鸡腺胃型传染性支气管炎的诊治

鸡腺胃型传染性支气管炎简称腺胃传支,是由鸡腺胃型传染性支气管炎病毒引起的一种以腺胃肿大、腺胃乳头出血、溃疡为主要特征的传染性疫病,该病多发生于雏鸡,成鸡也有发病,发病率可达100%,死亡率在3%～90%.近几年,随着养鸡业的迅速发展,本病呈扩散流行趋势,给养鸡业造成巨大的经济损失.     

家禽鹦鹉热

鹦鹉热是自然疫源性衣原体病。在自然情况下，野鸟，特别是鹦鹉的感染率较高，所以称为鹦鹉热。该病也可以传染给人，是由于接触带衣原体的家禽或鸟而感染，是典型的动物源性传染病。家禽多为隐性感染，主要特征为结膜炎、鼻炎及腹泻，严重时可流行。本病在欧、美各国及非洲分布广，危害极大。我国于二十世纪八十年代从鸽、鸭、鸡等禽中分离出该病衣原体，人也有感染的报道，所以必须加强对鹦鹉热的防治。     

Psittacine proventricular dilatation syndrome in an umbrella cockatoo

Psittacine proventricular dilatation syndrome (macaw wasting disease) is a fatal disease of the gastrointestinal tract and, sometimes, the CNS. The disease most often affects macaws and is thought to be of viral origin. An Umbrella cockatoo was referred with signs of neurologic dysfunction. Other unusual findings included flaccid crop, distended duodenum, and acute weight loss. Because treatment has not been reported to be effective, the affected cockatoo was euthanatized to limit spread of the disease.     

Normal and Abnormal Parrot Behavior

Behavior and behavior-associated issues are an important part of psittacine medicine. However, many veterinarians have an approach to parrots from the basics of handling and restraint to their assessment of behavioral issues (e.g., feather plucking), that fails to take into account the importance of understanding a bird’s natural behavior in the wild, and how these actions can be adapted to optimize interactions between the bird and their human owners. Understanding how to influence parrot behavior by positive reinforcement rather than punishment is key to improving the welfare of these captive birds and their owners.     

Blindness as a sign of proventricular dilatation disease in a grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus erithacus)

An approximately eight-year-old female grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus erithacus) was presented with a two months history of blindness. The radiographic examination showed a dilatation of the proventriculus, ventriculus and gut. Ophthalmoscopy and electroretinography revealed degeneration of the retina. A proventricular dilatation disease was suspected. The bird was euthanased because of deteriorating condition and poor prognosis. The pathological examination showed an atrophy of the ventricular muscles and lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates of the myenteric plexus of the proventriculus, ventriculus and gut as well as moderate lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates of the cerebrum with moderate neuronophagia. Lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates in the retina, indicating proventricular dilatation disease, and subsequent retinal degeneration were found. A potential common aetiology for proventricular dilatation disease and blindness is discussed.     

环境丰容在鹦鹉展区中的应用

2007年12月～2008年8月,通过进行笼内环境生态化布置、改变食物投喂方式、投放玩具等方式,对上海动物园葵花凤头鹦鹉实施了丰容试验,并通过对3只葵花凤头鹦鹉的行为观察进行了丰容效果的评价。结果表明：丰容促进了鹦鹉身体各部位协调性;休息行为减少,活动行为增加;异常行为减少;丰容区域利用率大于非丰容区。针对动物园鹦鹉饲养中存在的一些问题,本文提出了几点建议：保证视线无障碍设施的防撞、防逃逸、通风、保洁＇加强饲养员的专业知识培训和责任性教育i针对不同物种采取不同丰容方式并定期维护及更换丰容设施;经常开展国际交流,提升丰容水平等。     

Radiographic determination of proventricular diameter in psittacine birds

OBJECTIVE: To establish an objective method of determining proventricular diameter in psittacine birds by assessment of lateral whole-body radiographic views. DESIGN: Retrospective case-control study. ANIMALS: 100 parrots with no signs of gastric disease and 19 parrots with signs of gastric disease. PROCEDURES: Measurements were obtained for the following variables: proventricular diameter at the level of the junction between the last thoracic vertebra and synsacrum, maximum distance between the dorsal serosa of the proximal aspect of the proventriculus and dorsal border of the sternum, maximum coelomic cavity height at the level of the proximal aspect of the proventriculus, and maximum dorsoventral height of the keel of the sternum. The ratio of proventricular diameter to each of those measurements was calculated and compared among species within the group without signs of gastric disease and between the gastric and nongastric disease groups. RESULTS: No significant differences were seen among species of parrots without signs of gastric disease for any ratio, but there were significant differences between parrots with gastric signs and those without gastric signs for all ratios. Only the proventricular diameterto-maximum dorsoventral height of the keel of the sternum ratio had no numeric overlap between groups. Sensitivity and specificity of the ratio for detection of proventricular enlargement were both 100%. Six causes associated with proventricular enlargement were identified. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Evaluation of the proventricular diameter-to-keel height ratio is a new method for evaluating proventricular size in psittacines. Ratio values < 0.48 indicate normal proventricular diameter and the absence of proventricular disease.     

