双轴旋耕压槽播种开沟匀覆土作业机设计与试验*

针对目前小麦播种机械存在的播种质量差、播深稳定性差、复式作业程度低等问题,设计一种双轴旋耕压槽播种开沟匀覆土作业机,分析机具的工作原理,并根据实际作业需要,设计一种传动系统,计算出整机传动效率为0.716。为稳定开出5 cm宽,1~3 cm深的小麦种槽,设计一种特型的开槽轮,保证播种深度,提高播深与播宽稳定性;根据作业幅宽3 500 mm以及播种深度1~3 cm,确定绞龙长度与直径的参数,设计一种开沟匀覆土装置,采用左右两段绞龙机构,提高耕幅范围内的土壤平整度,并同样分左右两段绞龙机构,设计一种清土装置。田间对比试验表明样机的准确度为88.67%、离散度为45.45%、均匀度为73.74%,普通播种机的准确度为78.72%、离散度为39.38%、均匀度为44.83%。     

Improvement of Planosol Solum: Part 2, Optimization of Design of Roll-In Ploughs in Soil Bin Experiments

Soil bin tests were conducted in Japan to optimize the shape of a roll-in plough which was an improved form of the stand-up plough reported in Part 1 of this paper, for soil mixing of the second (Aw) and third (B) horizons to improve the planosol solum in China, leaving the first (Ap) horizon undisturbed. The stand-up type plough consisted of three plough bodies and had the least draught and gave good soil mixing in the work reported in the Part 1 paper. In order to improve the stand-up plough, the optimum radius of curvature of the mouldboard, the plough height and the working depth to achieve greater soil mixing, were determined with half-size model ploughs.The results showed that with the roll-in type of plough, there was a relation between the radius of curvature of the mouldboard, the plough height and the working depth to cause soil mixing by rolling in. Using half-size model ploughs, with a working depth of 200 mm (Aw horizon 100 mm+B horizon 100 mm), the best soil mixing was obtained when the height of the first plough body was 210 mm, the radius of curvature was 140 mm, the height of the second plough body was 250 mm and the radius of curvature was 167 mm.     

A Novel Approach to the Prediction of Tillage Tool Draught using a Standard Tine

An investigation was conducted to develop and validate a novel approach to the prediction of the draught required by primary tillage implements op- erating in field conditions. A methodology was developed based upon an existing force prediction model which describes the draught of a standard tine as the product of two factors, related to soil strength and tool geometry respectively. The methodology results in a two-step prediction procedure, which consists of (1) establishing, in a reference soil condition, some comparative draught relationships (tool index I) be- tween the standard tine and each tillage implement and, (2) measuring the draught of the standard tine in the field. The tool index relationships were determined under laboratory conditions for a number of single tillage tools over a range of working depths, and the methodology was validated in four field conditions, namely: two friable sandy-loams, a compact clay and a plastic clay soil. Predicted draughts were on average within 18% of the measured values. In the friable soil conditions, the average prediction errors for the tine tools, mouldboard body and disc tool were 14%, 16% and 30% respectively. The corresponding errors for the same tools in the plastic clay were 18%, 26% and 26% respectively.     

Force-Time Behaviour of Flat Tines in Dry Sand

Studies conducted in a laboratory soil bin filled with dry sand indicated that the nature of soil reactions on tines of 90° rake angle were cyclic for tine aspect ratios (width/depth) of 0·6 and greater. For tine aspect ratio of four, soil reactions were observed to be cyclic for all the tine rake angles studied (15-140°), These variations were found to be closely related to the observed soil failure patterns. Wave ratio (wave length/tine depth) for tines with a rake angle of 90° increased with increase in tine aspect ratio up to four. The amplitude of cyclic variations in draught increased with tine width for a rake angle of 90°.     

