Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) water use efficiency as affected by harvest traffic and soil compaction in a sandy loam soil

Summary Traffic during alfalfa harvest operations can cause soil compaction and damage to newly growing stems. Root exploration for soil water and nutrients, forage growth dynamics, and final yield can all be affected. The objectives of this study were to determine the long-term effects of harvest traffic and soil compaction on water-use efficiency (WUE) of alfalfa grown in a Wasco sandy loam (coarse-loamy, mixed, nonacid, thermic Typic Torriorthents). Alfalfa was planted into tilled soil and managed with or without harvest traffic. Plants subjected to traffic during harvest had a significantly lower WUE two out of the three years studied compared to plants that were never subject to traffic. The second experiment examined whether planting alfalfa into compacted soil and managed with or without harvest traffic altered WUE. Soil compaction had no affect on alfalfa WUE. It was significantly lower when grown in compacted soil and subjected to harvest traffic. It is suggested that the decrease in WUE caused by harvest traffic may be explained by plants allocating carbohydrates to damaged shoots and crowns instead of to above ground forage production. The area of the field affected by harvest traffic, which damages newly growing stems, should be minimized to increase crop water use efficiency.     

不同生育期干旱对冬小麦产量及水分利用效率的影响

用盆栽对冬小麦不同生育阶段进行不同程度水分调亏试验结果表明 :拔节—孕穗期、抽穗—扬花期和灌浆—成熟 3个阶段内 RW上限为 4 0 %、5 0 %、60 %的水分亏缺均引起了产量的极显著下降 ,而且水分亏缺越严重 ,产量降低越大。在 3个生育阶段内进行 RW上限为 4 0 %的水分调亏减产幅度都很大 ,而且 3个生育阶段之间差异不明显 ;进行 5 0 %、60 %水分调亏 ,其减产程度则与生育期有关。灌浆—成熟期的减产程度大于前二个时期 ,这可能与前二个阶段复水后作物的补偿生长有关。不同生育期水分亏缺对冬小麦产量构成因素的影响也不同 ,拔节—扬花期水分亏缺主要减少了穗粒数 ,灌浆—成熟阶段的水分亏缺主要减少了千粒重     

The Distribution of Soil Compaction with Depth and the Response of a Perennial Forage Crop

As a result of the great intensity of vehicular traffic to which perennial forage crops are subjected, the avoidance of long-term induced subsoil compaction is difficult. The object of this work was to study the alternatives of using either a light tractor with a high number of passes or a heavier one with a reduced amount of wheeling on the field. Field tests were carried out on grassland on a Typic Argiudol with a soil moisture below but near field capacity. Three different numbers of passes, with two tractors with different weights but the same ground pressure, were used to obtain six different traffic intensities. In the soil profile analysed, ranging from 0 to 600 mm, bulk density and penetration resistance were measured before and after traffic. Six months later grassland yield was evaluated, both in and out of the vehicle track. Decreases in grass yield ranging from 7 to 25%, were measured in out-of-track areas, and 52 to 76% in intrack areas. If results are compared for the same number of passes, then the heavier tractor appears to give either the same or a greater reduction in grassland yield than the lighter tractor. If the results are compared on a basis of traffic intensity, the picture is less clear but it seems likely that the lighter tractor, with a larger number of passes, can do as much or even greater damage than the heavier tractor with fewer passes.     

基于RBF神经网络的离心泵地脚螺栓松动故障诊断

为了准确识别卧式离心泵地脚螺栓松动故障,搭建了卧式离心泵机组诊断平台,采用电涡流传感器对离心泵转子位移进行监测.将采集的转子位移信号经过经验模态分解法(empirical mode decomposition, EMD)分解为多个固有模态函数(intrinsic mode function, IMF),对各层IMF频谱特征、相关系数及能量占比进行分析得到故障敏感分量.最后,通过径向基(radial basis function, RBF)神经网络对离心泵松动故障进行识别预测.结果表明：采用EMD方法可以有效提取出离心泵松动故障特征,IMF5—IMF8层可作为故障特征分量.通过将IMF5—IMF8层的相关系数和能量占比作为故障特征输入到RBF神经网络中进行识别,准确率可达95%.     

