城市封闭湖泊浮游甲壳动物种类组成及优势种季节变化

为了解城市封闭湖泊浮游甲壳动物种类组成及优势种的季节变化,于2015年6月至2016年5月对扬州市蜀冈湖进行为期1周年的调查。结果表明,蜀冈湖共检出浮游甲壳动物13属15种,其中枝角类2属4种,桡足类11属11种,桡足类中哲水蚤目的球状许水蚤(Schmackeria forbesi)、汤匙华哲水蚤(Sinocalanus dorrii)和剑水蚤目的毛饰拟剑水蚤(Paracyclops fimbriatus)、广布中剑水蚤(Mesocyclops leuckarti)为优势种。4种优势种丰度春夏季高于秋冬季,体长秋冬季大于春夏季;Pearson相关性分析显示,4种优势种丰度与水温呈正相关,体长与水温呈负相关(P0.05);2种哲水蚤优势种丰度还与氨态氮、总氮和叶绿素a呈正相关,与透明度呈负相关,体长与透明度呈正相关,与叶绿素a呈负相关(P0.05)。线性回归分析显示,水温显著影响优势种丰度和体长的季节变化。     

Seasonal Changes in Hoki (Macruronus novaezelandaie)

Abstract

Biological condition factors and proximate composition of hoki (Macruronus novaezelandaie) white muscle, dark muscle and liver vary considerably between individual fish and with season. Seasonal changes in the gonads and liver were correlated with concomitant changes in proximate composition of white muscle, dark muscle and liver. In white muscle there was an inverse relationship between protein and moisture content, while in dark muscle and the liver the inverse relationship was between lipid and moisture. These seasonal changes in proximate composition can be related to hoki's breeding cycle and have a direct effect on yields, quality and storage stability of products made from hoki.     

华阳河湖群叶绿素a浓度的季节动态和空间分布

为了探究华阳河湖群叶绿素a浓度的季节动态与空间分布规律,2016年4月(春季)、7月(夏季)、10月(秋季)和2017年1月(冬季),对华阳河湖群叶绿素a的季节动态及环境因子进行调查,在龙感湖、黄大湖和泊湖分别设置9个(S_1～S_9)、8个(S_(10)～S_(17))和7个(S_(18)～S_(24))采样点,共计24个采样点;通过分层聚类法分析叶绿素a的时空分布特征,并运用主成分分析法探讨了华阳河湖群叶绿素a与环境因子的关系。结果显示,华阳河湖群水体叶绿素a浓度呈现明显的时空分布特征,叶绿素a年均值为7.18μg/L,变化范围0.27～66.61μg/L,最大值出现在2016年10月(秋季),最小值出现在2017年1月(冬季);叶绿素a浓度的季节变化呈现夏、秋季较高,春、冬季较低的动态特征。在空间变化上,叶绿素a浓度在龙感湖最高,其次是泊湖,黄大湖最低。运用分层聚类分析法将华阳河湖群的叶绿素a的时空特征分为三类;主成分分析表明,水体中营养盐是影响叶绿素a季节动态和空间分布的主要环境因子,总氮在3个湖泊中与叶绿素a显著正相关,总磷与叶绿素a在泊湖和黄大湖呈负相关,而在龙感湖呈正相关。研究表明,越冬水鸟的排泄物对叶绿素a的时空分布有重要影响。     

Seasonal dynamics of microbial community in an aquaculture system for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Studies on bacterial abundance and diversity will improve the understanding of the microbial ecology to optimize aquaculture production, water quality, disease control and environmental impact of effluents. We comparatively evaluated an aquaculture system in dry and rainy seasons by Fluorescent in situ Hybridization (FISH) and culture‐dependent methodology. Overall, a negative correlation between seasonality in bacterial and flagellates abundance was observed. Alpha‐, beta‐, gamma‐proteobacteria and Cytophaga‐Flavobacter were observed with seasonal variation. Putative pathogenic bacteria such as coagulase‐negative Staphylococcus, non‐fermenter Gram‐negative rods (Pseudomonas sp. and Burkholderia sp.), and Enterobacteriaceae were also detected in this study with significant seasonal variation. Focusing on medically important bacteria, our data show that microbial diversity in the environment associated with aquaculture, as it is practiced, may be altered in growth ponds used for fish cultivation. As an ecological consequence, potentially pathogenic bacteria might be released in high concentrations to the downstream environments posing potential threats to human and animal health.     

