陕北东亚钳蝎血淋巴特性初测

为探明陕北野生东亚钳蝎血淋巴的一般生理生化特性,采用针刺毛细管法提取蝎血淋巴,测定其渗透压、pH、总蛋白质含量、细胞数目及类型等多项特性。结果显示,陕北野生蝎的新鲜淋巴液为淡琥珀色,占体重的4.64%;其渗透压相当于0.6%NaCl溶液的渗透压;pH6.4~6.7,偏酸性;总蛋白质含量为27.013mg/mL。醋酸纤维薄膜电泳分离蝎血淋巴血清蛋白质,可见7条明显条带。血淋巴中的细胞数为1.79×107个/mL,可分为5种不同类型,其中原血细胞占75.37%,类绛色细胞占1.73%,浆血细胞占2.30%,囊血细胞占21.31%,粒血细胞占1.98%。这些研究结果为陕北蝎的人工养殖及蝎资源的进一步开发和利用积累了系列技术参数,具有非常重要的基础理论和现实意义。     

Digestive enzyme inhibitors and storage pest resistance in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) seeds

Summary Amylase and trypsin inhibitors are proteins which inhibit digestive enzymes. The loss of the activity of these enzymes produces a reduction of starch and protein digestion. Amylase and trypsin inhibitor activity have been investigated in seeds of 20 cowpea lines in trying to establish their role in the storage pest resistance. A broad variation has been observed for both the inhibitors. Correlation analysis between inhibitor levels and extent of attack has shown that neither amylase nor trypsin inhibitors can separately explain the resistance to Callosobruchus maculatus (F.). Lines bruchid resistant in fact, have high levels of both inhibitors. Conversely lines with low levels of amylase and trypsin inhibitors are bruchid susceptible. The breeding for high contents of both amylase and trypsin inhibitors can be an effective way to obtain lines with resistance to storage pest.     

Rapid detection of S-glycoproteins of self-incompatible crucifers using Con-A reaction

Summary As S-specific glycoproteins react with concanavalin A (ConA), they could be stained sensitively with ConA-FITC after cellulose acetate isoelectric focusing of stigma proteins in self-incompatible crucifers. By this method the S genotype of an individual plant could be inferred within 4 h using 4 flowers. This simple and rapid method may be applicable for describing S genotypes in practical F₁ breeding.     

Identification of cultivars of pasture legumes (Centrosema macrocarpum,C. pubescens and C. sp.n.) by acid polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of cotyledons storage proteins

Summary An electrophoretic procedure was developed for storage proteins which can discriminate cultivars of forage legumes, Centrosema macrocarpum, C. pubescens and C. sp.n. Proteins extracted from cotyledons were separated in 10% polyacrylamide gel containing 10% sucrose. Electrophoretic patterns are presented to illustrate the results that can be obtained with the procedure described. Cultivars of all three species were distinguishable based upon the variation in their acid soluble seed proteins.Joint publiccation of the Department of Food Science, University of Manitoba (No 101) and Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical-CIAT.     

棉花纤维素合酶复合体蛋白的分离与鉴定

选用开花后24 d的棉纤维提取原生质膜,用Triton X-100溶解后通过纤维素合酶1(Gossypium hirsutum cellulose synthase1,GhCESAl)抗体进行免疫共沉淀(Co-Immunoprecipitation,Co-IP),以聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE)分离免疫共沉淀的产物,用液相色谱-质谱联用仪(Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry,LC-MS)进行鉴定.结果表明,棉纤维纤维素合酶复合体可能存在68种蛋白,其中包括8种纤维素合酶(Cellolose synthse,CESA),它们涵盖了棉纤维初生壁和次生壁2种类型纤维素合酶.这说明在次生壁形成的细胞中存在2种类型CESA.本研究也表明复合体中存在非CESA蛋白.     

棉花纤维素生物合成相关蛋白的抗体制备

 棉花纤维细胞生长过程中,有多种蛋白质参与纤维素的合成,为了深入研究这些蛋白质的功能,制备它们的抗体具有重要意义。本研究分别用化学合成多肽和原核表达蛋白制备的可溶性蛋白、可复性包涵体以及包涵体颗粒作为抗原,制备了棉花纤维素合酶CESA1、CESA2和SUSY1、β-1,4-glucanase、β-1,3-glucanase和Callose synthase的抗体。结果表明,化学合成多肽和原核表达蛋白均可用于抗体制备,制得的抗体可用于棉花纤维素合成相关蛋白的检测。     

Distribution of the cis-sabinene hydrate acetate-chemotype in accessions of marjoram (Origanum majorana L.)

