Beef cattle productivity under traditional and improved management in Botswana

Summary A comparison of productivity over a 4-year period from indigenous type beef cattle under two production systems in Botswana is reported. The two systems are: the traditional system on unenclosed communal grazing (cattle post) and ranching within fenced paddocks. Calving percentages, 7-month old calf weight, calf mortality and post-weaning growth to 18 months of age under cattle post conditions were 46·4 per cent, 122·5 kg, 10·2 per cent and 88·5 kg respectively. Corresponding figures for cattle on the fenced ranches were 74·0 per cent, 177·4 kg, 8·5 per cent and 105·8 kg. These results indicate overall productivity estimates of 51 and 120 kg of weaner calf per cow per year and 86 and 188 kg of 18-month old calf per cow per year for the cattle post and fenced ranch respectively.

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Productividad Del Ganado De Carne Bajo Manejo Tradicional Y Mejorado En Botswana

Resumen Se describe y compara la productividad en un periodo de cuatro años, de ganado de carne indígena bajo dos sistemas de producción en Botswana. Los dos sistemas fueron el tradicional en pastoreo comunal (puestos ganaderos), y el de pastoreo en ranchos con división de potreros. El porcentaje de partos, el peso de los terneros a los siete meses de edad, la mortalidad en animales jovenes y el crecimiento hasta los 18 meses en pastoreo comunal fueron respectivamente 46·4 por ciento, 122·5 kg, 10·2 por ciento y 88·5 kg. Los valores correspondientes para el ganado en ranchos con división de potreros fueron 74·0 por ciento, 177·4 kg, 8·5 por ciento y 105·8 kg. Estos resultados indican estimativos de productividad general de 51 kg y 120 kg en terneros en crecimiento por vaca año y 86 kg y 188 kg en terneros de 18 meses de edad por vaca año para el ganado en pastoreo comunal y en ranchos respectivamente.

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Productivite De Bovins De Boucherie En Exploitation Traditionelle Et Amelioree Au Botswana

Résumé La productivité de bovins de boucherie de race locale élevés au Botswana suivant deux systèmes différents est comparée pendant une période de quatre ans. L'élevage traditionnel sur pâturage commun non clos et le ranching en enclos sont les deux systèmes utilisés. Les pourcentages de vêlage, le poids des veaux à sept mois, la mortalité des veaux et la croissance du sevrage à 18 mois sont respectivement de 46,4 p. 100, 122,5 kg; 10,2 p. 100 et 88,5 kg pour le bétail sur pâturage non clos et de 74 p. 100, 177, 4 kg, 8,5 p. 100 et 105,8 kg pour le bétail en enclos. Ces résultats entraînent une productivité totale de 51 kg et 120 kg de veau sevré par vache et par an et de 86 kg et 188 kg de taurillon de 18 mois par vache et par an respectivement pour l'élevage traditionnel et celui en enclos.

     

Livestock production in central mali: Ownership,management and productivity of poultry in the traditional sector

Summary A survey of small-scale poultry production in an urban and two agro-pastoral systems covered 381 households. Less detailed information was also obtained from a small sample in a transhumant pastoral system. More households owned poultry in the rice (89·5%) than in the millet (81·1%) or urban (57·1%) systems. Domestic fowl were commonest in all systems followed by pigeons, Guinea fowl and then ducks, although the last were absent from the millet zone. Most families kept only one species but there was more diversification in the rice system. Flock sizes were largest in the rice system for fowls, Guinea fowl and pigeons while duck flocks averaged more birds in the urban area. Females predominated in all species except pigeons where sex ratios were about equal. Management practices in relation to housing, feeding, health care and consumption and marketing are described. Productivity figures relating to egg production, egg size, hatchability, growth and mortality are provided.

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Resumen Se efectuó una inspección a corta escala, de la producción de aves en un sistema urbano y dos rurales, cubriendo 381 explotaciones. Se obtuvo tambien información no muy detallada, de una muestra peque?a en un sistema pastoral transhumante. La mayoría de empresarios se encontraron en los niveles productores de arroz (89,5%), que en los de millo (81,1%) o urbanos (57,1%). La crianza de gallinas y pollos domésticos predominó sobre la de palomos, gallinetas y patos. Estos últimos no se encontraron entre los cultivadores de millo. La mayoría de familias criaba una sola especie, pero hubo más diversificación entre los cultivadores de arroz. El tama?o de las parvadas fue mayor entre los cultivadores de arroz, en lo relacionado con gallinas, gallinetas y palomos, mientras que las parvadas de patos fueron más numerosas en áreas urbanas. Las hembras predominaron en todas las especies, con la excepción de los palomos, en donde los sexos fueron iguales. Se describen las prácticas de manejo y comercialización. Tambien se dan datos de productividad en cuanto a producción de huevos, tama?o de los mismos, eclosión y mortalidad.

