稻瘟病圃中水稻品系的抗瘟性评价与育种利用

在20世纪80年代抗病育种的基础上,从1994~2003年采用人工辅助接种、自然发病的方法对12151份次水稻材料在病圃中的稻瘟病抗性进行了监测。结果表明,10年共计有4933份次叶瘟表现抗病,7103份次表现为感病,分别占总份次的40.60%和58.46%;有4071份次颈瘟表现抗病,7965份次表现为感病,分别占总份次的33.50%和65.55%。有9034份次的材料叶瘟颈瘟表现一致,占总份次的74.35%,其中叶瘟感病颈瘟也感病的材料份次是叶瘟抗病颈瘟也抗病材料的两倍;叶瘟颈瘟表现不一致的材料有3002份次,占总份次的24.71%,其中叶瘟感病而颈瘟抗病的材料份次多于叶瘟抗病而颈瘟感病的材料份次。利用早期筛选的抗源,选育了抗病优良籼型杂交稻恢复系6326、蜀恢162、蜀恢527等。对稻瘟病抗病育种和抗病品种的合理利用等问题也进行了讨论。     

河北省地方水（陆）稻品种抗病虫性研究

对河北省地方水、陆品种抗两病两虫性进行了鉴定,并在此基础上分析了抗稻瘟病、抗白叶枯、抗褐稻虱、抗白背飞虱品种的分布情况。对抗性频度较高的抗稻瘟病性、抗白叶枯病性从水、陆稻,熟期,不同稻作区等方面作了详细研究。结果表明：抗稻瘟病、白叶枯病品种频度高,分别为45.86%和50.34%,高抗率仅为0.75%和2.05%,抗率分别为24.81%和15.75%;抗褐稻虱、白背飞虱品种频度很低,分别为4.51%和3.34%,高抗褐稻虱品种2个,无抗至高抗白背飞虱品种。抗稻瘟病、白叶枯种质频度和强度均是陆稻高于水稻。纬度、海拔高,气候寒冷的张家口、承德两市稻瘟病抗性强度低;唐山、秦皇岛两市抗性强度高;冀南零星种植亚区抗性强度最高。抗白叶枯病种质分布规律是随着纬度的增加,温热条件的降低呈递减趋势。     

Leaf and neck blast resistance reaction in tropical rice lines under green house condition

Rice blast (Magnaporthe oryzae) is the most destructive and epidemic disease of rice. Use of host resistance is the best alternative for disease management. The leaf and neck blast resistance of 182 rice breeding lines were assessed for leaf and neck blast and classified relative to a susceptible check-Masuli and resistant check-Laxmi, from greenhouse experiment in 2005 and 2006. The test plants were inoculated with 10⁵ conidial suspension/ml of M. oryzae at 21 days old seedlings for the leaf blast, and at neck base for the neck blast. Among them, for leaf blast, 77 rice lines were resistant, 43 were moderately resistant, 39 were moderately susceptible and 23 were susceptible. While among the selected 31 rice lines evaluated for neck blast, 4 lines were resistant, 4 were moderately resistant, 16 were moderately susceptible and 7 were susceptible. Leaf and neck infection was significant and positively correlated (r = 0.30, P = 0.05). The rice lines, Barkhe 1032, Barkhe 1034, Barkhe 1035, Barkhe 1036, Barkhe 2014, Barkhe 2024, Barkhe 3019, Super 3004 were resistant to leaf blast and Barkhe 1006, Barkhe 1032, Barkhe 1035, Barkhe 3004 were resistant to neck blast. The rice lines with identification # 11, 69, 137, 168, 182 from Masuli × MT4 parentage, and Barkhe 3017 were susceptible to both leaf and neck blast. Progenies of Irradiated Pusa Basmati (IPB), Kalinga III/IR64 (KIII/IR64), and Masuli/IR64 were resistant to both leaf and neck blast. However, most progenies from Masuli/MT4 showed susceptible reaction to both leaf and neck blast. Thus, rice lines form the IPB, KIII/IR64 and Masuli/IR64 will be promising resistant sources for rice blast in breeding programme.     