Parrot psychology and behavior problems.

Behavior modification training, like veterinary medicine, is an exacting science, requiring a knowledge of not only wild avian behavior, but of child and adult human behavior as well. It is important to note that absolutely any changes in a bird's or its owner's environment may trigger a vast assortment undesirable behaviors. Some behavior problems are simple, but most have multiple causes and each of those causes must be determined and corrected before a high rate of success is evident. As in veterinary medicine, some birds respond to general "shotgun" techniques; however, parrots are intelligent and complex creatures. They consider themselves an integral part of their human "flock" and respond as such. Most commonly seen negative behaviors can be altered, at least to some extent, and, in most cases, they can be alleviated completely. Yelling at the bird, striking it, or any other type of confrontational behavior modification technique is virtually useless and can actually worsen most situations. A high percentage of success involves extensive history taking, an understanding of human and wild animal flock behavior, and the time to create a complete program for each individual and its owner.     

Myocarditis as a component of psittacine proventricular dilatation syndrome in a Patagonian conure.

Psittacine proventricular dilatation syndrome was diagnosed at necropsy in a Patagonian conure. Gross and histopathological lesions in the proventriculus, ventriculus, and brain were similar to those previously reported. In addition, severe myocarditis was a prominent feature of this case, a finding not previously defined as a significant component of the condition.     

我国鹦鹉资源及其市场开发

鹦鹉泛指鹦形目的热带鸟类，它们具有体态优雅，羽色艳丽多彩的特点，有的还能模仿人语，具有表演技艺，所以成为古今中外驰名的观赏鸟。养殖鹦鹉不仅可以观赏，减少对野生资源的过度捕猎，保护生态环境，而且具有十分可观的经济价值。近年来，我国鹦鹉养殖已较为普遍，并     

鹦鹉常见细菌病的病原菌分离与鉴定

鹦鹉饲养过程中常见的细菌病主要包括大肠杆菌病、传染性鼻炎、禽霍乱、传染性眼炎等。通过对鹦鹉常见疫病的病原菌进行分离鉴定,探讨了鹦鹉常见细菌病的主要致病菌的类型以及行之有效的防治方案。试验结果表明,引起鹦鹉常见细菌病的主要致病菌有大肠杆菌、鸡副嗜血杆菌、多杀性巴氏杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和耐药性链球菌。     

鹦鹉眼炎病原菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

鹦鹉眼炎为鹦鹉饲养过程中最常见疾病,该病常会导致鹦鹉观赏价值下降,同时也成为人们健康的隐患。本试验通过取患鸟的眼部分泌物进行病原分离鉴定及药敏试验的研究,探讨引起鹦鹉眼炎的主要致病菌的类型,抗生素对鹦鹉眼炎主要致病菌的抑制效果。试验结果显示,引起鹦鹉眼炎的病原菌为大肠杆菌,42种抗生素中的氧氟沙星和环丙沙星体外抑菌效果最佳。将上述菌种进行动物接种试验,成功复制出本病,应用含有氧氟沙星成分的眼药水治疗,有明显疗效。据此可提出有效防治措施,为鹦鹉眼炎疾病防治提供参考依据。     

Encephalitis, proventricular and ventricular myositis, and myenteric ganglioneuritis in an umbrella cockatoo

Myenteric ganglioneuritis and encephalomyelitis were diagnosed in an umbrella cockatoo. The cockatoo exhibited clinical signs that were milder than those associated with this syndrome, such as anorexia, muscle wasting, regurgitation, depression, and changes in fecal consistency. The gross lesions also differed from earlier reports in that only the duodenum and proximal jejunum were grossly dilated. Normally the proventriculus and ventriculus are dilated without visible intestinal changes. The histopathological lesions, however, such as perivascular cuffs in the brain stem and muscular mass of the ventriculus and proventriculus, were similar to earlier reports. A virus was suspected, although transmission and isolation of a virus has not occurred in other reports and was not attempted in this case.