The bicyclic monoterpenes cis-sabinene hydrate and cis-sabinene hydrate acetate are considered to be responsible for the special flavor of marjoram (Origanum majorana L.). Analysis of single plants of different marjoram accessions revealed the presence of a chemotype that divided the samples into two groups, with cis-sabinene hydrate acetate present either at high amounts of above 19% or at low amounts below 2%. Additionally, an arrow negative correlation of the concentration of cis-sabinene hydrate to its acetate was observed (R² = 0.92).Since no trans-sabinene hydrate acetate could be found in the analyzed samples, the formation of cis-sabinene hydrate acetate seems to be a result of a specific enzymatic conversion in marjoram. Among 20 accessions ofmarjoram studied, 17 were heterogeneous for the cis-sabinene hydrate acetate chemotype with frequencies of the low cis-sabinene hydrate acetate type between10% and 50%. If further sensorial studies can give leads as to which of the two compounds contributes to the preferred flavor, the variation observed in this study among natural populations could be used in breeding towards an optimized quality of marjoram. The analytical technique applied in this study can be used to screen high sample numbers with a reasonable effort and time. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Cell wall physicochemical aspects of peach fruit related to internal breakdown symptoms

The aim of this study was to dissect the physicochemical aspects of cell wall components in relation to chilling injury symptoms, expressed as flesh browning and postulated as internal breakdown in the present study, in a non-melting peach cultivar (Prunus persica L. Batsch, cv. Andross) during ripening after 4 weeks cold storage at 5 °C. Uronic acids, neutral sugars and cellulose contents were assayed in order to determine the correlation between them and flesh browning. Cation distribution in cell wall material and activities of pectin-modifying enzymes were also monitored. Uronic acid content was higher in both water-soluble and -insoluble pectin fractions in sound peach fruit compared to fruit with internal breakdown symptoms. The chilling-injured fruit were characterized by 26% higher content in total neutral sugars compared to sound fruit, which was mainly attributed to increased galactose, arabinose and glucose contents, whereas tissue derived from sound fruit had a 27% higher cellulose content compared to chilling-injured tissue. Decreased activities of both polygalacturonase and pectin methyl esterase, accompanied by decreased levels of cation binding in the cell walls, primarily of calcium, were recorded in the brown-fleshed tissue. Since the examined tissues originated from fruit subjected to common storage treatments, differences reported here are related to the development of internal breakdown symptoms.     

转反义TRX s基因对小麦萌发过程中储藏蛋白降解的影响

以转反义TRX s基因豫麦18和对照（豫麦18）为试材,测定了小麦种子萌发过程中胚乳内thiocalsin、苹果酸脱氢酶、谷丙转氨酶的活性以及游离氨基酸含量的变化。结果表明,反义TRX s基因的导入能够增加对thiocalsin和苹果酸脱氢酶的抑制,降低其活性,使储存蛋白更难于被降解,谷丙转氨酶增高的速度减慢,种子氨基酸代谢减弱。说明蛋白质代谢缓慢是转反义TRX s基因小麦抗穗发芽的一个主要原因。     

转反义TRX s基因对小麦萌发过程中储藏蛋白降解的影响

以转反义TRX s基因豫麦18和对照（豫麦18）为试材，测定了小麦种子萌发过程中胚乳内thiocalsin、苹果酸脱氢酶、谷丙转氨酶的活性以及游离氨基酸含量的变化。结果表明，反义TRX s基因的导入能够增加对thiocalsin和苹果酸脱氢酶的抑制，降低其活性，使储存蛋白更难于被降解，谷丙转氨酶增高的速度减慢，种子氨基酸代谢减弱。说明蛋白质代谢缓慢是转反义TRX s基因小麦抗穗发芽的一个主要原因。     

Comparison of phenotypic and molecular marker-based classifications of hard red winter wheat cultivars

Genetic diversity is the basis for successful crop improvement and can be estimated by different methods. The objectives of this study were to estimate the genetic diversity of 30 ancestral to modern hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars adapted to the Northern Great Plains using pedigree information, morphological traits (agronomic measurements from six environments), end-use quality traits (micro-quality assays on 50 g grain or milled flour samples for the six environments), and molecular markers (seed storage proteins separated using SDS-PAGE, 51 SSRs, and 23 SRAP DNA markers), and to determine the relationships of genetic distance estimates obtained from these methods. Relationships among diversity estimates were determined using simple (Pearson) and rank (Spearman) correlation coefficients between distance estimates and by clustering cultivars using genetic-distances for different traits. All methods found a wide range in genetic diversity. The genetic distance estimates based on pedigree had the highest values due to possible over-estimation arising from model assumptions. The genetic diversity estimates based on seed storage protein were lowest because they were the major determinants of end-use quality, which is a highly selected trait. In general, the diversity estimates from each of the methods were positively correlated at a low level with the exceptions of SRAP diversity estimates being independent of morphologic traits (simple correlation), SDS-PAGE, and SSR diversity estimates (rank correlation). However, SSR markers, thought to be among the most efficient markers for estimating genetic diversity, were most highly correlated with seed storage proteins. The procedures used to accurately estimate genetic diversity will depend largely upon the tools available to the researcher and their application to the breeding scheme.     

