耕作方式对旱地小麦耗水特性和干物质积累的影响

黄淮海地区旱地小麦种植面积较大,降水少且年际间变化幅度大造成其产量低而不稳。耕作措施可影响土壤的蓄水,于2009-2011年连续2个小麦生长季,设置条旋耕、深松+条旋耕、深松+旋耕和旋耕4种耕作方式处理,研究耕作方式对黄淮海地区旱地小麦耗水特性和干物质积累的影响。结果表明,深松+条旋耕处理有利于降低小麦播种至冬前阶段的耗水量,提高开花至成熟阶段的耗水量及其占总耗水量的比例。2009-2010年度,深松+条旋耕处理播种至拔节阶段0~20 cm土层贮水减少量显著低于深松+旋耕和旋耕处理,拔节至成熟阶段40~160 cm土层贮水减少量显著高于条旋耕和旋耕处理。2009-2010年度的各生育时期和2010-2011年度的苗期、开花期、灌浆期,深松+条旋耕处理株间蒸发量显著低于深松+旋耕和旋耕处理,与条旋耕处理无显著差异。深松+条旋耕处理开花至成熟阶段干物质积累量显著高于其他处理,耗水量显著高于条旋耕和旋耕处理,水分利用效率高于深松+旋耕和旋耕处理,与条旋耕处理无显著差异,而且籽粒产量最高,是本试验条件下的最优耕作方式。     

测墒补灌条件下高产小麦品种水分利用特性及干物质积累和分配

2007-2009年连续2个小麦生长季,利用测墒补灌技术,设置0~140 cm土壤相对含水量低(拔节期65%, 开花期55%~60%)、中(拔节期75%, 开花期65%~70%)、高(拔节期75%, 开花期75%) 3个处理,比较了14个小麦生产品种的水分利用特性及干物质积累和分配的差异。以小麦籽粒产量和水分利用率为指标的聚类分析,将14个小麦品种分为3组,分别是超高产高水分利用率组(I组)、超高产中水分利用率组(II组)和高产低水分利用率组(III组)。比较各组代表品种的耗水量、耗水模系数及日耗水量,播种至拔节期山农15 (I组)显著低于济麦22 (II组)和烟农21 (III组),拔节至开花期山农15显著高于济麦22和烟农21,开花至成熟期品种间无显著差异。在中水分条件下,山农15的土壤贮水消耗量及其占总耗水量的比例显著高于济麦22和烟农21,而在低和高水分条件下,3个品种无显著差异。在中、高水分条件下,山农15开花期的干物质积累量显著高于济麦22和烟农21,成熟期与济麦22无显著差异,但显著高于烟农21;营养器官开花前贮藏同化物向籽粒的转运量和转运率及对籽粒的贡献率均显著高于济麦22和烟农21;3品种的经济系数以山农15最大,济麦22次之,烟农21最小。     

四川盆地9000kg hm~(-2)产量潜力小麦品种的花后冠层结构、生理及同化物分配特性

四川盆地小麦高产育种取得了突破性进展,但高产生理研究相对滞后。本研究以2011—2015连续5年的田间试验,比较了高产和一般产量潜力品种花后群体冠层结构、主要生理指标和同化物的转运分配特性,旨在揭示四川小麦9000 kg hm-2高产品种的生理基础。选择代表性高产潜力品种和一般产量潜力品种各3个,高产潜力品种产量平均9422 kg hm~(-2),比一般产量潜力品种高14.3%,增产原因是生物量或收获指数的提高。相比一般产量潜力品种,高产潜力品种旗叶短且宽,长宽比低于10,开花初期至灌浆中期叶基角和开角增加明显。开花至灌浆后期,高产潜力品种顶三叶的SPAD值及花后0 d和20 d的群体光合速率显著高于一般产量潜力品种,群体光合速率以10:00–12:00的差异最大。此外,高产潜力品种在开花期茎鞘生物量所占比例较高,而成熟期籽粒所占比例较一般产量潜力品种高1~4个百分点。籽粒产量与小麦形态、生理参数关系密切,与灌浆期旗叶基角(r=0.947,P0.01)和倒二叶基角(r=0.963,P0.01)呈正相关,与旗叶长宽比(r=-0.913,P0.01)和倒二叶长宽比(r=-0.911,P0.01)呈负相关;与开花期顶三叶SPAD值呈正相关,r值分别为0.75、0.90和0.82(P0.01);与成熟期穗轴干重比例呈负相关(r=-0.956,P0.01)。本研究表明,株高适中、株型紧凑,花后冠层叶绿素含量和群体光合速率较高,以及合理的物质分配,是高产潜力品种获得高产的生理基础。     