长江中游浅水湖泊沉积物碳氮同位素特征及其来源分析

通过分析长江中游湖北地区4个浅水湖泊（鲁湖、花马湖、野潴湖、三山湖）沉积物中的有机碳（TOC）、总氮（TN）、碳氮比（C/N）、碳稳定同位素（δ13C）以及氮稳定同位素（δ15N）,探究藻型湖泊和草型湖泊沉积物间碳、氮稳定同位素组成差异性,并进行了有机污染评价和有机质与氮素来源分析。结果表明,4个浅水湖泊的有机污染严重,鲁湖、花马湖、野潴湖、三山湖的平均有机指数分别为0.86、1.05、0.53和2.71,均达到了有机污染的程度,平均有机氮污染指数分别为0.34、0.36、0.21和0.54,均达到了有机氮污染程度;藻型湖泊（花马湖和鲁湖）沉积物中δ13C和δ15N的变化范围分别为-3.126%～-2.260%和0.291%～0.731%,均值分别为（-2.885±0.275）%（n=10）和（0.486±0.168）%（n=10）;草型湖泊的δ13C、δ15N变化范围分别为-3.048%～-2.494%和0.411%～0.830%,均值分别为（-2.766±0.213）% （n=10）和（0.617±0.183）%（n=10）,藻型湖泊的δ13C要更加偏负,草型湖泊的δ15N更加偏正;利用C/N与δ13C对有机质来源进行定性分析,发现浮游植物的沉积构成了藻型湖泊沉积物有机质的主要成分,而草型湖泊中浮游植物、土壤有机质和维管束植物均有贡献。利用C/N与δ15N对沉积物氮素来源进行半定量分析,发现本研究所选取湖泊的沉积物氮行为与湖泊的草藻形态没有显著相关关系,需更详细的物源信息才可确定氮素来源。     

Seasonal variability in the abundance of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus (L.)) recorded using hydroacoustics in Windermere, UK and its implications for survey design

Abstract –  Hydroacoustic surveys are an important tool for assessing the abundance of Arctic charr ( Salvelinus alpinus (L.)) in lakes, the requirement for which is increasing because of new environmental legislation. Consequently, survey demand is now such that assessments must be undertaken with the minimum of effort compatible with scientific validity. One major complication is seasonal variability in abundance, with which surveyors have attempted to deal by defining somewhat arbitrary seasonal sampling windows. The definition of more objective windows was pursued by analysing variations in the seasonal abundance of Arctic charr in Windermere, UK, recorded using day and night hydroacoustic surveys at monthly intervals from 1991 to 2001. Two alternative sampling windows for night surveys free of significant internal seasonal effects were revealed, i.e., December to September and September to December. It was also found that day surveys gave a useful, although lower, estimate of abundance as compared with night surveys.     

Potential effects of global climate change on fisheries in the Trasimeno Lake (Italy), with special reference to the goldfish Carassius auratus invasion and the endemic southern pike Esox cisalpinus decline

Global climate changes have led to a gradual warming of the planet, resulting in decreased precipitation and rising temperatures in Mediterranean inland waters. In Trasimeno Lake, the largest shallow lake in Italy, some non‐native fish species have probably benefited from these changes as they are thermophilic and characterised by wider habitat preferences. Fish data collected by gillnets and fyke nets between 1956 and 2016, and by electrofishing in 1993 and 2014, were used to analyse changes over time in the fish community in relation to environmental conditions. An explosion in goldfish Carassius auratus (L.), following its introduction in 1988, coupled with water level fluctuations and reduced transparency, contributed to the reduction in commercial fish catch in the lake, and to the decline of the endemic southern pike Esox cisalpinus Bianco & Delmastro, already threatened by reduced spawning habitat and interspecific competition with other non‐native predatory fishes.     

Seasonal and interannual components of intrapopulation variation in clutch size and egg size of a darter

Abstract –  Previous studies have offered suggestive but sometimes conflicting glimpses at the range and patterns of seasonal and interannual variation in female darter life-history traits. The present study examined clutch-size and egg-size variation from a single Mississippi population of brighteye darters (Etheostoma lynceum ), collected at regular intervals over four sequential spawning seasons. Both life-history traits were significantly correlated with body size, and they both showed significant variation within and among breeding seasons. The overall intraseasonal trends in these traits involved an increase in clutch size (CS) and a decrease in egg size from early to late periods of the spawning season. Clutch size and egg size showed a weak but significant negative correlation, which was indicative of a trade-off between the two clutch parameters. Seasonal changes in temperature appear to be related to differing patterns of seasonal variation in egg size reported in the literature for darters. Inverse seasonal shifts in egg size and CS in the brighteye darter may represent adaptive phenotypic plasticity that allows females to produce larger, competitively superior offspring early in the reproductive season when there is low supply of food for them (parental investment hypothesis) or to produce larger eggs early in the reproductive season to ensure that each egg is adequately provisioned in the face of uncertainty (bet-hedging hypothesis) if the food available for the young is unpredictable early in the season. Consistent with theoretical predictions, egg size showed less phenotypic variability than CS.     

