大型泵站竖井贯流泵装置能量特性

结合江苏省无锡市城市防洪排水工程江尖泵站的设计，对椭圆型渐缩前置竖井贯流进水流道与由圆截面渐变至矩形截面出水流道匹配组成的模型泵装置进行了动力特性试验研究。试验结果表明，泵装置最高效率随叶片角度减小而增大，叶片角-4°时的最高效率达76.7%，采用椭圆型线竖井进水流道设计合理；通过适当降低 值后，泵装置在运行扬程1.46m~2.38m，泵装置效率68.35%~75.11%。     

竖井对低扬程贯流泵装置性能影响的数值模拟

为研究竖井贯流泵中竖井部分对贯流泵装置的水力性能的影响,采用计算流体动力学方法对包含进出水延长段、进出水流道、叶轮和导叶在内的整体泵装置进行数值模拟,分析竖井长度、竖井头部型线以及竖井尾部型线对进水流道水力损失、出口断面轴向速度分布均匀度、出口断面速度加权平均角以及泵装置能量特性的影响.结果表明:竖井长度、竖井头部和尾...     

竖井式贯流泵装置进出水流道优化CFD

竖井式贯流泵装置流道顺直、水力损失小,并具有投资较少、结构较简单、安装维护方便等许多优点。为掌握竖井式贯流泵装置的水力特性,以便于对选择泵型和进、出水流道结构形式提供初步依据,结合盐城西闸站竖井式贯流泵进、出水流道优化,采用三维湍流数值计算的方法,分别对出水流道型线,进水流道高度、宽度及型线等多参数进行了优化,提出了综合考虑土建投资和水力性能的进、出流道设计方案。研究结果表明:进水流道竖井内外型线显著影响进水流态;改变进水流道的宽度和高度,提高了叶轮进口的流速均匀度和改善了入泵条件;减小出水流道宽度和取消原设计方案中的平直段管,改善了渐变扩散段的流态和压力分布。结果可为竖井式进、出水流道的水力设计、流道尺寸的合理确定提供理论依据。相关成果已在工程实施,取得了较好效果。     

前、后置竖井贯流泵装置基本流态分析

利用数值模拟软件Fluent 6.2对雷诺时均N-S方程进行离散,采用S-A单方程模型和SIMPLEC算法对前置竖井和后置竖井贯流泵装置在50％~120％设计额定流量等共16种工况进行了数值计算,并与换算成原型尺寸后的模型试验结果进行了对比,发现性能变化趋势吻合较好,在相同流量下数值计算值与试验值效率误差均在±5%以内。分别对前、后置竖井贯流泵装置的进水流道、泵室段和出水流道在设计流量工况下的基本流态进行了分析和对比,探讨了水力损失的原因。结果表明,前置竖井贯流泵装置的进、出水流态都比较好,而后置竖井贯流泵装置的进水流态均匀平顺,但出水流道的流态比较混乱,水力损失相对较大,装置效率低于前置竖井贯流泵装置;导叶和竖井是影响出水流道流态和装置效率的关键因素,在导叶环量和竖井的影响下极易产生脱流和漩涡。     

双向竖井贯流泵进出水流道优化研究

基于RNG k-ε紊流模型和雷诺时均N-S方程,运用商用CFD软件对双向竖井贯流泵装置进行了三维流动数值仿真计算。对流道内的水力损失分析借鉴了微元法分析原理,通过对比分析分段水力损失可知:竖井作为进水流道时,其尾部汇合处水力损失较大,直管式出水流道在靠近导叶出口端水力损失较大,竖井作为出水流道在分叉处水力损失较大。通过调整竖井及直管式流道型线,有效减小水力损失,泵装置外特性有了较好的提升,最终完成水力性能优化设计。最终优化后的双向竖井贯流泵装置在叶片安放角为0°时数值计算结果正向运行效率最高达72.0%,反向为57.9%;模型试验结果正向运行效率最高达70.4%,反向为56.2%。     