干旱环境条件下春小麦适度调亏灌溉的产量效应

在干旱环境条件下,春小麦调亏灌溉不仅具有显著的增产效应(16.6%~25.0%),其节水效果亦很显著(14.0%~22.9%)。无论是小麦籽粒产量,收获指数,还是水分利用效率,调亏灌溉处理与充分供水对照间均存在显著差异,但调亏处理间差异不显著。此外,回归分析发现,试验条件下调亏灌溉春小麦产量与收获指数线性相关,而水分利用效率与收获指数、产量间则呈二次抛物线关系。     

牧草种子收获机研究现状与展望

以牧草种子收获农艺要求及收获工艺为切入点,介绍了国内外牧草种子收获机发展概况,列举了典型机型技术特点,剖析我国牧草种子收获机存在技术水平低,草籽损失大、净度低,适应性和可靠性差,效率和智能化水平低等问题,提出牧草种子收获机向高质量、高技术水平、高效率、高可靠性、高净度、低损失率和联合收获方向发展的趋势,为国内牧草种子收...     

水分调控对麦茬棉产量和水分利用效率的影响

为研究麦后移栽棉对水分调控的响应,于2012年6月~2012年10月通过人工控水试验研究了水分供应对麦后移栽棉生长、产量和品质的影响。小区试验结果表明,蕾期轻度水分亏缺花铃期充分灌水处理(T2)的籽棉产量、成铃数以及单铃质量均为最大,但蕾期和花铃期轻度水分胁迫处理(T4)的产量与处理T2差异不显著,但水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率分别提高了23.93%和34.01%;管栽试验结果表明,对照处理(T7)的单株成铃数的收获籽棉产量均最高,与对照处理相比,全生育期轻度水分胁迫处理(T8)减产3.98%,水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率分别提高了9.70%和20.02%;桶栽试验结果表明,灌水定额为1.6倍ETp处理(T11)的籽棉产量和单株成铃数均最高,与处理T11相比,灌水定额为1.3ETp处理(T12)的籽棉产量仅降低了9.7%,而灌水定额为1.0 ETp处理(T13)的籽棉产量降低了30%。说明适宜的水分胁迫(灌水下限为60%~65%FC,灌水上限为80%~85%FC)有利于麦后移栽棉的高产和水分利用效率的提高。     

不同生育期水分亏缺对春青稞水分利用和产量的影响

对不同生育期水分亏缺程度对春青稞(Hordeum vulgare)水分利用效率和产量的影响进行了桶栽试验研究。试验处理设充分灌溉处理(2个水分控制下限和秸秆覆盖)以及在全生育期和5个不同生育期的4个水分亏缺程度(轻度、中度、重度和极度)处理,共27个处理。结果表明,在充分灌溉条件下,75%田间持水率水分下限控制处理的春青稞收获指数、籽粒产量和作物水分利用效率大于80%水分处理;秸秆覆盖处理的籽粒产量和水分利用效率在所有试验处理中最大。在全生育期水分亏缺条件下,春青稞籽粒产量均小于充分灌溉处理,且随着水分亏缺程度的增大而显著减小;轻度至重度水分亏缺处理可获得更大的作物收获指数和水分利用效率,但极度水分亏缺却导致最低的籽粒产量、收获指数和水分利用效率。除成熟期水分亏缺处理外,不同生育期水分亏缺处理条件下,春青稞籽粒产量和作物水分利用效率基本随着水分亏缺程度的增大而减小;拔节期、分蘖期和灌浆期水分亏缺对籽粒产量的不利影响较大。地表秸秆覆盖或全生育期轻度至重度水分亏缺处理可提高春青稞水分利用效率。     