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Résumé Une étude de la production avicole à petite échelle dans un système urbain et dans deux systèmes agro-pastoraux a couvert 381 foyers. On a obtenu moins d’informations détaillées dans un petit échantillon d’un système pastoral transhumant. Il y a plus de foyers possèdant des volailles dans les systèmes à base de riz (89,5%) que dans ceux à base de mil (81,1%) ou urbains (57,1%). Les poules domestiques sont les plus communes dans tous les systèmes, suivies par les pigeons, les pintades et enfin les canards, bien que ces derniers soient absents dans la zone du mil. La plupart des femelles n’ont qu’une seule espèce mais il y a un peu plus de disersification dans la zone du riz. La taille des bandes est plus importante dans la zone du riz concernant les poulets, les pintades et les pigeons, tandis que les troupes de canards ont en moyenne plus d’oiseaux en zone urbaine. Dans toutes les espèces il y a prédominance des femelles, sauf pour les pigeons ou le sex-ratio est égal. Les conditions d’élevage concernant l’habitation, la nourriture, les soins de santé, la consommation et la commercialisation sont décrites. Les chiffres de productivité concernant la production d’oeufs, la taille des oeufs, la fertilité, la croissance et la mortalité sont fournis.

     

The impact of traditional management on seasonal internal parasite burdens and productivity of indigenous Tswana goats in southern Botswana

Data collected monthly over a period of two years were live weight, packed cell volume (PCV), nematode faecal egg counts (FECs) and coccidial oocyst counts from faecal analyses for 100 mixed age (3-7 years) indigenous Tswana does. The aims of this experiment were to determine seasonal FECs and coccidial oocysts in these goats and quantify the relationships of these burdens to liveweight and PCV. FECs significantly (P < 0.05) varied with season, with the warmer seasons viz spring, summer and autumn having higher log (x + 1) parasite burdens than the cooler winter, while seasonal trends for coccidial oocysts were not obvious. PCV was also significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the warmer seasons than winter. FECs and coccidial oocysts in all seasons were less than the mean log (x + 1) of 3.3 inferred to reduce production in small stock. Correlation coefficients were strongly negative: -0.95 for FECs and liveweight and -0.84 for FECS and PCV, indicating that these worms had a negative impact on productivity. A further study should be conducted to quantify the effects of controlling these parasites during the warm seasons on productivity.     

信息化背景下传统饲料企业财务管理问题及对策

饲料企业作为新时代农牧行业的新兴企业,自身发展状况直接影响当前我国传统实体经济的发展状况,因此,传统饲料企业的实际发展形势对当前我国实体市场经济的稳定具有十分重要的意义.随着电子科学技术水平的不断高升,不仅改善了国民生活方式,也为企业经营发展带来了新的突破点.信息化建设已成为当前企业经营发展的必要条件,传统饲料企业也不...     

Advances in pasture management for animal productivity and health

A wide range of management techniques is available to enhance quantity and quality of forage supply to grazing animals throughout the annual production cycle. Within broad limits, dry matter (DM) production is relatively insensitive to management of defoliation frequency, severity and duration. However defoliation management has effects on feed quality which can be enhanced, in particular, by control of pasture growth in the spring through maintenance of relatively low average pasture masses. Treading damage can have significant immediate and ongoing effects on pasture production and farmers can use a range of management techniques to minimise these.

Fertiliser application practices have a potent influence on pasture production and seasonality of that production. Available soil nitrogen is the primary nutrient deficiency limiting production in New Zealand's characteristically grass-dominant pastures. Nitrogen fertiliser usage has increased markedly in recent years, particularly to grow substantially greater amounts of forage during the cool season, and this trend looks set to continue. However, the use of nitrogen fertiliser has important environmental implications.

Pasture renewal and forage crop use has also increased in recent years. Care needs to be taken in conducting cost-benefit analyses, selecting the options that best meet the needs, and in establishment and subsequent management practices. Ryegrass (perennial and hybrids) and white clover remain the primary choice for permanent pasture renewal, the availability of safe endophytes having largely alleviated effects of endophyte toxicosis. Special-purpose mixtures are used, especially in dry environments. Italian ryegrasses, brassicas and chicory are common choices for forage crops. A range of management techniques can be used to alleviate deleterious effects of some forages, including ryegrass endophyte toxicosis, facial eczema, and toxins associated with Fusarium fungi. Generally these techniques are not totally effective. More research is required to increase our understanding of these disorders, and in order to develop more effective and reliable management practices.     

