Quantitative trait loci analysis of soluble sugar contents in soybean

The soluble sugar content in soybean seeds, mainly sucrose, stachyose, raffinose and trace amounts of glucose and fructose, is important for the increasing global market demand for various soyfoods including tofu, soymilk, natto, bean sprouts and edamame due to their nutritional value and health benefits. The objective of this study was to conduct quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis and identify molecular markers for soluble sugar content in soybean seeds for marker‐assisted selection (MAS) in soybean breeding. The content of the five previously mentioned sugars were measured and associated QTLs were mapped based on a F₂ population that was derived from a cross between V97‐3000 and V99‐5089. Eleven QTLs were detected for the five sugar contents: one for glucose, three each for fructose and sucrose, and two each for raffinose and stachyose. However, only one QTL for sucrose, one QTL for raffinose, and two QTLs for stachyose were identified with LOD > 3.0 and R² > 10% from this research. The QTL on chromosome 11 [linkage group (LG) B1] was identified as associated with sucrose, raffinose and stachyose in the same region as previously reported for sucrose and stachyose. The SSR marker, Satt359, on the QTL B1 region had an significant association with sucrose (LOD = 5.192; R² = 0.134), raffinose (LOD = 3.95; R² = 0.104), and stachyose (LOD = 13.572; R² = 0.314); therefore it can be used to assist breeding selection for sucrose, raffinose and stachyose contents simultaneously.     

菜用大豆食用品质关键组分及其积累动态研究

选用30个菜用大豆品种(系),测定其食用品质与籽粒的化学组分,分析二者的相关性;再选其中3个可溶性糖含量不同的品种(系)测定食用品质组分,并采用主成分分析方法探讨每个组分的作用,研究其积累动态。结果表明,蔗糖、果糖+葡萄糖、蜜三糖、水苏糖、蛋白质、游离氨基酸和脂肪对菜用大豆食用品质的总贡献率为67.8%;其中蔗糖含量与菜用大豆食用品质呈极显著正相关(0.864**),蛋白质含量与菜用大豆食用品质评分呈显著负相关(–0.439*)。鲜食期不同菜用大豆品种籽粒中蜜三糖和水苏糖的平均含量仅有成熟期的7.4%和12.4%,对菜用大豆食用品质影响有限。菜用大豆的鲜食期一般在开花后42 d,可维持一周左右。此期蔗糖含量最高,蛋白质含量比成熟期低3%左右,氨基酸含量明显高于成熟期,而蜜三糖、水苏糖含量最低,果糖+葡萄糖居中,食用品质最佳;鲜食期过后,籽粒中蔗糖和单糖含量降低,脂肪与蛋白质积累增加,蜜三糖和水苏糖含量显著增高,导致食用品质下降。     

Genetic diversity in pod and seed quality traits of common bean populations from northwestern Spain

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important food in the northwest of Spain where it is consumed as either green pods or dry seeds after cooking. Quality properties play a major role in cultivar acceptance by processors and consumers. To determine if sufficient variation in important culinary and nutritional traits exists within common bean, fifty-nine populations (plus five commercial cultivars) were grown in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula in three different environments and evaluated for sixteen fresh pod and dry seed quality traits. Populations showed significant differences for pod curvature, length/width and width/thickness ratios of pod and seed, pod and seed texture, volume, hardness, seed coat percentage and water absorption of seed, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, toal sugars and starch content. Genotype × environment interaction was significant for fresh pod traits such as curvature, length/width and width/thickness ratios, and texture, and for dry seed traits such as length/width and width/thickness ratios, volume, hardness and water absorption. Estimates of heritabilities and constancies (genotypic/environmental variance) were higher than 0.5 and 1.0 respectively for pod curvature, length/width and width/thickness ratios of pod and seed, seed volume and seed water absorption. There were high correlations of pod texture with seed length/width and width-thickness ratios, seed coat percentage, seed water absorption, crude fat, total sugars, starch content and crude fiber. Pod texture could be used as an important parameter for evaluating both seed culinary and nutritional quality. In addition, 17 populations showed promise as parental material in a breeding program for pod and seed culinary quality and protein content. The culinary and nutritional quality potential of the accessions such as PHA-0171, PHA-0253 and PHA-0257 which are known as Alubias de riñón could be the base material in a breeding program to obtain accessions with a good seed quality.     