双向竖井贯流泵装置优化设计与试验

为探求双向竖井流道水力设计方法和完善双向竖井流道优化型式,对双向竖井流道进行内外型线及分叉段型式进行优化设计。基于标准k-ε紊流模型和雷诺时均的N-S方程,结合龙山水力枢纽工程运用CFD软件对双向竖井贯流泵装置进行优化设计。计算并比较了不同竖井出水流道方案的水力损失,揭示了不同方案竖井流道内部各段水力损失分布规律,比较分析了不同方案竖井出水流道内部流场及速度分布规律,最后结合模型试验结果,证实了双向竖井流道优化设计的可靠性。优化结果表明:竖井分叉段设计好坏直接决定竖井后半段水力损失,通过调整竖井内外轮廓线可以有效减小竖井出水流道的水力损失,提升贯流泵装置外特性。优化后竖井贯流泵装置反向运行最高效率达60.5%,较优化前提高3.8个百分点;正向效率达到72.18%,较优化前提高1.67个百分点。模型试验反向运行最高效率57.56%,正向运行最高效率72.67%。     

竖井贯流泵能量特性试验研究

结合江苏某竖井贯流式泵站，对两种不同转轮在相同进、出水流道情况下进行了能量特性试验研究．试验研究表明，竖井贯流式水泵在超低扬程(1—2m)的调水工程中具有很好的水力性能，其模型泵装置的最高效率达69％左右，该项试验研究为今后竖井贯流泵的进一步开发研究获得了良好的开端．     

虚拟泵模型在泵站CFD模拟中的应用

采用Realizable k-ε模型,对某轴流泵装置进行了全流道数值模拟.基于Navier-Stokes方程特点和泵QH曲线提出了一种在缺乏水泵叶轮数据的情况下对泵站全流道进行数值模拟的新的方法,即虚拟泵模型.针对虚拟泵模型和真实泵模型,比较了泵站装置特性曲线以及进水流道压强分布、流速分布.分析结果表明:虚拟泵模型模拟的装置特性曲线和真实泵模型非常接近;进水流道的压强分布与真实泵模型相似,数值略小于真实泵模型;进水流道的流速分布与真实泵模型非常接近,但真实泵模型的流速分布更加均匀.     

竖井贯流泵装置水力特性的数模分析

为了探讨水泵与进出水流道水力耦合所诱发的水泵装置水力特性畸变,选择了典型竖井贯流泵装置作为研究对象,采用雷诺时均的纳维-斯托克斯方程(RANS)和标准k-ε湍流模型,首先数值模拟整体水泵装置的能量特性,并与模型试验结果进行比较。计算结果表明,在水泵装置运行净扬程0~1.22 m范围内,相同净扬程下的流量相对偏差小于3.53%,验证了三维建模、网格剖分和数值模拟方法的合理性。在此基础上,数模研究了不同工况下水泵与进出流道水力耦合与非耦合时的竖井贯流泵装置水力特性。研究结果表明:(1)耦合与非耦合时的进、出水流道水力损失变化规律差异显著;(2)小流量工况,水泵进口存在较大的速度环量诱导进水流道水流旋转,导致进水流道水力损失曲线畸变,水泵进口入流条件变差,并与水泵马鞍区显著关联,但大流量工况时耦合与非耦合特性差异较小;(3)水泵出口存在速度环量,导致出水流道水力损失曲线畸变,出水流道内存在螺旋流动,但随流量增大而减弱,水泵出口断面涡角随流量增大而增大。     

卧式泵站竖井进水流道三面进水水力特性数值模拟

针对某单向卧式引水泵站采用的竖井式进水流道进行优化设计,提出三面进水竖井进水流道,为分析三面进水下竖井进水流道的水力特性,基于雷诺时均N-S方程和k-ε标准湍流模型,采用CFD技术对该卧式泵站的三面进水竖井流道进行数值模拟,通过控制中墩的线型以及中墩宽度b形成不同的三面进水流道,从而分析不同三面进水流道的水力特性,具体分析不同方案进水流道出口断面的轴向速度分布、水平剖面的流线和速度分布以及流道水力损失的状况.研究结果表明:对于不同中墩宽度下的三面进水流道,流线型中墩较矩形中墩其流速分布均匀度和速度加权平均角均较大,采用流线型中墩可以获得较好的流态;对于流线型中墩,随着中墩宽度b的减小,过水断面面积逐渐增大,各方案流速分布均匀度和速度加权平均角逐渐增大,当b=0.075B时,此时流线型中墩泵进口断面上的压力分布较矩形中墩更为均匀.     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。