利用了不同土层的营养物质.混交林分中马尾松水平根幅8.9 m,但在0～40 cm土层主要为水平骨骼根,呈疏散框架扩展延伸,给苦竹鞭根的运行、穿插腾出了空间.而苦竹的竹根水平占据空间较小,一般在30 cm左右,鞭根稀少.马尾松利用疏林结构模式兼营苦竹的混交林分不仅形成合理的地上结构,而且地下结构也较合理.     

Vertical distribution of fine root density, length density, area index and mean diameter in a Quercus ilex forest

We used minirhizotrons to determine the vertical distribution of fine roots in a holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) forest in a typical Mediterranean area over a 3-year period (June 1994-March 1997). We measured fine root density (number of roots per unit area), fine root length density (length of roots per unit area), fine root area index (area of roots per unit area) and fine root mean diameter. Variables were pooled for each 10-cm depth interval to a depth of 60 cm. Fine roots tended to decrease with increasing depth except between 0 and 10 cm, where the values of all fine root variables were less than in the 10-cm stratum below. Fine root vertical distribution was compared with soil water content and soil temperature at different depths in the soil profile.     

Spatial distribution characteristics of fine roots of Populus euphratica in a desert riparian forest

The soil-plant system is a very important subsystem of the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum (SPAC). The water uptake by plant roots is an important subject in the research on water transport in this SPAC and is also the most active study direction in the fields of ecology, hydrology and environment. The study of the spatial distribution pattern of fine roots of plants is the basis of constructing a water absorption model of plant roots. Our study on the spatial distribution pattern of fine roots of Populus euphratica in a desert riparian forest shows that the density distribution of its root lengths can be expressed horizontally as a parabola. The fine roots are concentrated within the range of 0–350 cm from the tree trunk and their amount accounts for 91.9% of the total root mass within the space of 0–500 cm. In the vertical direction, the density distribution of the fine root lengths shows a negative exponential relation with soil depth. The fine roots are concentrated in the 0–80 cm soil layer, accounting for 96.8% of the total root mass in the 0–140 cm soil layer. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2007, 26(1): 1–4 [译自: 生态学杂志]     

Root order-dependent seasonal dynamics in the carbon and nitrogen chemistry of poplar fine roots

Fine roots play an important role in above- and belowground carbon (C) allocation in forest ecosystems. However, few studies have focused on the seasonal dynamics of fine roots with different branching orders. The objective of this study is to provide insight to the seasonal heterogeneity in roots of different orders within root hierarchies of poplar trees under different soil conditions. Three plots were established in high (plantation A) and low (plantation B) soil nutrient conditions. Fine roots were sampled in each of four seasons throughout one year. All sampled roots were classified into one to five groups depending on their branching order, and the dry biomass of living roots and the concentrations of C, nitrogen (N) and total non-structural carbohydrate (TNC) were examined. Low order (first- to second-order) roots demonstrated more significant seasonal dynamics than high order roots, and the biomass of first-order fine roots was positively influenced by soil temperature and moisture while the biomass of second-order fine roots was negatively affected by soil nutrient conditions. The different responses of fine roots to environmental fluctuations implied a high division of root function, even within low order roots. The C and N chemistry of poplar fine roots also differed significantly with branching order; element concentrations were lower in low order roots. Principal component analysis indicated that root order explained 98.2% of the variation in fine root chemistry. Moreover, the first-order roots in plantation A had greater C but less TNC concentrations than those in plantation B, suggesting that C allocation in low order roots may be more responsive to soil nutrient conditions. The allocation of C and N also exhibited significant seasonal dynamics (p < 0.05); the TNC concentration was highest in winter, whereas C:N ratios were significantly lower in the summer and fall in each order of fine roots (p < 0.05). All these results suggest that branching order may be related to root growth and photoassimilate allocation, which should receive greater attention in future studies on C and N fluxes in forest ecosystems.