Mapping QTL controlling soybean seed sucrose and oligosaccharides in a single family of soybean nested association mapping (SoyNAM) population

The meal value of Soybean for monogastric animals is determined partly by sucrose, raffinose and stachyose. Of these, sucrose is desirable, while raffinose and stachyose are indigestible, causing flatulence and abdominal discomfort. The objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling seed sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose in a set of 140 SoyNAM (Nested Association Mapping) recombinant inbred lines (RILs), developed from the cross between lines IA3023 and LD02‐4485. A total of 3,038 SNP markers from the Illumina SoyNAM BeadChip SNP were used to map the QTLs for sucrose and the RFOs, raffinose, and stachyose. Significant genotypic differences (p < .001) among RILs were observed for sucrose, raffinose and stachyose contents across years. A 3038 Illumina SoyNAM BeadChip SNPs identified three QTLs for sucrose, one on chromosome 1, explaining 10% variance and two on chromosome 3 each explaining 22%. Raffinose QTL was detected on chromosome 6, explaining 6% variance. The mapped QTLs were novel and spanned regions harbouring candidate genes with roles in plant growth including seed development.     

Influence of Water Stress on the Chemical Composition of Seeds of Two Lupins (Lupinus albus and Lupinus mutabilis)

We have performed chemical proximate analysis and determined the carbohydrate profile of mature seeds of Lupinus albus, cv. Rio Maior and Lupinus mutabilis, cv. Potosi plants, either well watered (ww) or subjected to a water-stress period (imposed from the 15th to 35th day after anthesis). Protein content from lupin seeds was 450 and 320 g kg⁻¹ of seed on dry weight basis, for ww plants, respectively, of L. albus and L. mutabilis. Water stress did not affect protein content. The oil content of ww plants was about 120 g kg⁻¹ of seed dry weight for L. albus and 180 g kg⁻¹ of seed dry weight for L. mutabilis. Water stress reduced those values of half. The sugar content was about 90 g kg⁻¹ for L. albus and 50 g kg⁻¹ of seed dry weight for L. mutabilis, in ww plants. Water stress led to an increase in sugar content to 200 and 130 g kg⁻¹ of seed dry weight, respectively, for L. albus and L. mutabilis. The α-galactosides amounted to 70 % of the total sugars (raffinose being 30 % and stachyose, 40 %) and sucrose was about 20 % of the total sugars. Water stress increased total carbohydrates and increased the sucrose/α-galactoside ratio, although reducing raffinose content and increasing sucrose content.     

脱水敏感的黄皮种子在发育过程中的碳水化合物变化研究

脱水敏感的黄皮种子发育至生理成熟时淀粉积累达最大值,但其胚轴中淀粉含量远低于子叶且在种子成熟以后明显下降。花后65d子叶中可溶性糖含量最高而胚轴中可溶性糖随种子发育而一直上升。还原性葡萄糖和麦芽糖含量随种子发育而逐渐降低．非还原性果糖和蔗糖则逐渐增加。生理成熟期子叶中还含有较多的水苏糖和棉籽糖。外源ABA可提高成熟林子子叶中蔗糖的含量和未成熟种子的淀粉含量、但不能提高种子的耐脱水能力。因此我们认为黄皮种子的碳水化合物变化与其所在组织（子叶和胚轴）的不同代谢模式有关,而不是与种子的脱水敏感性有关。     

An Assessment of Variation for Nutritional and Non-nutritional Carbohydrates in Lentil Seeds (Lens culinaris)

The levels of the raffinose family of α-galactosides (raffinose, stachyose, verbascose and ciceritol) and of the nutritional carbohydrates (fructose, sucrose and starch) were determined in the seed of a range of lentil lines from germplasm collections and commercial Spanish cultivars. Significant levels of variation were found for all the measured characters, and particularly for the α-galactosides. The greatest variation was found in verbascose content, which ranged from about 1 % of the seed dry weight to undetectable amounts. The relationship between these chemical components and morphological seed characteristics was assessed. The only significant relationship between the different groups of characteristics was a positive correlation between the level of verbascose and the average seed weight for each genotype.     

Inheritance of sugars and acids in berries of grape (Vitis vinifera L.)