垄上深松灭茬起垄机的设计与试验

针对现有深松灭茬机深松灭茬作业效果差、阻力大、功耗大及作业效率低等问题,设计了一种五行垄上深松灭茬起垄机。设计深松铲的结构参数为:长度55mm,宽度22mm,高度600mm,圆弧部分入土竖直距离250mm,纵向距离300mm,入土角22°,切削刃角60°,楔刃高度19mm。设计灭茬刀的结构参数为:正切刃滑切角16°、弯折角112°、切削宽度41 mm、刀端点回转半径350mm、弯曲半径35mm、刀刃口厚度5mm,并安装在刀辊上。同时,设计了前端部下边长560mm、上边长390mm、后端部下边长360mm,上边长260mm、罩体长度650mm的起垄部件,与深松铲、灭茬刀辊组成深松灭茬起垄机。田间性能试验结果表明:相比于行业内标准,所有工况下深松灭茬起垄机深松深度稳定性系数平均提高3.15%、灭茬深度稳定性系数平均提高3.69%、灭茬率平均提高10.58%、碎土率平均提高8.26%,其作业后犁底层土壤容重明显降低,成垄高度和宽度满足农艺要求,作业性能与效果优良。     

立旋式驱动型联合整地机的设计与试验

针对新疆常规联合整地机对黏重土壤播前整地作业耙深稳定性差、碎土率低及地表平整度低等问题,在结合新疆农业对播前整地作业要求、土壤特性等因素的基础上,设计了一种立旋式驱动型联合整地机,并完成整机的加工试制.通过对关键零部件的设计及理论分析,确定了传动系统、平土杠和钉齿镇压辊等零部件的结构参数,并通过运动分析确定耙齿转速为4...     

Improvement of Planosol Solum: Part 4, Field Experiments with Prototype Roll-In and Drop-Down Ploughs

This paper deals with the design of prototype roll-in and drop-down ploughs and field tests on a planosol solum in China to obtain mixing of the second (Aw) and third (B) horizons to improve the planosol solum, leaving the first (Ap) horizon undisturbed.The field test results showed that the drop-down plough was effective for mixing of the Aw and B horizon of the planosol solum. However, a new problem was encountered, in that the ploughing of the Aw horizon produced large clods, and the Ap horizon crumbled and dropped down among the large clods and reached lower horizons. The roll-in plough was not effective for soil mixing because planosol solum was much harger than the pseudogley soil used in soil-bin tests in Japan. The roll-in plough bodies simply penetrated into the soil such as subsoilers do.     

新型锐角开沟器的设计及数值模拟

针对锐角开沟器土壤扰动大的问题,根据旗鱼头部轮廓曲线设计了3种新型锐角开沟器(仿生旗鱼型、圆弧型和斜线型开沟器)。选择土壤含水率(12±1)%、2种开沟深度(30、90 mm),利用离散元法(DEM)对3种开沟器的工作阻力和土壤扰动进行仿真分析,并进行土槽试验。试验与仿真结果对比表明:各项误差值均在合理范围内,验证了EDEM软件模拟开沟器作业的可行性和准确性。最后选定在开沟深度60mm时,3种类型开沟器、3种土壤含水率为因素进行9种工况下的仿真分析。结果表明:在一定深度情况下,3种开沟器的工作阻力均随含水率的增加而增大;而在含水率变化的情况下,开沟器对土壤扰动(扰动宽度、回土深度)变化不明显。仿生旗鱼型开沟器所受工作阻力和对土壤扰动最小。通过离散元仿真和试验分析,为开沟器的设计提供一种可行的方法,并可为开沟器的设计与优化提供理论依据。     

深松耕作对土壤水分物理特性及作物生长的影响

通过对两种土壤深松耕作及传统耕作的对比试验研究，表明深松耕作可有效打破犁底层，使土壤容重降低0．1t／m3，孔隙度增大3．6％～4．0％，110cm上体内可多蓄纳雨水15．2～17．5mm。对粘壤上深松耕作可提高土壤的入渗能力，而对粉砂壤土则没有提高。同传统耕作相比，深松耕作可明显提高夏玉米的根长、根深及根量，为有效利用土壤水分及养分创造了条件．可使夏玉米产量提高5．7％～11．3％。     

Deformation and Failure in Wet Clay Soil: Part 2, Soil Bin Experiments

Tests of soil cutting by wide tines were conducted in wet clay soil. Force-displacement curves were obtained and the soil deformation patterns were observed and analysed with the help of a painted grid. The tine experiment showed that the soil deformation pattern depended on the tool rake angle (the angle between the tine face and the horizontal soil surface). For small rake angles, soil deformed in a narrow zone leading up from the tool tip and there were tensile cracks near the tool tip. For bigger rake angles, soil in front of the tool failed by distortion with small shear lines and big soil-soil slip lines. For rake angles equal to or bigger than 90° an elliptical wedge formed. Passive earth pressure theory did not describe the deformations observed in these wet clay soil conditions.     