Advances in pasture management for animal productivity and health

A wide range of management techniques is available to enhance quantity and quality of forage supply to grazing animals throughout the annual production cycle. Within broad limits, dry matter (DM) production is relatively insensitive to management of defoliation frequency, severity and duration. However defoliation management has effects on feed quality which can be enhanced, in particular, by control of pasture growth in the spring through maintenance of relatively low average pasture masses. Treading damage can have significant immediate and ongoing effects on pasture production and farmers can use a range of management techniques to minimise these. Fertiliser application practices have a potent influence on pasture production and seasonality of that production. Available soil nitrogen is the primary nutrient deficiency limiting production in New Zealand's characteristically grass-dominant pastures. Nitrogen fertiliser usage has increased markedly in recent years, particularly to grow substantially greater amounts of forage during the cool season, and this trend looks set to continue. However, the use of nitrogen fertiliser has important environmental implications. Pasture renewal and forage crop use has also increased in recent years. Care needs to be taken in conducting cost-benefit analyses, selecting the options that best meet the needs, and in establishment and subsequent management practices. Ryegrass (perennial and hybrids) and white clover remain the primary choice for permanent pasture renewal, the availability of safe endophytes having largely alleviated effects of endophyte toxicosis. Special-purpose mixtures are used, especially in dry environments. Italian ryegrasses, brassicas and chicory are common choices for forage crops. A range of management techniques can be used to alleviate deleterious effects of some forages, including ryegrass endophyte toxicosis, facial eczema, and toxins associated with Fusarium fungi. Generally these techniques are not totally effective. More research is required to increase our understanding of these disorders, and in order to develop more effective and reliable management practices.     

Livestock production in central Mali: Reproduction,growth and mortality of domestic fowl under traditional management

In an 18-month study the domestic fowl in 42 households in three traditional management systems were recorded to determine reproduction, growth and mortality parameters. There were significant differences for all systems combined in the number of clutches started per month with the lowest number being laid in the cool dry season of January and February. Mean number of eggs per clutch was 8.8; the number of eggs increased significantly throughout the career of the hen but there were no significant systems differences. Egg weight was 34.4g there being no significant differences due to age of hen or system. Intervals between clutches were 92 days, annual egg output was 35 per hen (assuming that birds were present in the flock for a year) equivalent to about 118% of mean adult hen body weight: hens actually in the flocks during the study had produced 2.1 clutches on average. Hatchability of eggs was 69.1% there being significant seasonal and systems differences in this parameter, lowest hatchability being in the hot dry season (March to June) and in the rainfed millet system. Mortality rates to eight weeks were 56% of chicks hatched. Growth to 10 weeks averaged 4g/d. Mature cocks weighted 1.60 kg and mature hens 1.02 kg: hen weights were significantly affected by reproductive state, laying hens being heavier than both incubating hens and those rearing chicks, while those rearing chicks were heavier than those incubating. Suggestions for improving productivity are made.     

气候变化下中国草地NPP的研究

通过全球气候变化下的中国草地NPP研究方法及估算模型的总结,分析中国草地NPP时空变化及其与影响因子间的相互关系,并提出中国草地NPP研究过程中存在的问题和未来发展方向。全球气候变化下,遥感估测和生态遥感耦合模型因适合大尺度的草地NPP估算,成为最主要的研究方法和研究模型。中国草地NPP在时间上表现为倒U字型和总体上升趋势的季节性、年际性变化,在空间上呈现出从东向西递减和阶梯式的水平、垂直地带性变化;这种时空上的变化主要与气候因子(温度和降水量)和人为因子等有密切的关系。全球气候变化下中国草地NPP的研究主要有基础数据不足、模型参数繁多和建模过程存在不确定性3个方面的问题。所以,解决问题并将其有机结合,是未来草地NPP研究的发展方向之一。     

Impact of housing environment and management on pre-/post-weaning piglet productivity

The complex environment surrounding young pigs reared in intensive housing systems directly influences their productivity and livelihood. Much of the seminal literature utilized housing and husbandry practices that have since drastically evolved through advances in genetic potential, nutrition, health, and technology. This review focuses on the environmental interaction and responses of pigs during the first 8 wk of life, separated into pre-weaning (creep areas) and post-weaning (nursery or wean-finish) phases. Further, a perspective on instrumentation and precision technologies for animal-based (physiological and behavioral) and environmental measures documents current approaches and future possibilities. A warm microclimate for piglets during the early days of life, especially the first 12 h, is critical. While caretaker interventions can mitigate the extent of hypothermia, low birth weight remains a dominant risk factor for mortality. Post-weaning, the thermoregulation capabilities have improved, but subsequent transportation, nutritional, and social stressors enhance the requisite need for a warm, low draft environment with the proper flooring. A better understanding of the individual environmental factors that affect young pigs as well as the creation of comprehensive environment indices or improved, non-contact sensing technology is needed to better evaluate and manage piglet environments. Such enhanced understanding and evaluation of pig–environment interaction could lead to innovative environmental control and husbandry interventions to foster healthy and productive pigs.     