Inheritance patterns for table grape sugars and organic acids were investigated on three cross offspring populations during two successive years. Glucose and fructose were the predominant sugars in progeny berries with only trace amounts of sucrose. Total sugar content showed additive inheritance and the broad-sense heritability ranged from 0.61 to 0.84. The means of progeny sugar content were lower than mean parent values. Inheritance of malic acid was strongly additive and the broad-sense heritability varied from 0.73 to 0.89. The means of progeny malic acid content were higher than mean parent values. Tartaric acid was mainly controlled by non-additive effect and the broad-sense heritability varied from 0.59 to 0.84. The means of progeny tartaric acid content were lower than mean parent values. Inheritance of the total acid content was strongly additive and was mainly influenced by malic acid. The broad-sense heritability of total acid varied from 0.53 to 0.90.     

Diallel analysis of sugar composition of 10 vegetable soybean lines

Few studies have evaluated vegetable soybean for sugar content at the green pod stage. Information on combining ability and type of gene action that governs inheritance of seed traits can help breeders to select suitable parents and devise an appropriate breeding strategy. Ten vegetable soybean accessions were crossed in a complete diallel mating design. Parent lines and F₂ and F₃ progenies were evaluated for two nutritional components. In this study, both general and specific combining ability and reciprocal effects were significant for sucrose and total sugar. Cultivars 'Kanrich', 'Pella', 'Verde' and V81-1603 had good general combining ability for high sucrose. In general, high sucrose content was observed in progeny of the early maturity group genotypes 'Kanrich', 'Pella' and 'Verde'. The best combiners for high total sugar content were 'Verde', V81-1603 and PI 399055. These genotypes could serve as genetic sources in a vegetable soybean breeding programme.     

Quantitative trait loci of acid detergent fiber and grain chemical composition in hulled × hull-less barley population

Cultivated barley is the major livestock feed grain in the Northern Plains and Northwestern United States due to the fact that its short growing season and limited rainfall limit the planting and production of corn. Starch and fiber content play a significant role in feedlot performance of animals raised on barley feed. To study the underlying genetic locations and mechanisms for these traits, a recombinant inbred line population was derived from a cross between the hulled barley cultivar Valier and a hull-less Swiss landrace line, PI370970. Valier has a high acid detergent fiber content (ADF) and low starch and protein while PI370970 contains low ADF and high starch and protein content. To detect associated QTLs, data were collected and analyzed from irrigated and rain-fed environments. A total of 30 main effect QTLs and four epistatic QTLs were identified which conditioned ADF, starch and protein content under rain-fed, irrigated and combined analyses. These QTLs were located on chromosomes 2H, 3H, 5H, 6H and 7H. Major ADF and starch QTL were identified on chromosome 7H near the nud locus (the locus controlling hulled vs. hull-less caryopsis). High heritability estimates for both ADF and starch content suggest that early selection for these traits during breeding would be productive. Low ADF-QTL were independently verified in a second population in a different genetic background.     

南瓜主要营养品质性状的变异及相关性研究

选用20个具有代表性的南瓜自交系，分析其K、Ca、P、Mg、Cu、Fe、Zn、蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖、总糖、β-胡萝卜素、干物质、蛋白质、纤维、淀粉、Vc、酸等物质的含量，旨在弄清不同南瓜间主要品质性状的变异及相关性。结果表明，在这些品质性状中，β-胡萝卜素变异系数位于第一，而纤维的变异系数最小。Mg和K、Ca、P、Cu，Ca和Zn，蔗糖和总糖、干物质，果糖和葡萄糖，β-胡萝卜素和Vc、蛋白质等之间相关均达到显著或极显著。该研究为南瓜育种的早期选择、种质资源的利用打下理论基础。     

板栗杂交后代坚果表型性状的遗传变异

通过对板栗杂交后代株产、单粒重等形态特征及坚果总糖、淀粉、蛋白质含量等主要营养成分的测定,研究了板栗杂交后代坚果表型性状的遗传变异.结果表明,所有杂交后代性状差异显著,坚果高度、宽度与淀粉含量、水分含量、蛋白质含量等性状无论在总体水平还是各杂交组合内部均小于10％,是相对稳定的植物学性状,坚果厚度与脂肪含量变异系数也低...     