Variability in the Duration of Stem Elongation in Wheat and Barley Genotypes

The stem elongation phase in wheat (Triticum aestivum, L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) is important for yield determination as it is the phase when stems and spikes grow actively. A longer duration of this phase could hypothetically increase assimilate availability, fertile florets at anthesis and final grain number. Argentine commercial wheat and barley cultivars were studied to analyse the range of genetic variability existing in the duration of the stem elongation phase, in particular, considering cultivars with similar time to anthesis. It was found that cultivars differing in time to anthesis, not only differed in the length of their early, mostly vegetative phases but also in the stem elongation phase (range 301–535 °C day for wheat and 252–404 °C day for barley), and that the partitioning of a similar time to anthesis into phases was substantially different between cultivars. Various studies with other cultivars were re‐analysed, showing that the stem elongation phase did present genetic variability as well. As a preliminary step to identifying the genetic causes behind this variability, an approximation to the possible photoperiod and/or vernalization sensitivities of this large group of Argentine cultivars was presented, by comparing behaviour in two contrasting sowing dates. This has proved useful to breeders since there have been no other previous studies including this large number of commercial cultivars.     

稻茬小麦氮高效品种产量构成和群体质量特征

在稻麦两熟条件下,将2016—2017和2017—2018年江苏扬州参试的24个和江苏睢宁参试的23个小麦品种按氮肥表观利用率(NUR)划分为高效(NUR≥50%)、中效(NUR 40%～50%)和低效(NUR≤40%)品种类型,比较其产量、产量构成因素和群体质量指标的差异,为稻茬小麦品种选用和大面积高产高效生产提供参考。结果表明,两年度在扬州均表现出高效的品种为扬麦25和宁麦21,在睢宁为淮麦35。扬州和睢宁氮高效品种产量分别高于6500 kg hm~(-2)和7000 kg hm~(-2),均显著高于其他类型。与氮中效和氮低效品种相比,氮高效品种具有较高的穗数,穗粒数和千粒重品种类型间差异不显著。不同品种间产量和穗数与NUR均呈线性正相关。氮高效品种具有较高的孕穗期和开花期茎蘖数,分蘖成穗率,乳熟期叶面积指数,孕穗期、开花期和成熟期干物质积累量,花后干物质积累量和成熟期各营养器官干物质积累量。不同氮效率品种类型间花前干物质转运量和收获指数差异不显著。相关性分析表明,两地不同品种类型间孕穗期和开花期茎蘖数、乳熟期LAI、主要生育时期干物质积累量、花后和成熟期各营养器官干物质积累量均与氮肥表观利用率呈极显著线性正相关。表明稻茬小麦氮高效品种生育早期表现出较强分蘖能力,且生育后期具有较高叶面积指数和光合生产能力,可用于灌浆的花后同化物质较多。本研究初步提出成熟期干物质积累量16,000～20,000 kg hm~(-2)和花后干物质积量4100～6700 kg hm~(-2)可作为稻茬小麦高产高效品种的筛选指标。     