Frequent lambing of sheep flocks in Spain: productivity and management consequences

The first part of this paper reviews the Spanish literature dealing with the possibility of increased lambing frequency in Spanish flocks. Seasonal anoestrus occurs in all the Spanish breeds considered, although even in the most unfavourable month some sexual activity is observed, such as in Aragonesa flocks, where it reaches up to 80% in some years. The percentage of cyclical ewes in spring is favourably influenced by good feeding levels and by the introduction of males previously removed from the flock for a few months.In the second part we deal with the results obtained in several commercial farms in Aragon differing in mating management. No hormone treatments are used in these farms. In the farms where orderly and short matings are practised more lambings (1.39 vs. 1.29) and more lambs/ewe/year (1.76 vs. 1.40) are obtained than in those with continuous or nearly continuous mating periods. They can also choose the most favourable dates to obtain their lambs with regard to sale prices and ewe supplementary feed costs. In these conditions, Romanov × Aragonesa ewes give 40% more lambs/ewe than Aragonesa ewes without decreasing the number of lambings per year.     

Improving sow productivity through management during gestation, lactation and after weaning

Number of pigs produced per sow per year is dependent upon the number of pigs born live, the number that survive to weaning and the interval between consecutive farrowings for the sow. Feeding and management of the sow during late gestation affects birth weight and amount of energy stored as glycogen and lipid in the piglet. Piglets that are heavier and that have more energy stores have a higher survival rate. Adding fat to the sow's diet during the last month of gestation or altering the sow's metabolism to direct more nutrients to the fetus are methods for increasing piglet birthweight and energy stores. Feeding the sow properly during lactation is important for maximum yield of milk and milk energy, which affects survival of pigs to weaning, and for rebreeding performance of the sow after weaning. Energy intake during lactation can be increased by adding fat to diets, and this is beneficial in situations where feed intake is insufficient to meet the sow's requirements. For example, fat supplementation during lactation is beneficial for primiparous sows and for sows lactating during hot weather. The minimum practical lactation length is about 2 wk for normal rebreeding performance of the sow. Split weaning or separation of the litter from the sow for 6 to 12 h/d will shorten the rebreeding interval or induce estrus during lactation. Administration of pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin, with or without human chorionic gonadotropin, will induce estrus during lactation, and the response is better after the second week of lactation. Similar treatments at weaning will shorten the rebreeding interval.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

中药检测实验室风险管理与应对措施

风险管理是中药检测实验室管理的重要组成部分,贯穿于实验室的全部活动过程之中。本文阐述了全员参与、持续改进、服务质量目标、融入中药检测实验室活动管理、以信息工作为基础等风险管理原则,论述了确定环境信息、风险评估、风险应对、监督检查、沟通与记录、风险评估报告等风险管理活动环节,提出从不断完善体系文件、选择和应用适宜的风险评估技术、强化检验质量控制工作等方面来开展中药检测实验室的风险管理活动。     

Assessment of water buffalo health and productivity in a communal management system in the Philippines

This study aimed to generate a profile of the health and productivity of water buffaloes in a communal setting. Using the Epi-Info version 6.04 for data management, a coded information system was used to accommodate data coming from the reference population. Calves and cows that were born and milked, respectively, were enrolled and monitored for six months. The key outcomes of interest monitored in this study included mortality, morbidity and productivity. Results of the study showed a 93.7 percent probability of the calves surviving up to six months with a calculated mortality true rate of 0.7 deaths per 1000 calf-days at risk. Three calves died during the six month observation period with a mean age at death of 3 days. Analysis of variance on productivity showed that the parasitic load, specifically coccidia, liver fluke and trypanosoma affected the growth rate of the calves. The productivity of cows in the study in terms of milk production was also highly affected by the endoparasitic load and disease condition of the animal. Univariate analysis revealed a significant association between calf scouring and cow’s mastitis (MASTITIS)(P = 0.066). Meanwhile, for the cows, the parasitic load particularly fasciolosis (P = 0.000), coccidiosis (P = 0.002) and trypanosomosis (P = 0.094) (P < 0.10) also significantly affected the milk production. The results give a clearer view of the relationship between the health and productivity profiles of these animals.     