Performance of different rice genotypes against blast pathogen through linked molecular markers

In order to study the function of blast resistance gene and estimate resistance scale to Pyricularia grisea Sacc., the cause of Rice Blast Disease in rice, we evaluated 58 rice genotypes for phenotypic and molecular assessment. Phenotypic tests were conducted in a blast upland nursery and also in the greenhouse by using specific races of blast IA-82 and IA-90 in the greenhouse and local races for the nursery. The traits assessed consisted of infection type (IT), percent diseased leaf area (DLA) (in both nursery and greenhouse), and lesion number (LN), lesion size (LS, mm2) only in greenhouse conditions. Molecular assessment was done by using three STS, JJ80, JJ81, and JJ113, and four microsatellite markers, RM224, RM277, RM463, and RM179 which are linked to resistance genes on rice chromosomes. Genotypes had different reactions against blast races in the phenotypic part of experiment. Consequently, all genotypes were divided into three groups with high, intermediate, and susceptible resistance. Our results indicated that partial resistant genotypes are preferable for achieving durable control. Eventually, the association test between molecular data and phenotypic results showed that there is a significant level for some of the SSR markers. This means there is at least one race-specific resistance gene in the genetic sources of these genotypes that bring about resistance functions to the blast races. These results demonstrated the existence of functional resistance genes in Iranian rice genotypes. Thus, these functional genes are responsible for some parts of resistance that have been measured in phenotypic tests. Our results could be useful for breeding programs to make some modifications in the rice germplasm and would also be applicable for the marker-assisted selection process.     

品种混植防治寒地稻瘟病流行效果的研究

本试验采用抗稻瘟病性不同的3个品种为材料,研究了品种混植对寒地稻瘟病流行的防治效果以及对产量、品质的影响。结果表明,在寒地早粳稻作区,利用抗病品种跟感病品种混植可以有效抑制叶瘟、穗颈瘟的发生,随着抗病品种比例的提高,发病率明显下降。不同品种组合抑制稻瘟病效果为-11.5%～-63.2%。品种混植后增加了产量,增产幅度1.5%～12.0%,外观品质和食味品质略有提高。     

稻瘟病苗瘟叶瘟和穗颈瘟的相关性分析

采用温室人工接菌法探讨水稻稻瘟病苗瘟、叶瘟和穗颈瘟的相关性,研究结果表明,稻瘟病苗瘟、叶瘟和穗颈瘟三者之间存在着一定的正相关性,相关程度因水稻品种、稻瘟病菌生理小种的不同而有所差异。此外,对水稻品种温室苗瘟抗性率与田间叶瘟抗性率、穗颈瘟抗性率之间的相关性进行研究,结果表明温室苗瘟抗性率与自然病圃叶瘟抗性率表现正相关关系(r=0.5435),温室苗瘟抗性率与自然病圃穗颈瘟抗性率表现极显著正相关关系(r=0.7583**,p<0.01),自然病圃叶瘟抗性率与穗颈瘟抗性率呈显著正相关关系(r=0.6322*,p<0.05)。因此,认为利用可控温室代替田间进行水稻品种稻瘟病抗性鉴定是可行的,而且根据苗瘟、叶瘟的抗性鉴定结果推测穗颈瘟的抗性基本上也是可行的。     

寒地早粳品种稻瘟病抗性与产量性状的关系

采用寒地早粳近5年审定和参加黑龙江省区域试验、生产试验的水稻品种316个为材料,对稻瘟病抗性与水稻生育特性、产量性状的相关关系进行了研究。结果表明,无论在人工接种还是在自然感病条件下,寒地早粳品种的叶瘟、穗颈瘟与生育日数、活动积温呈极显著负相关,平均相关系数分别达到-0.2647、-0.1796和-0.2090、-0.1743;叶瘟、穗颈瘟与穗长呈极显著负相关,平均相关系数为-0.3027和-0.2765,而与平方米穗数呈显著正相关,平均相关系数达到0.1953和0.1481,穗颈瘟与产量呈显著负相关,相关系数为-0.1792。表明在寒地稻作区生育日数越长、活动积温越高叶瘟和穗颈瘟的发病越轻,平方米穗数越多稻瘟病越重,品种抗病性越强产量越高。因此,通过对品种生育性状的适当选择,在寒地稻作区完全可以选育出既高产又抗病的水稻新品种。     