稻茬小麦公顷产量9000 kg群体钾素积累、分配与利用特性

在稻麦两熟制条件下,以扬麦20为材料,通过基本苗和氮肥施用量、施用时期及比例的调控,建立不同产量水平群体,研究籽粒产量9000 kg hm^-2群体钾素积累、分配与利用特性。结果表明,籽粒产量≥9000 kg hm^-2 (超高产)群体钾素吸收高峰期出现在拔节至开花期,吸收的钾素占一生吸收钾素的52%~68%;开花期和成熟期钾素积累量均极显著高于<9000 kg hm^-2 (高产)群体。成熟期叶片、茎鞘、颖壳+穗轴和籽粒钾素积累量与籽粒产量均呈极显著线性正相关;花后茎鞘钾素转运量与产量呈极显著线性正相关,颖壳+穗轴钾素转运量与产量呈极显著线性负相关。超高产群体开花期和成熟期钾素积累量分别为430~450 kg hm^-2和366~408 kg hm^-2;成熟期钾素积累量,茎鞘中最高,为244~269 kg hm^-2,其次是叶片和颖壳+穗轴,分别为46~49 kg hm^-2和40~46 kg hm^-2,籽粒中仅为35~46 kg hm^-2;花后茎鞘钾素转出量为46~52 kg hm^-2,颖壳+穗轴钾素积累量为9~17 kg hm^-2。超高产群体每100 kg籽粒的吸钾量需达4.57~4.87 kg,此时的钾素利用效率为20.56~22.02 kg kg^-1,钾收获指数为0.095~0.112。     

长江中下游小麦品种根系改良特征及其与产量的关系

为探明小麦品种更替过程中根系改良特征对氮肥的响应及其与产量形成的关系,从而为高产品种选育及根冠构型建成提供理论依据。本研究以长江中下游不同年代大面积推广的代表性小麦品种南大2419、扬麦1号、扬麦158和扬麦16为材料,采用大田和盆栽试验,研究了3个施氮水平(纯氮0、225和300 kg hm–2)下小麦根系形态与生理特性的差异及其与产量的关系。结果表明,小麦籽粒产量随品种育成年代推进逐步增加,现代品种对施氮的响应较早期品种大。现代小麦品种拔节至开花阶段根系干物质积累量和生长速率显著高于早期品种,而播种至拔节期早期品种的根系生长在无氮条件下具有较强的生长优势。小麦根系总根长、表面积、根体积、0~60 cm土层根重密度、根系活力和SOD活性随品种育成年代逐步提高,而MDA含量显著降低。增施氮肥促进了不同年代品种根系生长,但现代品种增幅较早期品种大,说明品种改良提高了小麦根系对氮肥的响应。籽粒产量与开花期根系总根长、表面积、根系生物量和0~60 cm根重密度呈显著正相关。因此,增加根系与土壤接触面积和高氮适应性、提高根系生理活性、延缓根系衰老是长江中下游小麦品种演变的重要特征也是高产高效栽培调控的重要目标。     

黄土高原不同年代旱地冬小麦品种产量及光合特性对密度的响应

为研究旱地冬小麦品种更替过程中产量与光合特征对群体大小的响应,选择1940-2004年先后培育的7个冬小麦品种,于2011-2012年在陕西长武农业生态试验站进行田间试验,并设置3个播种密度（100、250、350粒/m ²）。在所有密度处理中,子粒产量均随着品种的更替而呈线性增长,年均遗传增益在0.65%到1.29%之间。1980年后培育的小麦品种的产量对于播种密度更不敏感,具备更好的群体调节能力。现代品种收获指数和千粒重的提高与其产量的提升呈显著正相关。品种更替过程中花期旗叶净光合速率和叶面积指数持续增长,并提高千粒重,最终增加产量。花期时冠层下可见天空比随着品种更替呈显著下降趋势。在黄土高原的冬小麦育种工作中,应将耐密性、大库容、高光效的理想株型作为重要的筛选指标。     

Genetic improvement of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Argentina: relationships between nitrogen and dry matter

Summary Changes in nitrogen (N) economy and N to dry matter (DM) relationships were studied for six cultivars of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) released in Argentina at different times between 1912 and 1980. Experiments were performed on two successive years.N partitioning to reproductive organs was changed both at anthesis and at maturity. Grain N yield (GNY) was associated to both total N accumulated and N partitioning. Most of the changes produced by genetic improvement on N economy at maturity could be explained by parallel changes at anthesis. Neither biological N yield (BNY) at anthesis nor BNY at maturity showed any trend with the year of release of the cultivars.Grain N concentration (GNC) showed a negative trend with the year of release, and was inversely correlated to both grain yield (GY) and harvest index (HI). However, GNC was positively and significantly associated with NHI to HI ratio, indicating that the main reason for its behaviour along this century was the dilution of N on non N compounds.The N utilization efficiencies (NUE) for both GY and grain number were positively affected by breeding. Moreover, modern Argentinian cultivars are as efficient as the best cultivars showed by other authors.It is suggested that to increase GNC together with GY, breeders should improve N accumulation at anthesis maintaining high remobilization of vegetative N.     