泸沽湖表层水体浮游动物种群结构及季节变化

2010年对泸沽湖表层水体的浮游动物进行了季节调查。结果表明:泸沽湖表层水体有浮游动物33科58属80种,其中,原生动物10科13属19种、轮虫10科22属32种、枝角类4科9属13种、桡足类3科8属10种、其他浮游动物6科6属6种。浮游动物密度219.4~2 200.3个/L,年均813.2个/L。其中,原生动物30.0~2 400.0个/L,年均660.7个/L,占81.25%;轮虫3.0~780.0个/L,年均145.4个/L,占17.88%;枝角类0~12.0个/L,年均4.1个/L,占0.50%;桡足类0~13.0个/L,年均2.7个/L,占0.33%;其他0~4.0个/L,年均0.3个/L,占0.04%。种类数的季节分布为春季55种、夏季48种、秋季71种、冬季63种;水平分布全湖以鸟岛区域和靠近草海处种类数最丰富,东部较西部丰富,南部较北部丰富,湖周种类较湖心丰富。密度的季节分布为春季693.2个/L、夏季903.4个/L、秋季933.0个/L、冬季722.9个/L;水平分布北部多于南部,东部和西部差距不大,湖心最深区域明显偏低。区系成分大都是生态幅较大的种类,以广温性种类为主,也有一些南方种和冷水性种类分布;生态型则以浮游型种类较多,底栖-周丛型也有一定数量。浮游动物4个类群的优势种都不十分突出,普通表壳虫(Arcella vulgaris)、独角聚花轮虫(Conochilus unicornis)、曲腿龟甲轮虫(Keratella valga)、针簇多肢轮虫(Polyarthra trigla)、透明溞(Daphnia hyaline)、长额象鼻溞(Bosmina longirostris)、西南荡镖水蚤(Neutrodiaptomus mariadvigae)、短尾近剑水蚤(Tropocyclops prasinus)常见。影响4个类群密度变动的主要水环境因素,原生动物食物条件,轮虫为水深、水温、总碱度和食物条件,枝角类为水温、溶解氧、矿化度和氨氮,桡足类为水温、透明度、氨氮和矿化度。     

威海湾营养盐季节变化特征及与环境因子的相关性分析

根据2006-2007年威海湾4个航次营养盐的调查资料,分析该海域海水中无机氮(DIN)、磷酸盐(PO43--P)和硅酸盐(SiO32--Si)的季节变化规律及其与环境因子的典型相关性。结果表明,NO3--N是DIN的主要存在形式,比例达50%以上。营养盐季节性变化明显,秋冬季DIN和PO43--P浓度较高,春夏季较低,SiO32--Si的变化则相反。四季DIN和PO43--P浓度均大于浮游植物生长阈值,仅冬季SiO23--Si浓度低于浮游植物生长阈值。冬季浮游植物生长的限制因子是Si,其他季节具有P限制的潜在性。营养盐和环境因子具有较大的典型相关性,其中,盐度、pH和NO3--N、PO43--P、SiO23--Si相关性最大,典型相关系数达到0.979。     

长寿湖浮游植物功能群季节变化及影响因子

研究浮游植物功能群落季节变化,探究其与环境因子之间的关系,揭示不同环境因子影响下浮游植物群落结构与演替规律,为长寿湖的保护、利用和管理提供科学依据。2013年3月至2014年2月对长寿湖7个采样点进行逐月调查,优势度≥0.02的物种为优势种,采样点相对生物量20%的功能群为重要功能群,运用多元分析方法对浮游植物功能群组成、季节变化及其与环境因子的关系进行了分析。结果表明:长寿湖有浮游植物7门11纲18目29科54属83种,其中45种浮游植物归入14个功能群,优势功能群为D、J、LO、MP、P、S1、SN、X2和Y。不同季节优势功能群存在明显差异,变化规律为:S1+Y→S1+SN→Y+J→D+Y,功能群Y是长寿湖代表性功能群,反映了水环境富营养化的特征。冗余分析(RDA)表明,长寿湖浮游植物功能群季节变化受环境因子影响较为明显,整体上,透明度(SD)、水温(WT)、电导率(EC)、光照强度(LUX)、溶解氧(DO)和总氮(TN)是影响长寿湖浮游植物功能群变化的主要环境因子。