小麦VQ家族全基因组鉴定与表达分析

近年来,VQ蛋白因发现与WRKY转录因子相互作用而引起广泛关注。目前,关于VQ基因家族在小麦中的研究鲜有报道。为了解小麦VQ基因的存在数量和结构等特征,本研究采用生物信息学技术在小麦基因组中鉴定了25个小麦VQ基因,并对其编码蛋白的结构、性质、亚细胞定位和进化关系进行了分析。结果表明,大多数小麦VQ蛋白序列较短,为中性或偏碱性蛋白,由单外显子基因编码;小麦VQ蛋白主要分布于细胞核中。25个VQ基因不均匀地分布在21条小麦染色体上,片段复制是小麦VQ基因家族的主要扩张方式。通过基因表达模式分析,发现部分小麦VQ基因响应干旱和高温的胁迫,并呈组织表达特异性。研究结果为进一步分析该家族成员,并深入探讨其在小麦中的生物学功能和进化模式奠定了基础。     

中国甜高粱茎秆制取乙醇的研究进展

介绍了甜高粱茎秆制取乙醇的关键技术及其主要研究内容,重点介绍了国内甜高粱育种及栽培、茎秆贮藏、乙醇发酵和发酵副产物综合利用的研究现状,分析了甜高粱茎秆制取乙醇在原料供应、发酵和副产物综合利用等关键技术研究中可能存在的问题并提出了建议。     

Biofortification of taro (Colocasia esculenta) through breeding for increased contents in carotenoids and anthocyanins

Biofortification of taro (Colocasia esculenta) has never been studied. The aim of the present study is to compare the chemical compositions and individual constituent contents for major compounds (starch, sugars, cellulose, proteins, minerals), carotenoids and anthocyanins between parents and hybrids selected first for their agronomic performance and second for their corm characteristics (flesh color, quality and taste). For major compounds, 45 selected hybrids were compared to 66 cultivars and for carotenoids and anthocyanins, 34 selected hybrids were compared to 79 cultivars. Total sugars, cellulose and mineral contents presented moderate increases in hybrids. Carotenoids and anthocyanins contents were not correlated with corm flesh colors, most likely in relation with the wide range of the observed variability. Anthocyanin contents could not be increased in the selected hybrids, while total carotenoid contents were increased by more than fourfolds. The results of this study indicate that carotenoid contents can be rapidly improved by selecting plants of good agronomic performance and corm shape with increased density of yellow and orange colors. Potential applications to taro breeding programs are discussed.     

Each species of Glycine collected in Taiwan has a unique seed protein pattern

Several annual and perennial species in the genus Glycine Willd., including G. soja, long-pod G. tomentella, short-pod G. tomentella and G. tabacina, collected in Taiwan and nearby islands were studied for variations of their seed proteins. SDS-PAGE and Western blotting were used to analyze the total proteins, the heat soluble proteins, six seed maturation proteins (GmPMs) and one seed storage protein. The various species had different patterns of seed heat soluble proteins. In addition,each species of Glycine collected in Taiwan exhibited unique seed maturation protein patterns. They had several cross-reactive polypeptides recognized by specific antibodies against GmPM1, GmPM2 and GmPM8, but only one polypeptide recognized by antibodies against GmPM4, GmPM5 and MP130. The long pod G. tomentella, which has been suggested as a new species and renamed as G. dolichocarpa, could be distinct from the short pod G. tomentella on the basis of the analysis of these biochemical markers. It is also indicated that these GmPM antibodies may be used to distinguish between and within other Glycine species. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

辣椒种子贮藏蛋白的含量测定和电泳分析

对12个辣椒品种种子内4种贮藏蛋白清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白进行了含量测定和SDS，PAGE电泳分析。结果表明：辣椒种子贮藏蛋白含量以清蛋白和谷蛋白含量最高，其次是球蛋白，醇溶蛋白的含量最低。品种间蛋白质含量差异不明显。各品种都能通过清蛋白、球蛋白和谷蛋白的蛋白质亚基组成信息区别出其差异性。     

Physicochemical measurements in ‘Mondial Gala’ apples stored at different atmospheres: Influence on consumer acceptability