Genetic analysis of flowering and maturity time in high latitude spring wheat

Due to the short growing season in the high northern latitudes, the development of early maturing spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars is important to avoid frost damage which can lower production and quality. We investigated earliness of flowering and maturity, and some associated agronomic traits, using a set of randomly selected high northern latitude adapted spring wheat cultivars (differing in maturity) and their F₁ and F₂ crosses made in a one-way diallel mating design. The parents, and their F₁ and F₂ crosses were evaluated under field conditions over 2 years. Anthesis and maturity times were controlled by both vernalization response and earliness per se genes, mainly acting additively. Non-additive genetic effects were more important in controlling grain fill duration, grain yield and plant height. Additive × additive epistatic effects were detected for all traits studied except time to anthesis. Segregation analyses of the F₂ populations for time to anthesis indicated the presence of different vernalization response genes. Molecular genetic analyses revealed the presence of Vrn-A1 and Vrn-B1 genes in the parental cultivars. Narrow-sense heritability was medium to high (60–86%) for anthesis and maturity times but low to medium (13–55%) for grain fill duration, plant height and grain yield. Selection for early flowering/maturity in early segregating generations would be expected to result in genetic improvement towards earliness in high latitude spring wheats. Incorporation of the vernalization responsive gene Vrn-B1 in combination with vernalization non-responsive gene Vrn-A1 into spring wheats would aid in the development of early maturing cultivars with high grain yield potential for the high latitude wheat growing regions of the northern hemisphere.     

Application of natural plant extracts improves the tolerance against combined terminal heat and drought stresses in bread wheat

Drought and heat are among the main abiotic stresses causing severe damage to the cereal productivity when occur at reproductive stages. In this study, ten wheat cultivars were screened for combined heat and drought tolerance imposed at booting, heading, anthesis and post‐anthesis stages, and role of the foliage applied plant extracts was evaluated in improving the performance of differentially responding wheat cultivars under terminal heat and drought stresses. During both years, wheat crop was raised under ambient temperature and 70% water holding capacity (WHC) till leaf boot stage. The plant extracts (3% each) of sorghum, brassica, sunflower and moringa were foliage applied at booting, anthesis and post‐anthesis stage; and after one week of application of these plant extracts, combined heat and drought was imposed at each respective stage. Heat and drought stresses were imposed at each respective stage by placing pots in glass canopies with temperature of 4 ± 2°C above than the ambient temperature in combination with drought stress (35% WHC) until maturity. Combination of drought and heat stresses significantly reduced the performance of tested wheat cultivars; however, stress at the booting and heading stages was more damaging than the anthesis and post‐anthesis stages. Cultivars Mairaj‐2008 and Chakwal‐50 remained green with extended duration for grain filling, resulting in the maintenance of number of grains per spike and 100‐grain weight under stress conditions and thus had better grain yield and water‐use efficiency. However, in cultivars Fsd‐2008, and Shafaq‐2006, the combined imposition of drought and heat accelerated the grain filling rate with decrease in grain filling duration, grain weight and grain yield. Foliar application of all the plant extracts improved the wheat performance under terminal heat and drought stress; however, brassica extract was the most effective. This improvement in grain yield, water‐use efficiency and transpiration efficiency due to foliage applied plant extracts, under terminal heat and drought stress, was owing to better stay‐green character and accumulation of more soluble phenolics, which imparted stress tolerance as indicated by relatively stable grain weight and grain number. In crux, growing of stay‐green wheat cultivars with better grain filling and foliage application of plant extracts may help improving the performance of bread wheat under combined heat and drought stresses.     