调亏对春播蚕豆产量及其构成因素的影响

在甘肃秦王川灌区,通过大田试验研究了调亏灌溉对蚕豆产量的影响及产量构成要素的变化,并对蚕豆籽粒产量、生物产量、收获指数与产量构成要素及产量构成要素之间的相关关系进行了分析。结果表明:苗期或拔节期轻度缺水可增产14.05%和9.09%,节水4.14%和10.92%;苗期、拔节期、开花期、成熟期重度缺水使蚕豆单株粒重较对照分别下降9.5%、9.8%、22.3%和16.0%,百粒重较对照分别下降10.2%、6.0%、3.1%和7.0%,轻度缺水处理的百粒重均高于对照和重度缺水处理;蚕豆以苗期进行水分胁迫对提高收获指数的贡献最大;通过对产量构成因素的分析发现单株粒数、单株荚数和单株粒重是构成蚕豆产量的主要因素。     

Bioenergetic and energy constraints in increasing cereal productivity

The grain yield potential of cereal crops such as wheat, rice, barley, oats and sorghum has increased by genetic improvement in the harvest index (grain yield/biological yield). Such alterations in the harvest index were analysed from the point of view of intrinsic energy and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium requirements. A higher harvest index, without any reduction in biological yield, increases the harvest of: (a) energy (MJ) in the above ground parts of the crop and (b) nitrogen and phosphorus in the grain. In addition, it enhances the fertiliser requirement of the crop. From bioenergetic considerations, higher grain yields, obtained by improving the harvest index, represent a path which demands least increments in photosynthate and nutrient inputs. The other alternatives available for increasing cereal productivity, once the upper limits of the harvest index are reached by breeding, have higher costs in terms of photosynthate and fertiliser requirements (energy inputs). There seems to be no other immediate plant breeding alternative to increase productivity without additional energy (fertiliser) inputs.     

Effects of preharvest irrigation cutoff durations and postharvest water deprivation on almond tree performance

 Plant water relations, tree growth, and yield components of mature almond trees [Prunus dulcis (Mill.) Webb cv. Nonpareil] were evaluated in response to ranges of irrigation cutoff durations immediately prior to harvest and to postharvest water deprivation. The preharvest cutoff regimes consisted of eight treatments that terminated irrigation from 8 to 57 days prior to tree shaking, resulting in 297 mm less preharvest-applied water for the longest cutoff regime. Postharvest irrigation totaled 206 mm. Predawn leaf water potential (LWP) declined rapidly after irrigation cutoff and reached −4.0 MPa prior to harvest in the most severe preharvest treatment. This resulted in reduced tree growth and near complete canopy defoliation. Individual kernel weight and full hull splitting were reduced by up to 17.2% and 71.1%, respectively, by the preharvest cutoff regimes, while bark damage due to mechanical shaking and fruit removal was unaffected. Hull rot at harvest was virtually eliminated with the longer preharvest cutoff durations. Depriving trees of postharvest irrigation had a greater impact on tree productivity than the preharvest irrigation cutoffs, even though the amount of postharvest-deprived water was less than that which occurred with the more severe preharvest cutoffs. In the season following postharvest water deprivation, bloom density and fruit set were reduced by up to 52.2% and 94.3%, respectively. This resulted in fruit load and kernel yield reductions of up to 76.7% and 73.6%, respectively. Even with the latest preharvest cutoff regime, fruit load and kernel yield were significantly lower without postharvest irrigation. We postulate that the sensitivity to postharvest water deficits is due to the late reproductive bud differentiation of almond, which may damage primordial flower parts and/or accelerate the emergence of the stamens during bloom, thus decreasing their pollen receptivity. Since postharvest water deficits are more damaging to sustained productivity than water deficits prior to harvest, growers with limited water supplies should bias irrigation towards the postharvest period. Received: 15 September 1999     

Effects of water table management on soil salinity and alfalfa yield in a semi-arid climate