反旋深松联合作业耕整机设计与试验

针对现有深松旋耕联合作业机多为深松部件在前、旋耕部件在后的组合结构,较少考虑各工作部件作业时之间的相互影响,本文基于深松部件、旋耕部件作业之间的交互作用,设计一种用于深耕的反旋深松联合作业耕整机,通过旋耕、深松、镇压多工序实现表层土壤细碎、秸秆埋覆,深层土壤疏松目的。整机以提高作业质量、减少作业阻力为设计目标,运用离散元仿真与正交试验、有限元仿真结合进行整机参数优化。离散元仿真结果表明:机具作业速度v_m为1.8 km/h、刀轴转速n为350 r/min、旋耕刀类型X为IIT195弯刀时,机具作业壅土量为5 283个土壤颗粒,植被覆盖率为98.37%,此时综合作业质量较优;有限元仿真结果验证了深松铲设计强度满足作业要求。以较优参数组合为基础的田间试验结果表明:反旋深松联合作业耕整机旋耕深度、深松深度、地表平整度、土壤膨松度分别为182.8 mm、388.4 mm、18.3 mm、17.22%;旋耕深度稳定性、深松深度稳定性、植被覆盖率均在90%以上,完全满足深层土壤整地需求;与深松旋耕联合整地机相比,反旋深松联合作业耕整机在不影响作业效果前提下,提高了耕深稳定性、植被覆盖率,同时使牵引阻力降低了16.21%,作业稳定性、可靠性较好。     

黄土高原土石山区碎石分布特征及其导水性质分析

天水凤凰山中等风化变质岩碎块含量随土层增加含量增大;各层土体中粒级为2~5 mm碎石含量在各坡位变异小,坡中、坡下处粒径大于25 mm碎石含量相对高;铜川崾崄梁坡上土体的风化沉积岩碎石含量有随着土层加深有增大的趋势,其他坡位该趋势不明显,含量最高的为10~30 mm碎石;泾阳张家山卵石含量在坡位和土层上分布差异较小,粒径10~30 mm碎石含量最高。中等风化的块状碎石构成的土石介质的饱和导水率(ks)与土石比(土壤和碎石的质量比)关系呈对数关系,而片块状沉积岩碎屑构成的土石介质的ks与土石比关系呈正比线性关系;而椭圆卵石构成的碎石构成的土石介质ks与土石比无明显关系。     

Deep percolation during prolonged ponding of a swelling soil,and the effect of gypsum treatment

A sodic clay soil (a Vertisol) was instrumented from a 5 m deep pit to avoid the problems of preferential cracking around surface installations. Infiltration rates and changes in water content and vertical swelling at a number of depths in the soil profile were measured during prolonged ponding (139 and 160 days on separate plots). Essentially no deep percolation in one plot contrasted with a substantial amount (6.6 mm day^?1) in the second, gypsum-treated plot, with obvious consequences for changes in ground-water level. A method of calculating deep percolation is presented which takes into account the effects of swelling.     

高茬黏重稻茬田油菜直播埋茬防堵深施肥复合装置研究

针对长江中下游稻油轮作区油菜直播作业时,因土壤黏重板结,地表前茬水稻留茬高、留存秸秆量大,导致旋耕部件易缠绕,秸秆埋覆率低,致使深施肥铲易挂草壅堵,作业厢面拖堆不平,难以实现深施肥作业。本文设计一种适应高茬黏重稻茬田的油菜直播埋茬防堵深施肥复合作业装置,确定埋茬防堵部件深旋弯刀、浅旋弯刀、防堵直刀和深施肥铲的结构参数及刀片和深施肥铲排列安装方式。利用EDEM仿真分析了机具作业后的秸秆埋覆、空间分布及颗粒肥料深施后的分布深度,结果表明：作业速度为2.5 km/h、耕作深度为150 mm、埋茬防堵部件刀辊转速为345 r/min时,秸秆埋覆率为86.53%、施肥深度为83～106 mm。开展了油菜直播机4种田间作业工况验证试验,结果表明：埋茬防堵深施肥复合作业装置田间作业性能良好,实现了肥料深施,秸秆埋覆率为86.69%～90.35%、厢面平整度为16.48～22.65 mm、施肥深度为87.4～109.5 mm、碎土率为81.24%～92.13%。     