福建省水稻主栽品种对稻瘟病的抗性评价

摘 要：采用室内接种和田间自然诱发的方法分别鉴定了福建省18个水稻主栽品种对水稻苗瘟、叶瘟、穗颈瘟的抗病性。结果表明,供试的水稻品种对苗瘟表现为抗病的品种有11个,表现为感病的品种有7个,占供试品种的61.1%和38.9%;对叶瘟表现为抗病的品种有2个,中抗的品种有12个,中感的品种有2个,感病品种有2个,占供试品种的比率分别为11.1%、66.7%、11.1%和11.1%;主栽品种谷优527、佳辐占和特优627对穗颈瘟抗性最强,为抗病品种;金明优100等6个品种为感病品种;汕优63等2个品种为高感品种。另外,地区间气象因子不是造成水稻品种抗病性差异的主要原因,而小气候对稻瘟病发生程度有较大的影响。     

栽培稻叶结构、水分生理与抗旱性关系研究

摘 要：增强栽培稻品种的抗旱性是稻作节水生产的重要途径。稻作种质资源抗旱相关指标的研究是改良稻作品种抗旱性的重要依据。选择抗旱性差异明显的四种类型稻作种质,采用三种干旱胁迫方式,对孕穗期植株叶片的叶肉厚、中脉粗、叶片相对含水量及叶片保水率进行了考察,分析稻作种质在三种处理下各性状相互之间的内在关联及其与品种抗旱性的关系;结果表明叶肉厚、中脉粗、叶片相对含水量及叶片保水率在干旱胁迫下均表现为旱稻类型高于水稻类型。轻度干旱下的叶肉厚与成熟期生物量抗旱指数DRIm2-B极显著相关,与孕穗期生物量抗旱指数DRIm2-H显著性相关。重度干旱下的中脉粗与DRIm2-B极显著相关,重度干旱下的叶片保水率与重度干旱产量抗旱指数DRIm2-Y显著相关,中脉粗和叶片相对含水量在四种种质类型中差异不明显;孕穗期叶肉厚和叶片保水率可分别作为稻作种质抗旱性研究和评价的两个指标。     

安徽省水稻区试品种稻瘟病和白叶枯病抗性分析

旨在明确2017-2020年安徽省参试水稻品种对稻瘟病和白叶枯病的抗性情况.用人工喷雾接种和自然诱发相结合的方法测得品种对稻瘟病的抗性,用剪叶接菌方法测得品种对白叶枯病的抗性.结果 表明:659个水稻品种中,48.10％表现为中感稻瘟病,其次为中抗、感、高感,表现为抗病的品种仅占1.06％,没有高抗品种.51.59％表...     

优质和抗稻瘟病的水稻种质资源筛选

测定了40份水稻种质资源对稻瘟病的抗性、碾米及外观品质。结果表明，40份品种高抗至中抗稻瘟病，抗病频率为40.0%～100.0%，其中20份达80%以上。40份品种对优势小种群ZB群平均抗病频率为80.0%，对重要小种群ZA群的平均抗病频率为70.2％，对ZC群的平均抗病频率为80.5%。从中筛选出24份碾米品质和外观品质较优的抗稻瘟病种质材料，其出糙率76.1%～80.9%，精米率68.7%～72.6%，整精米率35.7%～64.3%，垩白粒率5%～30%，垩白度1.2%～12.7%，长宽比2.7～3.6，其中6份的碾米品质和外观品质达国家三级优质标准，4份达国家二级优质标准。这些优质抗源材料对选育高产、优质、抗稻瘟病新品种（组合）具有重要利用价值。     

陆稻苗期抗旱性鉴定指标筛选与评价

为筛选出陆稻苗期抗旱性鉴定指标,以24个云南陆稻品种为材料,采用反复干旱存活率作为标准,分析各测定指标与抗旱性的相关关系并对供试品种的抗旱性进行综合评价。结果表明,心叶下倒1叶长、心叶下倒2叶长、心叶下倒2叶宽、根干重和根冠比等5个形态指标的相对值与反复干旱存活率呈显著或极显著的相关性,可作为苗期抗旱性鉴定的形态指标。以反复干旱存活率为因变量,5个综合指标为自变量建立的回归方程对24个供试品种的抗旱性进行预测,其结果与芽期抗旱鉴定呈显著相关关系。     