A lysimeter experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of water table management (WTM) on distribution of soil salinity and annual alfalfa (Medicago scutellata) yield. Subirrigations with three levels of water table namely, 0.5 (WT0.5), 0.7 (WT0.7), and 1.0 m (WT1.0) and a free drainage (FD) conventional irrigation treatment were selected for this study. All treatments were arranged in a complete randomized block design with three replicates. The results of this study indicated that the average soil electrical conductivity of the saturated extract (ECe) in the root zone gradually increased and exceeded the designated crop threshold value (4 dS/m) after the first forage harvest in subirrigated lysimeters. A higher salt accumulation was observed at the WT0.5 treatment. The average dry matter yield of annual alfalfa in WT0.5 and WT0.7 treatments was found to be 52 and 73% higher compared with the control treatment, respectively.     

水氮供应对日光温室番茄产量及其经济效益的影响

为了研究石羊河流域日光温室番茄节水节肥新模式,2011年在甘肃省武威市研究水氮供应对日光温室番茄产量及其经济效益的影响。结果表明,常规灌水(21mm)、推荐施氮量施肥虽然能促进果实早熟,有利于增加采收期和市场高价位时期的重合度,但由于总产量过低,使总体经济效益较低,为不合理方案。相反,与对照相比,花期亏水1/3、常规施肥,是本试验条件下最理想的灌水、施肥模式。即在番茄全生育期内灌水15～16次,灌水定额为21mm,施肥9～10次,总施氮量为350kg/hm2,可实现经济产量170～200t/hm2,经济效益29～30万元/hm2。     

氮肥运筹对夏玉米根系生长与氮素利用的影响

基于2季夏玉米田间试验,对比研究了尿素(纯氮0、80、160、240 kg/hm~2,基追比为2∶3;记为N0、N80、N160、N240)和控释氮肥(纯氮0、60、120、180、240 kg/hm~2,一次性基施;记为K0、K60、K120、K180、K_240)运筹对夏玉米根系生长、产量及土壤硝态氮分布和氮素吸收利用的影响。结果表明,施用尿素和施用控释氮肥的夏玉米整根各参数均表现为随施氮水平的提高呈先增加后减小的趋势。其中处理N160和处理K120的根系各项指标较高,且根长比根表面积和产量的拟合效果更优,更能反映不同氮肥运筹间产量的差异。与尿素相比,控释氮肥各处理土壤硝态氮累积量与作物需肥规律吻合较好,收获后0~200 cm土层硝态氮含量变幅较小,且硝态氮峰值所在土层深度较浅。2种氮肥中,处理N160与处理K120的籽粒产量、氮收获指数和氮素利用效率较高。其中处理K120的节肥增效潜力显著,其2季夏玉米平均氮收获指数和氮素利用效率分别较处理N160提高5.38%和4.96%,是适宜的氮肥运筹方式。     

固定道耕作条件下秸秆覆盖对土壤水分变化和春小麦产量的影响

针对传统灌溉方式下大水漫灌所造成的水资源浪费,采用固定道耕作结合垄作沟灌并进行秸秆覆盖的方法,改传统耕作的大水漫灌为小水沟内侧渗灌,设置垄沟比例为2.23∶1。结果表明:固定道耕作秸秆覆盖(CTS)处理灌水沟内的水分水平侧渗范围比固定道耕作不覆盖(CT)处理宽约15 cm,在全生育期垄体保持了较好的水分,水分利用效率较CT处理提高3.4%;株高和千粒重优势明显,产量提高11.1%。     

GPS和GIS在草地资源调查中的应用

利用GPS和GIS技术获取了草地产草量，地形和土壤理化性质数据，给出了产草量和土壤理化性质在空间上的分布差异。分析了草地产草量与地形和土壤理化性质之间的相关关系。并根据灰色综合关联度指出了影响产草量的主要因素。     