雪茄烟叶可调式苗床起垄铺膜机设计与试验

针对我国雪茄烟叶种植苗床整理阶段工序繁琐、农艺要求高、工作量大、效率低且缺乏专用机具,现有其他作物的苗床整理机具主要适用沙壤土的作业环境且多采用被动起垄,在我国雪茄烟叶种植区域偏黏性土质工况下起垄效果差的问题,结合雪茄烟叶根系生长特点与苗床农艺要求,设计了雪茄烟叶可调式苗床起垄铺膜机,可实现旋耕、深施肥、起垄、铺膜和膜边覆土的一体化作业。根据起垄成形原理及垄形要求,确定了旋耕集土作业参数,对整形镇压辊进行了结构设计及力学分析,阐述了苗床高度调节原理,匹配了机具前进速度、旋耕集土起垄装置转速与整形镇压辊转速之间的速度关系,并结合地膜破损条件和膜边覆土影响因素,分析确定了压边轮和覆土圆盘的结构及工作参数。田间试验表明,作业后垄体的平均垄高为277.4 mm、垄基宽为701.8 mm、垄距为1 230.2 mm、垄沟宽为514.4 mm,垄高、垄基宽、垄距及垄沟宽的稳定性系数均大于94%;两种工况下的平均膜边覆土宽度分别为71.7、75.6 mm,稳定性系数分别为88.87%、87.00%,各项试验指标均满足雪茄烟叶种植要求。     

Movement of water in restructured saline and sodic clay topsoils under a rainfall simulator

The nature of water movement through freely draining saturated and field moist aggregates of saline sodic clay topsoil was studied using 200 mm long columns filled with soil aggregates. Water containing tritium as a tracer was supplied either by means of rainfall simulator or directly to the surface of the soil under a negative pressure head of 500 Pa.The proportion of macropore and micropore flow was elucidated. The micropores of the aggregates were shown to convey very little water (0.013 mm h⁻) and hence, even at low rainfall intensities water was expected to move down through the macropores. In practice, at a low water application rate of 0.6 mm h⁻ drainage did not begin from the base of the column until the aggregates had become fully saturated due to mobile water in the macropores being continuously absorbed into the micropores. The results, however, indicated that extensive rapid bypassing does occur at medium and high rainfall intensities ( > 2.3 mm ⁻) , with the result that a large proportion of the water falling on the unsaturated plough layers of clay soils is drained before the topsoil becomes saturated.The soil absorbed water continuously during the application of the equivalent of a wetter than average winter's rain (400 mm), the rate of absorption being directly proportional to the amount of salt leached.Tritium, used as a tracer, was found to be preferentially absorbed by the clay during the leaching process, the concentration in the soil water rising to 1.8 times that of the applied tritiated water.     

土壤干缩裂缝几何特征对入渗的影响

通过碘-淀粉染色示踪试验,结合数字图像处理技术,分析了裂缝宽度、深度及表面裂缝面积率3个裂缝表征参数对土壤水分入渗的影响。研究结果表明:大裂缝即实际宽度大于1.25 cm的裂缝,其入渗深度超过45 cm,能够促进土壤水分入渗,为水分运移提供明显的优先通道,随着大裂缝宽度的增加,入渗深度在45~65 cm范围内变化,没有明显的规律,小裂缝对入渗的作用不明显。裂缝深度较小时,土壤水分可看作一维半无限均匀运动,而深度较大的裂缝对入渗的影响显著,土壤水分运移表现出明显的优先流特征。表面裂缝面积率与湿润的土体体积具有良好的正相关关系(r=0.95),建立了一元回归模型,并提出以表面裂缝面积率作为裂缝对入渗影响程度的表征指标,面积率越大,裂缝对入渗的作用越明显。     