干旱胁迫对云南陆稻幼苗生理特性的影响

为揭示干旱胁迫对陆稻幼苗生理生化特性的影响,此研究以‘白花山’、‘旱谷’和‘小红米’3 个具有不同抗旱能力的陆稻品种为试验材料,采用PEG模拟水分胁迫法,对其5 个理化指标在水分胁迫下的变化规律进行研究。结果表明,SOD、POD与CAT等保护酶在轻度的PEG渗透胁迫下,3 个供试陆稻品种的抗氧化酶活性均表现为先升高后下降的趋势;而在严重胁迫下,大部分品种表现为先少量上升后剧烈下降或直接下降的趋势,严重胁迫T3、中度胁迫T2、轻度胁迫T1 对保护酶活力的影响表现为T3＞T1＞T2,且在各浓度的PEG模拟干旱胁迫下其保护酶的活性均表现为高抗品种‘白花山’＞中抗品种‘旱谷’＞低抗品种‘小红米’。MDA含量随着胁迫程度的加深以及胁迫时间延长不断上升的趋势,且上升的速度表现为低抗品种‘小红米’＞中抗品种‘旱谷’＞高抗品种‘白花山’。可溶性糖的总体趋势表现为高抗品种‘白花山’＞中抗品种‘旱谷’＞低抗品种‘小红米’、T3＞T2＞T1＞T0(CK)。由此可以看出,陆稻在干旱胁迫下通过增加渗透调解物质含量,降低水势来提高其抗旱能力;并通过增强抗氧化酶活性,提高抗氧化能力,来减轻干旱胁迫所带来的伤害。     

Mapping of leaf and neck blast resistance genes with resistance gene analog, RAPD and RFLP in rice

An F₈ recombinant inbred population was constructed using a commercial indica rice variety Zhong 156 as the female parent and a semidwarf indica variety Gumei 2 with durable resistance to rice blast as the male parent. Zhong 156 is resistant to the fungus race ZC₁₅ at the seedling stage but susceptible to the same race at the flowering stage. Gumei 2 is resistant to ZC₁₅ at both stages. The blast resistance of 148 recombinant inbred lines was evaluated using the blast race ZC₁₅. Genetic analysis indicated that the resistance to leaf blast was controlled by three genes and the presence of resistant alleles at any loci would result in resistance. One of the three genes did not have effects at the flowering stage. Two genes, tentatively assigned as Pi24(t) and Pi25(t), were mapped onto chromosome 12 and 6,respectively, based on RGA (resistance gene analog), RFLP and RAPD markers. Pi24(t) conferred resistance to leaf blast only, and its resistance allele was from Zhong 156. Pi25(t) conferred resistance to both leaf and neck blast, and its resistance allele was from Gumei 2. In a natural infection test in a blast hot-spot, Pi25(t) exhibited high resistance to neck blast, while Pi24(t) showed little effect. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

水稻分子育种亲本材料在东北地区的稻瘟病抗性评价

对212份分子育种亲本在稻瘟病重发区自然鉴定圃进行田间抗性鉴定,发现分别有117个和39个品种对叶瘟和穗颈瘟表现抗性,19个品种对叶瘟和穗颈瘟均表现中抗以上抗性,叶瘟与穗颈瘟发病严重度存在显著相关性.进一步利用辽宁和黑龙江的混合菌株在水稻苗期,对田间苗期和成株期均表现抗病的19个品种进行人工接种鉴定,分别筛选出对辽宁东...     

Role of the rice blast resistance gene Pi-cd in rice (Oryza sativa) breeding programmes

A series of DNA markers for various agronomic traits may accelerate the success of marker-assisted selection in practical plant breeding programmes. Here, we developed DNA markers for the blast resistance gene Pi-cd. In this study, we examined the effects of the Pi-cd locus on not only blast resistance but also agronomic traits in agriculture. We developed three pyramiding lines (PLs) coupling Pi-cd with three blast resistance genes, pi21, Pi35 and Pi39. The effect of Pi-cd on blast resistance was dependent on the coupled resistance genes. Then, we evaluated the effects of Pi-cd on 13 agronomic traits. Amylose content and 1,000-grain weight showed significant differences between the PLs and current commercial varieties, which had no negative effects on agronomic trait values. Furthermore, we investigated the distribution of genotype for the Pi-cd locus among varieties of upland rice. The KT genotype specific to rice blast resistance may be predominant in the varieties. The results suggested that Pi-cd has the potential to be useful for improving blast resistance in rice breeding programmes.     

