Physicochemical and Microbial Characteristics of Locally Processed Green Waste Composts

Four locally composted green waste composts (GWCs) namely Almukhasib, Growers, Plantex, and Super were screened to determine whether they meet the standards. All composts showed normal physical properties, except for the bad smell from sulfur reducing bacteria in Almukhasib compost, and light brown color Plantex. The germination indexes of the composts comparable to the standard (90%) were 98% for Plantex followed by Growers (77%), and 5% for both Super and Almukhasib. The chemical and physical properties vary considerably as follows: pH 3-10.5 (standard 5-8), electrical conductivity (EC) 0.4-10.2 mScm^?1 (standard 0.04.0 mScm^?1), moisture content (MC) 29-43.7% (standard 35-60%) and water holding capacity (WHC) 92-200%. Wide ranges in the chemical properties were expressed as total nitrogen concentration 5705-16401 mgkg^?1 (standard <500 mgkg^?1), organic matter 17-67.6% (standard 35%). Although, there are significant variations in the concentration of the heavy metals among the tested composts, the concentrations of these metals (Zn, Ni, Pb, Hg, As, Cd, and Cr) were lower than the recommended levels. The average of the bacterial colony forming unit per gram dry weight ranged between 464-2292 cfu/g, whereas the fungal cfu were 14-4308 cfu/g (standard < 1000 cfu/g). The most probable number (MPN) for coliform bacteria was 64-1549 cfu/g dry weight. Aspergillus niger was the predominant fungus recovered from all compost samples (100%) followed by A. fumigatus (50%), A. sparsus (50%), yeasts (50%), A. flavus (37.5%), and the remaining A. restrictus, A. ochraceous, Cladosporium spp., and Penicillium spp. is 25% each. The results showed that the physicochemical properties and microbial contamination of the screened composts were considerably varied and did not meet many of the acceptable limits in Oman, which render them unsafe for handling or unsuitable as direct fertilizer for plant growth or for soil bioremediation, which suggests mixing the composts with vermiculite and soil in order to improve their general characteristics. Therefore, there is evident need for urgent development of proper composting techniques, standard laboratory testing methods for high quality control measures, and adopting strong legislation. The use of certified and high grade mature green waste compost is a priority.     

Compositional Changes in Composts During Composting and Mushroom Growth: Comparison of Conventional and Environmentally Controlled Composts from Commercial Farms

Samples from conventional and environmentally controlled (EC) composts taken at various stages of composting and mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) growth were analyzed for changes in 80 percent ethanol and water extracts, monosaccharides in acid hydrolysates of polysaccharides, lignin concentrations and lignin structural features. The relative lignin content of all composts as measured by the acetyl bromide procedure increased, both during composting and mushroom growth. On the assumption that the absolute amount of lignin remains unaltered during composting and mushroom growth, the relative changes to the polysaccharide concentrations were calculated. Thus, during composting, 70, 53 and 58 percent of the initial wall polysaccharides for conventional, “cold” and “hot” EC, respectively, were consumed by compost microorganisms. During spawn running and fruiting, about 15 percent of wall polysaccharides were utilized from all types of composts. Thus, considerable amounts (17–31 percent) of polysaccharide remained at the end of mushroom production. During composting, there were changes in the degree of condensation and in the extent of oxidation of the lignins in all cases, but the rate and extent of these changes was dependent on the different composting regimes. During mushroom growth, further changes occurred, again with different patterns for the different compost types.     

压砂地土壤微生物群落功能多样性分析

为了掌握荒地压砂对土壤微生物群落功能多样性及理化性质的影响,对荒地及不同年限压砂地土壤进行了Biolog微生物群落功能多样性和理化性质分析。Biolog分析结果表明,1年压砂地微生物群落生理活性最高,荒地微生物群落生理活性最低,其它各年限压砂地微生物群落生理活性随压砂年限增加而缓慢下降。微生物群落功能多样性指数分析表明压砂对微生物群落功能结构影响并不显著。通过微生物群落利用碳源类型分析明确了荒地和各年限压砂地土壤微生物群落利用的主要碳源类型。土壤理化性质分析表明,压砂第1年各项理化性质指标均有明显的下降;此后随压砂年限增加,有机质含量呈上升趋势,速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量缓慢下降,全盐、全氮、全磷、全钾含量及土壤pH值变化不大。     