A Geometrical Analysis of Inclined and Tilted Spherical Plough Discs

An analysis is presented of the effect of disc geometry in relation to its areas of contact with soil at the working depth, treating the disc as a segment of a thin spherical shell. In addition, the effects of the disc angle of tilt, the disc angle of inclination to its direction of motion and the working depth are examined in detail. Shallow and deep disc concavities are considered. A presentation is made of formulae derived for disc critical angle and depth and for bearing and pressure areas of contact with the soil on vertical and horizontal planes. In addition, a study was made of the overlapping of soil working areas when adjacent discs are working in a gang arrangement. The effects of inside and outside sharpening of the circumferential edge of the disc are also examined.For the practical range of tilt angle (15° to 25°) and disc angle (35° to 55°) it is shown that the bearing area of the rear spherical area of discs is zero, so there is no soil contact with the rear surface of the disc. The vertical pressure area is only slightly affected by tilt angle and there is little difference for the two disc concavities. Disc angle and working depth have significant effects on this area. The horizontal presssure area is not affected by disc angle over its practical range. It has larger values for the 81 mm concavity than for the 51 mm concavity and is significantly influenced by tilt angle and working depth. Discs working in a gang, have overlapping of the areas of soil cut for disc angles and spacings (180 to 300 mm) adopted in practice. The area cut by an individual disc is not markedly affected by disc angle. Inside and outside sharpening does not significantly affect the overall findings concerning critical disc parameters. The flat bevelled surface formed by outside sharpening will generally be in contact with soil over the practical range of tilt and disc angles.     

Models for estimating capillary rise in a heavy clay soil with a saline shallow water table

Summary Shallow saline water tables underlie large areas of the clay soils in the Murray basin of Australia. Accurate estimation of capillary rise is important in formulating management strategies to avoid degradation of such soils. Measured capillary rise from a saline water table was compared with capillary rise estimated by three mathematical models of varying complexity and input requirement. A quasi steady state analytical model (QS-SAM), a transient state analytical model (TSAM) and a numerical model (NM) were used. An undisturbed heavy clay soil core of 0.75 m diameter and 1.4m deep was subjected to a static saline water table at 1.2 m from the surface. A wheat crop was grown on the core and the weekly capillary rise from the water table was measured. The electrical conductivity of a 1:2 soil: water extract was determined at 0.15 m depth intervals before and 21 weeks after the introduction of the saline water table. The QSSAM did not satisfactorily estimate the initial wetting of the subsoil and the estimated capillary rise was considerably lower than the measured values. Capillary rise estimated by the TSAM was reasonably close to the measured values, but the weekly rates fluctuated considerably. The NM estimated capillary rise quite satisfactorily throughout the experiment. Except near the soil surface, the electrical conductivity values estimated by the NM were close to the measured values. For estimating total capillary rise over large areas, the TSAM is preferred over the NM because of its fewer input requirements and shorter execution time.     

Shallow subsurface drainage in an irrigated vertisol with a perched water table

Waterlogging and salinity are reducing the productivity of irrigated agriculture on clay soils in south east Australia. We compared five drainage treatments: (1) undrained control (Control); (2) mole drains (Mole); (3) mole drains formed beneath gypsum-enriched slots (GES) (Mole + GES); (4) shallow pipe drains installed beneath GES (Shallow Pipe); (5) deep pipe drains (Deep Pipe). The experiment was set out on a vertisol and our measurements were made during the growth of an irrigated onion crop.

Over the 3 months before the spring irrigations commenced, the perched water table on the Control was less than 400 mm below the soil surface for 27% of the time, whereas the shallow drainage treatments (Treatments 2, 3 and 4) reduced this time to less than 4%. During the irrigation season, the perched water table on the Mole + GES treatment rose above 400 mm for 3% of the time. The perched water table on the Mole treatment was above 400 mm for 14% of the time, compared with 19% of the time on the Control. The Deep Pipes were less effective in reducing the depth to the perched water table, both before and during the irrigation period.

Mole drains increased the gas-filled porosity above the drains. However, the gas-filled porosity remained below reported levels for optimum root growth. Although the drains effectively drained excess water, and lowered the water table, the hydraulic gradient was insufficient to remove all of water from the macropores. Gypsum enriched slots above the mole drains increased the gas-filled porosity in the slots but the drainable porosity in the undisturbed soil appeared to be inadequate for optimum root growth, even though some drainage occurred near the slots.

Discharge from the shallow drainage treatments averaged 58 mm for each irrigation, and was considerably more than the amount required to drain the macropores. The mole channels were in reasonably good condition at the end of the irrigation season, with at least 70% of the cross-sectional area of the channel open.

Shallow subsurface drains increased onion yield by about 38%. For each day the water table was above 400 mm, the yield declined by 0.23 tonnes per hectare. Farmer adoption of shallow subsurface drainage will depend on the long-term economic benefits (influenced by the longevity of the mole channels and yields response) and the need to develop more sustainable management practices.