寒地早粳品种稻瘟病抗性与品质关系的研究

采用寒地早粳近5年参加黑龙江省区域试验和生产试验的131个品种,对稻瘟病抗性与品质诸性状的相关关系进行了研究,结果表明,寒地早粳水稻品种穗颈瘟抗性与水稻品种长宽比的相关系数为－0.1967,达到显著负相关;叶瘟、穗颈瘟抗性与水稻品种垩白大小呈显著正相关,平均相关系数分别为0.2026和0.1995;叶瘟、穗颈瘟抗性与垩白米率呈极显著正相关,平均相关系数分别为0.2276和0.2240;叶瘟、穗颈瘟抗性与垩白度除人工鉴定穗颈瘟外均呈显著正相关,叶瘟平均相关系数为0.1789,穗颈瘟平均相关系数为0.1630。叶瘟抗性与水稻品种蛋白质含量的相关系数平均为0.2159,达到显著负相关;稻瘟病抗性与水稻品种蒸煮品质、食味品质相关性因试验方法而不同,胶稠度、直链淀粉含量、食味在人工鉴定条件下存在着显著负相关性。因此,在寒地稻区选育优质、高抗稻瘟病的水稻新品种是完全可能的。     

Mapping quantitative trait loci conferring blast resistance in upland indica rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> L.)

A genetic analysis of blast resistance in upland rice variety is very crucial. In this study, we performed a linkage mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for blast resistance using an advanced backcross population from a cross between Way Rarem (susceptible indica variety) and Oryzica Llanos 5 (durable resistant indica variety). A transgressive segregation was observed in the advanced backcross population of Way Rarem//Oryzica Llanos 5. A total of 16 QTLs have been identified along chromosomes 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 11 against eight blast pathogen isolates. Each QTL accounted from 11.31 to 45.11% of the variation in blast resistance. Most QTLs showed race specificity, demonstrating the small effect of such QTLs. Unexpectedly, several superior blast resistance alleles were contributed by Way Rarem, the susceptible-recurrent parent. Among eight candidate defense response genes detected in several loci, a single gene (oxalate oxidase) present on chromosome 3 was found to be associated with blast resistance in upland indica rice. Ultimately, these advanced backcross lines with resistance to blast tagged by markers might be useful for pyramiding blast resistance alleles in upland rice.     

Genetic diversity in blast resistance of Bhutan rice landraces

With an objective to evaluate the Bhutan rice (Oryza sativa L.) landraces for genetic diversity in blast resistance, 402 accessions viz. 352 landraces, a differential set of 32 R gene lines and 18 modern cultivars were field-evaluated in three blast ‘hotspot’ sites followed by genetic analysis of the 352 landraces with 27 microsatellite markers. Across the sites, 19 landraces (5.4%) exhibited complete resistance with zero disease score and 203 (58%) and 163 (46%) landraces showed high partial resistance for early leaf and panicle blast, respectively, with disease score of four to six. Field evaluation for leaf and panicle blast at three experimental sites in Bhutan showed best cultivar discrimination in early leaf blast at the tillering stage (heritability, h² = 0.32) and in the panicle blast at maturity (h² = 0.44). Subdivision of the genetic variation into cultivar groups revealed the most variation for blast severity within the 352 landraces with h² of 0.31 and 0.46 for early leaf and panicle blast, respectively. Cluster analysis of the landraces revealed two distinct rice cultivar groups, which separated at dissimilarity of 0.84 according to origin of the cultivars from low, mid and high altitude zones in Bhutan. All microsatellites were polymorphic with two to 21 different alleles per marker and a high polymorphic information content value of 0.61. The identified blast resistant landraces were genetically diverse originating from different rice cultivation zones. Further investigation of the resistant and partial resistant material may reveal specific blast resistance genes, which could be useful to mitigate blast incidence in rice-producing countries.     

鄂西南地区24个水稻品种稻瘟病发病比较

为比较24个水稻品种在鄂西南不同地区稻瘟病发病情况,筛选适合鄂西南种植的水稻品种,在2018、2019年分别在鄂西南10个地点（忠路、来凤、巴东、建始、长阳、鹤峰、宣恩、柏杨和咸丰,以武汉黄陂作对照）种植24个水稻品种,调查叶瘟和穗颈瘟发病情况。结果表明,2019年各地点的发病情况明显高于2018年,10个地点中发病最严重是宣恩,而咸丰2年都没有品种发生稻瘟病。在实验的24个品种中‘荣优华占’抗性最好,适合在鄂西南推广种植。