亚麻耐渍的生理机制研究初探

通过研究渍涝胁迫下,不同耐渍型亚麻品种的株高、工艺长度、出麻率等农艺性状以及植株丙二醛(MDA)含量、过氧化物酶(POD)活性的变化,初步揭示了亚麻耐渍的生理机制。试验结果表明:1、渍涝影响亚麻的农艺性状,具体表现在株高降低、工艺长度减短、出麻率下降等方面;渍涝胁迫下根部皮层通气组织的发育是衡量亚麻耐渍强弱的重要特性;2、随着渍涝胁迫时间的增加,不同耐渍型品种植株丙二醛(MDA)含量均有不同程度的增加,且非耐渍型品种的增加幅度大于耐渍型品种,说明渍涝胁迫下,耐渍型品种具有很强的抗膜脂过氧化的能力;3、随着渍涝胁迫时间的增加,不同耐渍型品种过氧化物酶(POD)活性都呈先升高后下降的趋势,耐渍型品种的变化大于非耐渍型品种,说明在渍涝胁迫下耐渍型品种体内过氧化物酶清除活性氧的能力高于非耐渍型品种。     

不同耐铝大麦品种对铝锰互作胁迫的生理响应研究

铝（Al）和锰（Mn）是限制酸性土壤作物生长的两大主要因素。以耐铝性差异较大的两个大麦品种为材料,研究了不同处理对大麦生长、叶片功能和氧化胁迫指标的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,铝毒害导致大麦根长下降,根系干物质量降低,锰毒害显著降低植株株高和地上部干物质量,铝锰共存时锰加重大麦铝毒害。铝锰胁迫降低功能叶叶绿素含量和光合能力,复合处理下叶片功能指标下降幅度高于单独铝或锰处理。胁迫处理下叶片功能指标的下降幅度以叶绿素a含量和叶片蒸腾速率最明显。胁迫处理对铝敏感品种的生长和叶片功能毒害强于耐铝品种。铝锰胁迫引起大麦功能叶丙二醛（MDA）含量增加,过氧化物酶（POD）和 超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性增强,铝敏感品种增幅更大,复合处理时两品种叶片 MDA 积累量及铝敏感品种 POD 和 SOD 活性增幅显著高于单独铝或锰处理。     

不同耐铝性大麦品种对铝锰胁迫的生理响应

为进一步明确大麦品种对铝锰胁迫的生理效应,研究了不同胁迫处理对大麦生长、叶片功能和氧化胁迫指标的影响。结果表明,铝毒害导致大麦根长和根系干物质量降低,锰毒害显著降低植株株高和地上部干物质量,铝锰共存时锰加重了大麦铝毒害。铝锰胁迫降低了功能叶叶绿素含量和光合能力,铝锰复合处理下叶片功能指标下降幅度高于单独铝或锰处理。胁迫处理下叶片功能指标的下降幅度以叶绿素a含量和叶片蒸腾速率最明显。胁迫处理对铝敏感品种的生长和叶片功能毒害强于耐铝品种。铝锰胁迫引起大麦功能叶丙二醛（MDA）含量增加,过氧化物酶（POD）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性增强,铝敏感品种增幅更大,复合处理时两品种叶片MDA积累量及铝敏感品种POD和SOD活性增幅显著高于单独铝或锰处理。     

镉胁迫对不同水稻基因型植株生长和抗氧化酶系统的影响

 以籽粒镉积累水平不同的两种品种（丙97252，低积累型；秀水63，高积累型）为材料，研究了镉胁迫对水稻植株生长和抗氧化酶系统的影响。采用水培试验，镉处理设0.0、0.1、1.0和5.0 μmol/L 4个水平。结果表明，镉胁迫抑制植株生长和叶绿素合成，改变植株丙二醛（MDA）含量和超氧物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、过氧化物酶（POD）活性。在抗氧化酶活性上，根和地上部对镉胁迫的反应存在着差异。总体上，SOD、CAT和POD活性随镉水平的提高而减少，而MDA含量则表现相反。根和地上部MDA含量随着培养液中镉浓度提高而增加，且增加幅度秀水63明显大于丙97252。与对照相比，生长在5.0 μmol/L Cd处理下的植株， SOD活性在孕穗期下降46%~52%，在分蘖期仅下降13%~19%。高浓度镉胁迫下，两品种在MDA含量的增加幅度和叶绿素含量的降低幅度上表现不同，显示出它们对镉的耐性存在着差异。     

旱涝急转对不同花生品种生理生化指标的影响

为探讨旱涝急转对花生生理生化的影响,以不同旱涝耐性的3个花生品种中花8号（抗旱）、豫花15（耐涝）和湘花2008（旱涝兼耐）为材料,进行不同梯度的先旱、后涝连续处理,比较不同花生品种的叶片相对含水量,过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）活性,以及丙二醛（MDA）含量的变化情况。结果表明,在旱、涝急转的胁迫过程中,干旱对叶片相对含水量的影响甚于湿涝。一定强度的旱或涝胁迫总体上均可使花生叶片的4种抗氧化酶POD、SOD、CAT、GR活性提高,随着胁迫的加深活性降低,复水后活性回落至对照水平,且旱甚于涝。MDA含量总体变化趋势是干旱胁迫下各品种花生叶片中MDA含量有所升高,并于复水解除干旱胁迫后恢复至对照水平;而湿涝处理阶段,MDA含量呈直线上升趋势,在胁迫解除后有所降低。中花8号、豫花15、湘花2008等3个花生品种具有显著不同的水分适应性,中花8号抗旱性更强而耐涝性较弱,豫花15抗旱性较弱而耐涝性强,湘花2008抗旱性中等而耐涝性更强,为水分广适性品种。     