Flight distance of dairy cows and its relationship to daily routine management procedures and productivity

The objectives of this study were to determine to what extent the flight distance of cows to humans was influenced by sire and management procedures before and after maturity, and whether there was a correlation between the flight distance and productivity on commercial dairy farms. Flight distance of 84 Holstein cows, the stockperson's daily routine management procedures and production performance were recorded repeatedly on eight commercial dairy farms. The management procedures for the animals at the suckling, growing, lactating and dry stages were classified into four categories by degree of tactile interactions between the stockperson and the animal: hand procedures with touch on (category A), nearby (category B) and apart (category C) from the animal, and machinery procedures (category D). There was no apparent sire effect on flight distance ( P  = 0.08), whereas the flight distance ranged from 1.17 ± 0.86 to 4.47 ± 2.01 m by farm ( P  < 0.01), and gradually shortened with repetition ( P  < 0.05). Regression analysis indicated that the length of time of category B at the suckling stage and category B at the dry stage accounted for 37% and 32% of the variation in flight distance, respectively. As for the total time of the four procedure categories, growing stage was the prime predictor of flight distance, which accounted for 36% of the variation. Flight distance tended to correlate with the first calving age ( r  = 0.66, P  = 0.07). These results suggest the importance of non-producing periods, before maturity and during the dry period, on the subsequent and lifelong advantages of a good relationship between the stockperson and their animals.     

灌溉条件下不同生长年限紫花苜蓿生长及生产能力的研究

2007年4-10月在地处西辽河平原的内蒙古民族大学实验农场,对5个不同生长年限紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa生产能力进行了研究,结果表明:紫花苜蓿净光合速率总体上表现为生长2年较高、生长6年较低,但刈割茬次间有所不同。紫花苜蓿叶绿素a、叶绿素b的含量在第1茬中表现为随生长年限的增加而降低,而在第2、第3、第4茬中均以生长3年、生长4年含量较高,生长2年、生长6年含量较低。类胡萝卜素的含量在第1茬中随生长年限的增加而降低,其余各茬含量与生长年限的规律不明显。紫花苜蓿全年草产量生长2年生长3年生长4年生长6年生长1年。不同生长年限紫花苜蓿植株密度随生长年限的增加而降低,根腐率、根颈粗、颈蘖数均随生长年限的增加而增加。0～50cm土层内紫花苜蓿主根干质量和侧根数均以生长3年最高,而侧根干质量则以生长4年最大。     

陇东黄土高原饲草作物生产力研究

针对陇东黄土高原作物-家畜系统中家畜饲草质量和供给数量不足的现状,对饲草作物的生产力进行了研究。试验种植了8种饲草作物包括饲料玉米（Zea mays)、苏丹草（Sorghum sudanense)、湖南稷子(Echinochloa crusgalli var.frumentacea )、谷子(Setaria italica)、箭筈豌豆(Vicia sativa cv.6625 )、燕麦（Avena sativa）和多年生饲草紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa）,以及玉米、高粱和谷子混合后种植的和草（当地传统的饲草作物,是家畜的主要饲草来源,以收获植物营养体为主）。饲草作物采用轮作序列：玉米－箭筈豌豆－燕麦轮作（MVO）、苏丹草－箭筈豌豆－燕麦轮作（SVO）、湖南稷子－箭筈豌豆－燕麦轮作（PVO）、谷子－箭筈豌豆－和草轮作（MVM）和多年生苜蓿连作。结果表明,玉米的产量最高,达到9.5 t·hm-2·a-1,苏丹草（5.8 t·hm-2·a-1）次之,燕麦（5.4 t·hm-2·a-1）和湖南稷子（4.0 t·hm-2·a-1）的产量依次降低,谷子的产量是3.7 t·hm-2·a-1,苜蓿为3.4 t·hm-2·a-1,和草的产量最低,是2.1 t·hm-2·a-1;轮作系统中,产量顺序依次为MVO轮作系统（7.4 t·hm-2·a-1）＞SVO轮作系统（5.6 t·hm-2·a-1）＞PVO轮作系统（4.8 t·hm-2·a-1）＞苜蓿（3.4 t·hm-2·a-1）＞MVM轮作系统（2.9 t·hm-2·a-1）。在生产实践中,春季饲草作物饲料玉米、苏丹草和湖南稷子适合在当地生长,夏季饲草作物燕麦在当地表现良好,值得大面积推广种植。