水分对不同年代冬小麦品种干物质积累和转移的影响

选择河南中北部地区20世纪50年代以来的7个不同年代主栽冬小麦品种,在田间研究了水分对冬小麦品种干物质积累和转运、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,在冬小麦拔节和灌浆初期灌水可以明显增加干物质总量以及向营养器官的分配比例,可以增加花前营养器官贮藏的同化物向籽粒的转运量,为获得高产奠定了生理基础。在品种更替过程中,冬小麦的穗数与穗粒数无明显变化趋势,但千粒质量、收获指数、籽粒产量和WUE总体呈增加趋势。20世纪90年代以后的冬小麦品种花期前后贮藏的干物质总量大,对籽粒贡献率高,是现代品种高产的重要基础。     

保护性耕作对水土保持的影响

水土流失已成为制约我国农业可持续发展的主要因素,严重降低了土壤生产力。为解决这一问题,自20世纪90年代起,保护性耕作被引入中国,并相继建立了长期保护性耕作试验基地。该文综述了不同保护性耕作措施对水土保持影响的研究结果,通过平均值方法对黄土高原、东北黑土区和北方沙土区的试验数据进行对比,分析免耕秸秆覆盖、深松和传统耕作对土壤含水率、土壤水蚀、土壤风蚀及土壤肥力的影响规律。结果表明,与传统耕作相比,在黄土高原地区,免耕秸秆覆盖和深松的土壤含水量分别提高了13.6%和31.7%,水分利用效率分别提高了2.26和3.82 kg/（hm2·mm）。在东北黑土区,免耕秸秆覆盖和深松的土壤有机质、速效氮和速效磷的含量分别提高了14.8%和7.1%、10.8%和8.4%及10.8%和8.4%,免耕秸秆覆盖和深松的土壤平均径流量分别减少了32.8%和23.5%。在西北沙土区,免耕秸秆覆盖和深松保护性耕作措施能显著降低土壤风蚀速率,当风速为10 m/s时,土壤风蚀速率分别降低了90.2%和85.0%。      

发苗肥与发苗水层对再生稻发苗和产量的影响

【目的】探究再生稻发苗肥施量与发苗水层。【方法】以黄华占为试验材料,对发苗肥(头季收获后2 d撒施的肥料;尿素F0:0 kg/hm~2、F1:112.5 kg/hm~2、F2:225 kg/hm~2)和发苗水层(头季收割后15 d内田间的水层;W0:0 cm、W1:2 cm、W2:4 cm、W3:6 cm)进行裂区试验。【结果】F1、F2处理的苗桩比(再生苗数/稻桩数)、再生苗数、再生季产量均显著高于F0,涨幅分别为6.71%～9.40%、10.87%～15.33%、19.33%～20.20%。穗桩比(齐穗期穗数/稻桩数)表现为F2、F1处理均高于F0处理,其中F2处理显著高于F0处理。W2处理的穗桩比最高,W1、W2、W3处理的苗桩比、再生苗数、再生季产量均高于W0处理,其中W2处理的产量比W0处理高13.88%,达到显著水平。发苗肥和发苗水层均能改善再生季发苗环境,提高出苗速度和数量,但是发苗肥的作用更加显著。【结论】发苗水层对黄华占再生季发苗和产量均有一定程度的提高,发苗肥能显著提高黄华占再生季发苗和产量,水肥耦合效应下W2F1处理综合效益最佳。     

再生水灌溉对禾本科牧草产量和水分利用效率的影响

再生水灌溉条件下,禾本科牧草整个生长期耗水量略高于井水灌溉,但差异并不显著,表明在牧草播种当年及第二生长季内,试验所用再生水对所选禾本科牧草耗水量影响较小;与井水灌溉相比,再生水灌溉能增加禾本科牧草产量,但不同牧草之间表现存在差异,苇状羊茅、扁穗冰草、无芒雀麦产量虽有增加,但差异并不显著,再生水灌溉能显著增加披碱草第二生长季产量;除披碱草外,试验所用再生水对苇状羊茅、扁穗冰草、无芒雀麦水分利用效率及灌溉水分利用效率无显著影响。