甜玉米品质性状的主基因+多基因遗传分析

对甜玉米品质性状进行主基因+多基因遗传分析,为甜玉米品质改良提供理论依据。用果糖含量、膳食纤维含量和维生素C含量差异显著的甜玉米自交系配制杂交组合T77（高值亲本）×T15（低值亲本）。以该组合F2代群体为试验材料,对其果糖含量、膳食纤维含量和维生素C含量等3个品质性状进行测定,利用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分析3个性状的最适遗传模型及相关遗传参数。试验表明,果糖含量的最适模型为A-1,是受1对主基因控制的加性-显性遗传模型,主基因遗传率为76.4%;膳食纤维含量和维生素C含量的最适模型同为B-1,表明这2个性状符合2对主基因控制的加性-显性-上位性混合遗传模型,主基因遗传率分别为63.6%和64.7%。在育种实践中,对甜玉米果糖含量、膳食纤维含量和维生素C含量的遗传改良和选择,可在早期世代进行,同时要注意一定的环境因素,采用聚合回交或轮回选择的方法来积累微效基因以提高育种效率。     

加拿大一枝黄花不同季节营养成分分析

为适时有效地利用加拿大一枝黄花资源,对其不同季节的营养成分进行测定和分析。利用重量法测定水分含量;通过高温电炉灼烧测定了总灰分含量;采用蒽酮比色法测定可溶性总糖含量;用碱与样品共热,破坏其中的还原糖,然后用间二苯酚比色测定蔗糖中的果糖部分,从而得出其蔗糖含量;用硫酸、碱、乙醇、乙醚相继处理样品,测定了其粗纤维含量;以考马斯亮蓝法测蛋白质含量。结果显示：随着季节变化水分含量呈下降趋势,叶片除了早春,均高于茎与根,3—6 月茎的含水量高于根,6—10 月则根高于茎。叶片灰分含量高于茎与根,且季节变化不大,5 月以前茎的灰分含量高于根,而6 月以后茎的灰分含量明显低于根。茎可溶性总糖含量在3—4 月均较高,5—11 月根的可溶性总糖含量明显高于茎与叶片;蔗糖的季节变化与可溶性总糖变化相似,11 月根蔗糖含量显著升高;粗纤维含量随季节变化而增高,茎高于根与叶。蛋白质含量随季节变化而减低,叶片蛋白质含量高于茎与根。     

Chemical Composition of Pea Seeds as Related to Seed Yield under Arid and Semiarid Mediterranean Environments

Little has been published on the chemical composition of pea ( Pisum sativum L.) seeds and its relationship to seed yield. This study was conducted to investigate the relationships between seed protein, lipid, starch and sugars content of pea with seed yield under arid and semiarid Mediterranean environments. Twenty pea genotypes were grown at an arid (JUST) and semiarid (Maru) locations in northern Jordan. With the exception of glucose and fructose, the variation in protein, lipid, sucrose and starch was caused by environmental conditions. Pea grown at the semiarid location exhibited higher yield and the lower protein, glucose, fructose and sucrose contents than those grown at the arid location. Except for lipid and starch, high seed yields of genotypes were associated with low contents of protein and sugars, indicating that one-sided selection for high seed yield tends to reduce the nutritional quality of pea seed.     

Seed trait evaluation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gossypium barbadense</Emphasis> L. chromosomes/arms in a <Emphasis Type="Italic">G. hirsutum</Emphasis> L. background

Investigation of cotton nutritional components is important because its seeds provide a useful nutritional profile and can possibly serve as a biofuel resource. In this study, five cultivars, 13 cotton chromosome substitution (CS-B) lines, their donor parent, '3-79', and their recurrent parent, 'TM-1', were evaluated for seed traits over four environments. A mixed linear model approach with the jackknife method was employed to estimate variance components and to predict genotypic effects for each seed trait. Genotypic effects were more important than genotype by environment interaction for all seed traits. Chromosome associations with these seed traits were detected using the comparative method by comparing the differences between each CS-B line and TM-1. For example, chromosome 4 of 3-79 in TM-1 background was associated with reduced seed index (SI), embryo percentage, protein percentage while associated with increased seed oil percentage and seed fiber percentage. Other chromosome associations with these seed traits were also observed in this study. SI was highly correlated with three seed index traits: seed protein index, seed oil index (OI), and seed fiber index. Lint percentage, boll number, and lint yield were positively correlated with protein percentage while negatively correlated with SI and OI. SI and seed fiber content exhibited negative correlations with micronaire but positive correlations with fiber length and strength. Results suggested that agronomic traits and seed nutrition components can be improved simultaneously.     