Rice Diversity Collection,Conservation and Management in Northeastern India

Rice is the principal crop of northeastern region of India, where a considerable range of diversity exists. The germplasm collection has also unfold the occurrence of large number of rice landraces in the region. Between 1985 and 2002, a total 2639 accessions of rice germplasms including their wild relatives have been collected. Most of these germplasm material have been conserved in the National Gene Bank, New Delhi following their necessary characterization and evaluation. With the establishment of the Regional Gene Bank Module with medium-term storage facilities (6–7°C with 40–45% relative humidity) at Barapani, Meghalaya, the rice germplasm conservation (ex situ) have been initiated in the region.     

养猪发酵床垫料有机肥对辣椒产量及土壤微生物多样性的影响

随着环保压力的日益增加和农户环保意识的逐渐增强,发酵床养猪技术逐渐被农户接受,但是发酵床熟化垫料再利用难,而限制了发酵床养猪技术的推广。本研究将两种发酵床熟化垫料分别进行高温堆肥形成有机肥,总养分(氮、磷、钾)含量均超过50g/kg,重金属和粪大肠杆菌含量均未超标,蛔虫卵死亡率95%以上,完全可以作为成熟的有机肥产品。试验表明,在等氮量施用条件下,发酵床熟化垫料有机肥施用后青椒产量也能达到化肥和常规有机肥的产量,并能提高青椒品质,改善土壤肥力,提高土壤中矿质态氮的效果。PCR-DGGE结果表明,细菌群落结构分为三大类,对照(CK)和化肥(CF)处理群落结构相似,常规猪粪有机肥(POF)单独一类,两种发酵床熟化垫料有机肥(FOF和ROF)群落结构相似,结果表明施肥能够改变土壤中微生物多样性,施用有机肥(POF、FOF、ROF)对土壤微生物多样性改变的效果比化肥(CF)大;不同来源的有机肥(POF和FOF、ROF)对土壤中微生物区系改变方向不一样,来源接近的有机肥(FOF和ROF)对土壤微生物区系改变方向接近。     

宁夏不同类型盐渍化土壤微生物区系及多样性

为了查明土壤微生物对不同类型盐碱地土壤质量的反应,采用平板稀释法和Biolog微生物鉴定系统对宁夏银川平原盐化、碱化2种类型盐渍化土壤微生物区系、季节变化、结构组成及微生物多样性进行研究。结果表明：随着盐碱化程度的加重,土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量及微生物总数呈现显著降低的趋势;细菌、真菌和放线菌数量在不同季节上表现为6月〉8月〉9月;土壤种群数量占微生物总数的比例大小为细菌〉放线菌〉真菌;盐化土壤微生物数量与土壤养分间的相关关系较碱化土壤密切。随着盐化和碱化土壤程度的加强,微生物群落利用碳源的能力及微生物多样性、均匀性指数都逐渐降低,说明微生物的活性逐渐降低,而且相同程度盐化土壤利用碳源的能力高于碱化土壤。因此,土微生物数量及微生物多样性可以作为盐渍化土壤质量恢复及评价的生物指标。     

生物腐植酸对新疆甘草产地沙退化土壤修复效果评价——以土壤养分指标为例

应用生物腐植酸对新疆甘草产地沙退化土壤进行了改良,研究了施用生物腐植酸后第90~190天内土壤全氮和有机碳含量的动态变化,并对第190天时土壤其他各主要养分指标的变化进行了分析,最后通过主成分聚类分析法对第190天时生物腐植酸的修复效果进行了综合评价。结果表明:施用生物腐植酸可以在190d内显著提高土壤全氮和有机碳等主要养分含量,最佳施用量为450kg.hm-2,土壤全氮、有机碳、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、土壤可提取腐殖质碳、富里酸碳和胡敏酸碳含量分别比对照提高了21.6%、15.9%、36.6%、20.0%、13.9%、21.0%、17.4%和25.2%。主成分分析结果显示,按不同施用量生物腐植酸的修复效果进行排序,为450kg.hm-2750kg.hm-2600kg.hm-2300kg.hm-2150kg.hm-2CK。     