施氮量对旱地小麦耗水特性和产量的影响

2009—2010和2010—2011小麦生长季, 分别利用小麦品种济麦22和山农16, 研究了施氮量0 (N0)、90(N1)、120 (N2)、150 (N3)、180 (N4)和210 kg hm^-2 (N5)条件下的小麦耗水特性和产量水平。N3处理的耗水量在播种至拔节期与N1和N2处理无显著差异, 但在拔节至成熟期显著高于N1和N2处理; N4处理各阶段耗水量与N3处理无显著差异; N5处理在返青至开花期耗水量显著增加。当施氮量由90 kg hm^-2增加到150 kg hm^-2时, 小麦对深层土壤贮水利用能力增强, 但施氮量继续增加, 80 cm以下土层土壤贮水消耗量未显著增加。N3处理在拔节后株间蒸发量显著低于N1和N2处理, 开花后旗叶水分利用效率显著高于N1和N2处理, 但与N4和N5处理拔节后的株间蒸发量及开花后旗叶水分利用效率无显著差异。在本试验条件下, N3处理的产量、水分利用效率和降水利用效率最高, 氮肥生产效率也较高, 因此150 kg hm^-2是适宜的施氮量。     

The use of grain protein deviation for identifying wheat cultivars with high grain protein concentration and yield

The relationship between grain protein concentration and grain yield in different cultivars of winter wheat was examined in a series of field experiments carried out over three years, in which 13, 12 and 8 cultivars were studied in each year, respectively. The plants were grown at sites located in Shropshire, west-central England, in years 1 and 2, and at three other locations in eastern England in year 3. Above ground plant samples were collected at an thesis and again at maturity, when they were separated into grain and straw, and analysed for dry matter and N content. Analysis of residuals from regression of grain protein concentration on grain yield (grain protein deviation, GPD) showed that some cultivars had a higher grain protein concentration than was predicted from grain yield alone. It was deduced that the capacity to accumulate a higher grain protein concentration than predicted from grain yield is under genetic control and thus may be improved through breeding. Other factors (weight of N accumulated in the biomass at anthesis, weight of N accumulated in the biomass between anthesis and maturity and the concentration of N remaining in the straw at maturity) were added step-wise into the regression to enable statistical analysis of their relative contributions to grain protein. High GPD may be achieved through increased N accumulation after anthesis, combined with efficient re-translocation of vegetative N reserves. The use of GPD provides a selection criteria in wheat breeding programs to screen for increased grain protein concentration without a concurrent grain yield reduction. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Simultaneous selection for early maturity, increased grain yield and elevated grain protein content in spring wheat

High grain yield and grain protein content, and early maturity are important traits in global bread wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)-breeding programmes. Improving these three traits simultaneously is difficult due to the negative association between grain yield and grain protein content and the positive association between maturity and grain yield. We investigated the genetic relationship between maturity, grain yield and grain protein content in a population of 130 early maturing spring wheat lines in a high latitude (52–53°N) wheat-growing region of Canada. Grain protein content exhibited negative genetic correlation with maturity (−0.87), grain fill duration (−0.78), grain fill rate (−0.49), grain yield (−0.93) and harvest index (−0.71). Grain yield exhibited positive genetic correlation with maturity (0.69), rate (0.78) and duration (0.49) of grain fill, and harvest index (0.55). Despite the positive association between maturity and grain yield, and negative association between grain yield and grain protein content, higher yielding lines with medium maturity and higher grain protein content were identified. Broad-sense heritabilities were low (<0.40) for rate and duration of grain fill, grain protein content, spike per m², grains per spike, harvest index and grain yield, and medium to high (>0.40) for grain weight, days to anthesis and maturity, and plant height. Selection for longer preanthesis and shorter grain fill periods may help circumvent the negative association between grain yield and grain protein content. Selection for shorter grain fill periods and higher grain fill rate may be a useful strategy for developing early maturing cultivars with acceptable grain yields in northern wheat-growing regions.     