亚精胺对淹水胁迫下玉米幼苗生长和生理特性的影响

以耐涝性不同的品种浚单20(XD20)和登海662(DH662)为试验材料,采用盆栽试验,研究外源亚精胺(Spd)对淹水胁迫下玉米幼苗生长和生理特性的影响。结果表明,淹水胁迫下,外施Spd增加两个玉米品种的地上部干重、株高、相对干重增长速率(RDIR)和相对含水量(RWC),降低活性氧(ROS)和丙二醛(MDA)的积累,提高叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和还原性抗坏血酸(As A)含量。外施Spd也使叶片中脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和游离氨基酸含量升高。外施Spd增强了淹水胁迫下玉米幼苗的抗氧能力和渗透调节能力,渍涝敏感品种DH662的反应更为敏感。     

不同抗性花生感染网斑病菌的酶活性及丙二醛含量变化

研究表明,接种网斑病菌后花生植株体内发生了一系列的生理变化。花生接种网斑病菌后叶片的叶绿素含量下降,光合强度降低。植株体内的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量均较对照有所提高,而且抗病品种群育101的SOD酶和POD酶活性值高于感病品种鲁花8号,但MDA含量低于鲁花8号。     

不同甘蔗基因型对低温胁迫的响应及其耐寒性评价

以广西农科院甘蔗研究所2008年育种材料中4个农艺性状优异的品系（08-56、08-441、08-572和08-1497）和2个广西主栽品种（ROC22和ROC16）为研究对象,在甘蔗苗期进行低温胁迫处理,通过抗寒形态特征、抗逆生理生化及光合特性指标的变化,综合评价各供试品种（系）的抗寒性。结果表明：（1）低温胁迫处理使甘蔗的株高、假茎粗均降低,使甘蔗叶片不同程度的萎蔫,叶片叶绿素含量降低。此外,低温胁迫处理使叶片丙二醛含量、细胞膜透性、脯氨酸含量逐渐增加,过氧化物酶（POD,peroxidase）活性显     

盐胁迫对不同水稻品种光合特性和生理生化特性的影响

 用2个耐盐水稻品种和2个盐敏感型水稻品种为材料,研究盐胁迫对水稻植株生物量积累、光合特性等生理特性的影响。结果表明,在盐胁迫条件下,耐盐水稻品种和盐敏感型水稻品种地上和根系的干鲜质量均呈下降趋势,其中,以盐敏感型水稻品种的地上部鲜质量与根系干质量的下降最为显著。盐胁迫条件下,水稻叶片的净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、蒸腾作用（Tr）和表观叶肉导度（AMC）均呈不同程度的下降趋势。其中,耐盐水稻品种Pn、Gs、Tr和Pn/Ci的下降均低于盐敏感型水稻品种。同时,耐盐品种水分利用效率（WUE）也高于盐敏感型品种。盐胁迫条件下,耐盐水稻品种和盐敏感型水稻品种的胞间二氧化碳浓度（Ci）变化并不明显,气孔限制百分率（Ls）均较低,品种间差异也不显著,而表观叶肉导度显著下降,由此推测盐胁迫条件下Pn的下降并非因为气孔的限制,而与RuBPCase活性的下降有关。盐胁迫条件下水稻叶片和根系的渗透性调节物质脯氨酸、总氨基酸和可溶性糖含量上升,其中以可溶性糖含量上升最为显著（P＜0.01）。盐胁迫下叶片保护酶SOD、POD和CAT活性增强,膜透性增强,丙二醛含量增加,同时,根系活力下降。     

温度胁迫下宝莲灯的生理及光合特性

以两年生宝莲灯苗为试验材料,利用植物培养箱对宝莲灯植株进行温度处理,研究不同温度对宝莲灯叶片生理及光合特性的影响。结果表明：与对照相比,高温胁迫下宝莲灯叶片的相对电导率、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性及可溶性蛋白、游离脯氨酸（Pro）、丙二醛（MDA）含量随着温度的升高呈不同程度的增加,而叶绿素含量显著减少,过氧化物酶（POD）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性呈下降趋势;低温胁迫下相对电导率、Pro、MDA含量随着温度的下降呈上升趋势,可溶性蛋白、叶绿素含量、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性下降趋势不明显,POD、SOD活性显著降低;随着温度的升高或降低,宝莲灯叶片的光合速率（P_n）、气孔导度（G_s）、水分利用率（WUE）均呈下降趋势,而胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）呈先降低后升高;蒸腾速率（T_r）却随着温度的下降而降低。高温胁迫引起的相对电导率、MDA含量的变化幅度明显小于低温胁迫,而POD、SOD活性高于低温胁迫。说明高、低温胁迫均抑制了宝莲灯的光合作用,宝莲灯对低温胁迫相对较敏感。研究结果对宝莲灯的栽培管理具有指导意义。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.