畜禽粪便复混肥研制及其肥效初探

利用猪粪、鸡粪及其垫料进行了高温堆肥化及有机一无机复混肥的研制和应用效果的初步试验。结果表明,堆肥化温度升至55℃以上保持了一周时间,达到了无害化要求;经过100d的堆制,堆肥基本腐熟。腐熟堆肥与化肥配制的有机一无机复混肥可明显促进玉米株高和生物量的增加,与对照相比,施用复混肥的玉米株高和生物量在中肥力土壤上分别增加了11．4％和71．8％,在低肥力土壤上分别增加了8．9％和43．2％;复混肥对水稻的生长促进作用非常明显,与对照相比,施用复混肥水稻的株高、分蘖数和生物量在中肥力土壤上分别增加了15．4％、58．5％和78．3％,在低肥力土壤上分别增加了29．4％、104．5％和247％。即在低肥力土壤上的促进作用高于中肥力土壤。     

养猪发酵床垫料有机肥对辣椒产量及土壤微生物多样性的影响

随着环保压力的日益增加和农户环保意识的逐渐增强,发酵床养猪技术逐渐被农户接受,但是发酵床熟化垫料再利用相对较难,限制了发酵床养猪技术的推广。本研究将两种发酵床熟化垫料分别进行高温堆肥处理,熟化垫料总养分(氮、磷、钾)含量均超过50 g/kg,重金属和粪大肠杆菌含量均未超标,蛔虫卵死亡率95%以上,符合商品有机肥标准。作物试验表明,在等氮量施用条件下,发酵床熟化垫料有机肥施用后辣椒产量与化肥和常规有机肥处理相当,并能提高辣椒品质,改善土壤肥力。PCR-DGGE结果表明,不同处理土壤细菌群落结构可大致分为3种类型,对照(CK)和化肥(CF)处理群落结构相似,为第一类;常规猪粪有机肥(POF)为第二类;两种发酵床熟化垫料有机肥(FOF和ROF)群落结构相似,为第三类。施肥处理能明显改变土壤微生物多样性,施用有机肥(POF、FOF、ROF)对土壤微生物多样性改变的效果比化肥(CF)大;不同来源的有机肥(POF和FOF、ROF)对土壤中微生物区系改变方向不一样,来源接近的有机肥(FOF和ROF)对土壤微生物区系改变方向接近。     

湿地土壤微生物群落结构与多样性分析方法研究进展

湿地生态系统在物质循环、能量流动、污染物降解等方面具有重要的生态功能和环境价值。近年来,在气候变化、盐渍化等自然因素以及人类活动的干扰下,湿地生态系统健康受到威胁。微生物是湿地生态系统中的重要组成部分,它在湿地物质循环、能量流动、有机物分解、土壤肥力的形成和污染物的降解等方面起着重要作用。本文通过对微生物多样性分析方法在湿地土壤微生物研究中的应用现状进行综述,以期为微生物多样性分析技术在湿地微生物研究中更好地应用提供理论参考。     

沙漠微生物群落功能多样性分析

以宁夏回族自治区沙坡头地区的沙漠微生物群落为研究对象,采用Biolog方法研究了已固定沙丘结皮(J1)及结皮下层(J2),半流动沙丘上层(L1)和下层(L2)中微生物群落的功能多样性。结果表明,J1的微生物群落活性最高,J2的微生物群落次之,再次为L2的微生物群落,最后为L1的微生物群落;J1,J2,L1和L2的微生物群落对羧酸类、聚合物类和氨基酸类碳源的利用表现一致,对糖类、胺/氨类和双亲化合物类碳源的利用表现不同;利用ECO板上31种碳源进行主成分分析得出,PC1,PC2和PC3特征值的贡献率为分别为70.16%,19.23%,10.61%。研究结果表明:(1)经过固沙后的微生物群落活性明显高于半流动沙漠微生物群落的活性;(2)微生物群落结构上的差异致使其对6类碳源的利用方式不同;(3)主成分分析表明沙漠微生物群落对羧酸类、糖类和氨基酸类碳源的利用最高,主要利用碳源有22种。     