Standard quality parameters, consumer acceptability, emission of volatile compounds and ethylene production of ‘Mondial Gala^®’ apples (Malus × domestica Borkh.) were determined in relation to storage atmosphere, storage period and shelf-life period. Fruit were harvested at the commercial date and stored in AIR (21 kPa O₂:0.03 kPa CO₂) or under three different controlled atmospheres (CAs): LO (2 kPa O₂:2 kPa CO₂), ULO1 (1 kPa O₂:1 kPa CO₂), or ULO2 (1 kPa O₂:2 kPa CO₂). Fruit samples were analysed after 12 and 26 weeks of storage plus 1 or 7 d at 20 °C.Apples stored in CA maintained better standard quality parameters than AIR-stored fruit. The volatile compounds that contributed most to the characteristic aroma of ‘Mondial Gala^®’ apples after storage were butyl, hexyl and 2-methylbutyl acetate, hexyl propanoate, ethyl butanoate, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl, butyl and hexyl 2-methylbutanoate. Data obtained from fruit analysis were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA). The apples most accepted by consumers showed the highest emission of ethyl 2-methylbutanoate, ethyl hexanoate, tert-butyl propanoate and ethyl acetate, in addition to the highest titratable acidity and firmness values.     

对虾冷藏过程中细菌菌相变化的研究

为进一步揭示虾类的腐败机理,以养殖南美白对虾和海捕鹰爪虾为研究对象,对其贮藏过程中细菌总数(APC)和细菌菌相的变化进行了研究。结果表明,养殖南美白对虾和海捕鹰爪虾的初始细菌总数分别为4.20 Log10 CFU·g-1和3.60 Log10 CFU·g-1,南美白对虾的初始细菌总数明显高于鹰爪虾(P<0.05);贮藏过程中两种对虾细菌总数的变化情况也有所不同,但都是在第4天达到106 CFU·g-1的货架期上限水平。在南美白对虾初始菌相中,革兰氏阴性菌为优势菌,其所占比例较高的主要有Aeromonas(气单胞菌)、Pseudomonas(假单胞菌)和Enterobacteriaceae(肠杆菌),分别占26%、21%和10%;在鹰爪虾初始菌相中,也是革兰氏阴性菌占优势,其中Pseudomonas、Aeromonas和Shewanella(希瓦氏菌)比例较高,分别占28%、16%和12%。在贮藏过程中,两种对虾细菌菌相的变化情况有所不同,南美白对虾的优势腐败菌为Pseudomonas和Aeromonas,而鹰爪虾的优势腐败菌为Pseudomonas和Shewanella。     

不同精油-羧甲基纤维素钠复合涂膜对草莓贮藏品质的影响

以新鲜草莓为试材,分别采用大蒜精油、山苍子精油、丁香花蕾精油、生姜精油复合羧甲基纤维素钠为涂膜保鲜原料,研究(15±2)℃条件下不同精油涂膜液处理对草莓贮藏品质的影响。结果表明,与对照组相比,山苍子精油、大蒜精油、生姜精油-羧甲基纤维素钠复合涂膜液均能显著降低草莓果实在贮藏过程中的腐烂指数及重量损失,显著抑制贮藏前期草莓果实的呼吸强度,进而抑制草莓果实在贮藏过程中可溶性固形物含量和花色苷含量的下降及丙二醛含量的上升,提高草莓的贮藏品质。其中,山苍子精油-羧甲基纤维素钠复合涂膜液对草莓的保鲜效果最佳,为草莓的贮藏保鲜提供了一种新的方法。     

桂林会仙岩溶湿地不同富营养化水体水葫芦营养成分研究

为了探讨典型旅游区桂林漓江流域入侵植物水葫芦的综合防治与利用。通过不同空间代替时间的取样方法,测定了桂林会仙岩溶湿地不同富营养化程度水域水葫芦茎叶和根中常规营养成分以及茎叶中微量元素的含量。结果表明：TOC、粗脂肪、木质素、纤维素、半纤维素、碳水化合物成分含量、水葫芦株高、根长、根/总干重、干物质含量、Ca、Mg、Na、Mn、Zn、Fe元素含量均表现为轻度富营养化区＞中度富营养化区＞重度富营养化区;而TN、TP、TK、粗蛋白、粗灰分成分含量、茎叶/总干重、Cu、Cr、Pb、As、Hg元素含量则表现为重度富营养化区＞中度富营养化区＞轻度富营养化区。水葫芦生长的环境不同,所含的营养成分及微量元素相差很大。水体的富营养化程度越高,入侵植物水葫芦氮、磷、钾元素含量相应也高,水葫芦株高和根系长度与水体中氮、磷浓度密切相关。水葫芦能吸收水中大量的氮、磷和钾化合物,表现了一定的净化功能。