西瓜果实糖分积累研究综述

西瓜果实糖分的积累类型是“中间类型”。其光合产物是棉籽糖和水苏糖,并以此形式运输,但是最终进入果实的糖分仍然是蔗糖。因此,蔗糖是许多果实中糖积累的主要形式,是果实品质形成的重要因子。在西瓜果实糖分积累的过程中,蔗糖转化酶、蔗糖磷酸合酶、蔗糖合酶是三种最为重要的代谢酶。同时,它们控制着另外两种糖分:果糖、葡萄糖的合成与转化。使得西瓜果实在成熟时各种糖分的积累达到蔗糖、果糖、葡萄糖含量平衡,产生西瓜特有的风味。     

Drought stress‐induced changes in starch yield and physiological traits in potato

Drought stress is an important limitation for potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production as potato depends on appropriate water availability for high yields of good quality. Therefore, especially in the background of climate change, it is an important goal in potato breeding to improve drought stress tolerance. In this study, 34 European starch potato cultivars were evaluated for drought stress tolerance by growing under well‐watered and long‐term drought stress conditions in rainout shelters in 2 years’ pot trials. Besides yield, six physiological traits, that is free proline content, osmolality, total soluble sugar content, chlorophyll content (SPAD), cell membrane stability and crude protein content, were determined in leaves sampled during vegetative growth and during flowering to investigate their association with drought tolerance. ANOVA revealed significant treatment effects for all physiological traits and increased genotypic effects at flowering. The sensitivity of physiological traits to drought was significantly higher during flowering than during vegetative growth. Drought stress decreased starch yield significantly (p < .001), on average by 55%. Starch yield was significantly influenced by genotype and genotype × treatment interactions. Stress tolerance index (STI) calculated from starch yield ranged from 0.26 (sensitive) to 0.76 (tolerant) with significant genotype effects (p ≤ .001). STI correlated positively with cell membrane stability (r = .59) and crude protein content (r = .38) and negatively with osmolality (r = ?.57) and total soluble sugar content (r = ?.71). These contrary correlations suggest a dual adaptation strategy in potato under long‐term drought stress conditions including increased membrane stability combined with an increased osmolality due to an increased soluble sugar content.     

海岛棉不同果枝品种间杂交纤维品质性状的遗传及F1和F2群体优势分析

以MINQUE（1）统计方法，利用AD模型对9个海岛棉品种（系）及其20个F1组合5个纤维品质性状的3年资料进行遗传分析。结果表明，海岛棉F1代纤维品质性状多以加性效应为主；2.5%跨长、整齐度和比强度还存在极显著的显性效应；5个品质性状的显性效应与环境的互作以及比强度、伸长率和麦克隆值的加性效应与环境的互作均达显著或极     

Modification of sugar profiles in California adapted apricots (Prunus armeniaca L.) through breeding with Central Asian germplasm

Summary Central Asian apricot germplasm was used in hybridizations with California adapted apricots to increase Brix levels and improve fresh eating quality. Fruit from parental trees, the F₁ hybrid and two backcross families were evaluated for fruit quality traits and analyzed by HPLC for specific sugar content. The F₁ hybrid between Central Asian and California adapted apricots was intermediate to its parents in many of the evaluated characteristics and levels of specific sugars. When the F₁ hybrid was backcrossed to California adapted apricots ‘Lorna’ and ‘Robada,’ the resulting hybrids were diverse in Brix, juice acidity, fruit size and profiles of specific sugars. Glucose: fructose ratios higher that 3.3 were encountered in fruit from five of the 22 analyzed seedlings, and fructose: sorbitol ratio ranged from 0.67 to 6.46. Brix and total sugar content correlated significantly with each other and with both sucrose and glucose. No significant correlations existed between sorbitol and any of the other analyzed sugars, nor with Brix or total sugars. The results demonstrated the extent of sugar profile modification possible in California adapted apricots after just two generations of breeding with Central Asian apricot germplasm.