四川盆地小麦籽粒的灌浆特性

四川盆地小麦灌浆期长,粒重优势明显,但易受环境影响。2010-2011和2011-2012年连续2个小麦生长季,选用10个品种在3个地点进行灌浆特性研究,以揭示该区域小麦灌浆参数的基因型差异及环境效应。2年平均粒重48.25 g,灌浆分为渐增期(T₁)、快增期(T₂)和缓增期(T₃) 3个阶段,各阶段持续时间为T₃ (16.30 d)>T₁ (13.41 d)>T₂ (12.98 d),其灌浆速率分别为0.618、0.772和2.205 mg grain^-1 d^-1。3个阶段的干物质积累贡献率依次为21.21% (T₁)、58.27% (T₂)和20.53% (T₃),可见快增期结束时可以积累80%左右的干物质量。基因型、地点和年份对除粒重以外的所有灌浆参数均有显著影响,以年份的效应最大。同一年中,粒重、最大灌浆速率、平均灌浆速率、缓增期灌浆速率、渐增期灌浆速率和快增期灌浆速率主要受基因型的影响,而其他参数则以地点效应大于基因型效应。粒重与平均灌浆速率、最大灌浆速率、快增期灌浆速率和缓增期灌浆速率呈极显著正相关。10个参试品种中,川麦42、川育23和川麦56具开花期早、灌浆速率高、灌浆时间长、粒重大等特征。     

Relationship between Carbon Isotope Discrimination, Ash Content and Grain Yield in Wheat in the Peninsular Zone of India

Carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) and ash content (m_a) have been proposed as indirect selection criteria for grain yield in wheat. The associations between Δ, m_a and grain yield were found, however, to depend highly on the environmental conditions, the organ sampled and the time of sampling. In this study, carried out in the warm conditions of the Peninsular Zone of India, the relationship between Δ, m_a and yield was studied in 30 bread and durum wheat cultivars under residual soil moisture stress (RSMS), post‐anthesis water stress (PAWS) and well‐watered (WW) conditions. Both Δ and m_a were analysed in young seedlings (four‐leaf stage), leaves at anthesis and grain at maturity. Ash content was also evaluated in leaves at booting stage and maturity. Grain Δ was lower under PAWS and RSMS than under WW, while seedling and leaf Δ did not significantly differ among water regimes. Grain yield was positively correlated to grain Δ under PAWS and negatively correlated to grain m_a under RSMS. A significant positive correlation was noted under RSMS and WW treatments between m_aL_m and grain yield. Ash content in leaf at maturity consequently appears to be a useful indirect selection criterion in environments where Δ does not show any correlation with yield. The results highlight the potential of Δ and m_a as indirect selection criteria for wheat yield in the conditions of the Peninsular Zone of India.     

不同施氮水平下两种品质类型小麦植株氮素形态的变化特征

籽粒氮素获取能力对提高小麦产量和品质非常重要。选用小麦品种豫麦47(高籽粒蛋白含量,15.5%)和豫麦50(籽粒蛋白含量12.4%),研究了不同施氮水平下小麦植株不同器官营养性N素（AN）、功能性N素（FN）和结构性N素（SN）的变化及其基因型差异。结果表明,花后籽粒从营养器官获取氮素的能力以及利用营养器官氮素形成产量的能力,高蛋白品种豫麦47均显著高于低蛋白品种豫麦50。施氮水平对3类N素含量的影响小于品种效应,且3类N素的品种间差异在花后显著大于花前。在叶片和茎秆中,豫麦50的AN含量从拔节至灌浆期持续下降,而豫麦47持续升高;籽粒中,豫麦50的AN含量花后表现下降（由1.98~2.35 mg g^–1下降到1.38~1.70 mg g^–1）,而豫麦47先降（由5.51~5.70 mg g^–1陡降至花后17 d时的1.15~1.38 mg g^–1）后升（由1.15~1.38 mg g^–1缓慢上升至成熟时的1.29~3.29 mg g^–1）。FN含量,两品种间在叶片和茎秆中的差异不显著。SN含量,在叶片和茎秆中两品种不同生育阶段变化趋势基本相同,均先升后降,以开花期最高,但豫麦47比豫麦50花后表现大幅度的显著下降;在籽粒中,两品种均呈现一定的下降趋势。但豫麦47开花时SN含量（3.70%~4.28%）极显著高于豫麦50（1.38%~1.74%）,因此,其花后下降幅度也极显著大于豫麦50,3个施氮水平下成熟期比开花期豫麦47分别下降49%、49%和49%,而豫麦50仅下降7%、23%和21%。说明豫麦47籽粒比豫麦50具有较强的从营养器官获取氮素的能力,其开花时籽粒具有较高的SN含量,胚及胚乳细胞分裂对AN的需求较大,为籽粒从营养器官获取较多氮素提供了较大的“源动力”。SN合成决定着氮素的流动方向,是驱使氮素流动的重要因素;叶片和茎秆SN的分解物是花后转运氮素的主要来源。     

春小麦籽粒灌浆过程淀粉和蛋白质积累规律的初步研究

利用蛋白质含量和产量各异的３个春小麦品种，Ｒｏｂｌｉｎ、东农７７４２和新克旱９号，研究了灌浆过程中可溶性性糖、淀粉和蛋白质积累规律，结果表明：籽粒灌浆过程中可溶性糖含量由开花１４天开始逐渐减少，成熟期达最低值，品种间的差异仅表现以１４天和２０天两个时期：淀粉积累动态与可溶性糖变化规律相反，随灌浆成熟而逐渐增加，品种间差异达显著水平；蛋白质积累动态年际间稍有差异，总的趋势是随灌浆成熟而逐渐增加，开花     

Elevated CO2 modulates the effects of drought and heat stress on plant water relations and grain yield in wheat

To investigate the interactive effects of drought, heat and elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration ([CO₂]) on plant water relations and grain yield in wheat, two wheat cultivars with different drought tolerance (Gladius and Paragon) were grown under ambient and elevated [CO₂], and were exposed to post‐anthesis drought and heat stress. The stomatal conductance, plant water relation parameters, abscisic acid concentration in leaf and spike, and grain yield components were examined. Both stress treatments and elevated [CO₂] reduced the stomatal conductance, which resulted in lower leaf relative water content and leaf water potential. Drought induced a significant increase in leaf and spike abscisic acid concentrations, while elevated [CO₂] showed no effect. At maturity, post‐anthesis drought and heat stress significantly decreased the grain yield by 21.3%–65.2%, while elevated [CO₂] increased the grain yield by 20.8% in wheat, which was due to the changes of grain number per spike and thousand grain weight. This study suggested that the responses of plant water status and grain yield to extreme climatic events (heat and drought) can be influenced by the atmospheric CO₂ concentration.     

Wheat grain yield and stability assessed through regional trials in the Eastern Gangetic Plains of South Asia

Improving the level and stability of grain yield is the primary objective of wheat breeding programs in the Eastern Gangetic Plains (EGP) of South Asia. A regional wheat trial, the Eastern Gangetic Plains Yield Trial (EGPYT), was initiated by CIMMYT in collaboration with national wheat research programs in Bangladesh, Nepal, and India in 1999–2000 to identify wheat genotypes with high and stable grain yield, disease resistance, and superior agronomic traits for the EGP region. A set of 21 wheat experimental genotypes selected from a regional wheat screening nursery in South Asia, three improved widely grown cultivars (Kanchan, PBW343 and Bhrikuti), and one long-term cultivar (Sonalika) were tested at 9–11 sites in six wheat growing seasons (2000–2005) in the EGP. The 21 experimental genotypes were different in each year, whereas the four check cultivars were common. In each year, one or more of the experimental genotypes showed high and stable grain yield and acceptable maturity, plant height, and disease resistance compared to the check cultivars. Three improved cultivars have already been commercially released in the region through EGPYT and many germplasm lines have been used in the breeding programs as parents. Identification of wheat genotypes with high-grain yield in individual sites and high and stable yield across the EGP region underlines their value for regional wheat breeding programs attempting to improve grain yield and agronomic performance.