不同处理方式对奶牛粪细菌群落多样性及群落结构的影响

以腐熟牛粪、新鲜牛粪以及蚯蚓粪为材料,提取其微生物总DNA,利用细菌16SrDNAV3区扩增及变性梯度凝胶电泳（PCR-DGGE）法,分析了3种材料中细菌的多样性以及细菌群落结构的相似性。结果表明,蚯蚓粪的细菌多样性最丰富,腐熟牛粪次之,新鲜牛粪的细菌多样性最小。蚯蚓粪和腐熟牛粪的细菌群落结构有40%的相似性;蚯蚓粪和新鲜牛粪的细菌群落结构的相似性为25%;新鲜牛粪和腐熟牛粪的细菌群落结构的相似性则为35%。     

连作对黑龙江烤烟土壤微生物功能多样性的影响

利用BiologTM微平板检测技术研究了烤烟连作对土壤微生物功能多样性的影响。结果表明,烤烟连作7年土壤微生物群落平均颜色变化率(AWCD)显著低于轮作各处理;土壤微生物功能多样性丰富度指数、Shannon多样性指数和Simpson指数连作处理均低于轮作处理,且差异达到显著水平(P<0.05);连作7年处理土壤微生物功能多样性明显低于连作2年处理。在土壤微生物碳源利用上,烤烟连作2年和7年处理土壤微生物对聚类化合物、碳水化合物、羧酸类、氨基酸类和其他化合物的利用显著低于正茬轮作处理,表明烤烟连作降低了土壤微生物的种群多样性和功能多样性,而且连作年限增加不利于土壤微生物的多样性。     

连作西瓜的根际土壤酶活性和微生物多样性

以山东大鹏西瓜基地0,3,9,15 a的西瓜根和根际土壤为研究对象,采用野外调查和实验室分析方法分析连作对西瓜根际土壤酶活性和微生物多样性的影响。结果表明:随着连作年限的增加,土壤有机质和氮磷钾含量递减,连作第15年有机质及有效氮磷钾含量最低。在同一生长时期内,连作年限越长,西瓜根系活跃吸收面积和总吸收面积最低,根际土壤酶活性呈现先递增后下降的趋势,并且根际土壤酶活力幼苗期 < 抽蔓期 < 结果期。在连作前期土壤中可培养微生物代谢活力递增,连作后期微生物代谢活力递减,且连作越久土壤中微生物群落多样性降低,均匀度先增加后降低。相关性分析表明,土壤中过氧化氢酶（p < 0.05）、磷酸酶（p < 0.05）、蔗糖酶（p < 0.01）、速效磷（p < 0.05）、速效钾（p < 0.05）与真菌具有正相关性;脲酶与细菌正相关（p < 0.01）,与碱解氮负相关（p < 0.01）;过氧化氢酶（p < 0.05）、碱解氮（p < 0.01）与放线菌具有显著正相关。综上所述,连作0～9 a,土壤微生物代谢活力和酶活性增强,养分流失较小;连作9 a后,土壤养分流失严重,土壤酶活性和微生物代谢活力显著降低,产生连作障碍,说明减少连作年限可使西瓜优质丰产并且可持续发展,反之影响西瓜正常生长生产,损害经济效益。     

寡糖对土壤微生物多样性及群落结构的调节作用

土壤微生物种群类型,对土壤质量和作物生长具有重要影响,研究寡糖对土壤微生物种群的影响特征,有助于正确、高效及安全使用寡糖。本研究利用人工气候室进行土壤培养,土壤施加50mg·L−1的壳寡糖（CSOS）和纤维寡糖（COS）溶液,以清水（CK）为对照处理,培养6d后取样,利用高通量测序技术,分析土壤微生物群落结构组成及多样性分布特征。结果表明：壳寡糖（CSOS）和纤维寡糖（COS）处理均显著改变细菌、真菌的群落结构,提高细菌的物种观测数。变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）、芽单胞菌门（Gemmatimonadetes）和拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）为优势细菌门,子囊菌门（Ascomycota）、担子菌门（Basidiomycota）和被孢霉门（Mortierellomycota）为优势真菌门。通过组间群落组成比较分析可知,壳寡糖（CSOS）和纤维寡糖（COS）处理均不同程度降低酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）的相对丰度,增加变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、芽单胞菌门（Gemmatimonadetes）、壶菌门（Chytridiomycota）以及有益菌属溶杆菌属（Lysobacter）、硝化螺旋菌属（Nitrospira）、Haliangium、芽球菌属（Blastococcus）和链霉菌属（Streptomyces）的相对丰度,但与纤维寡糖（COS）相比,壳寡糖（CSOS）处理微生物群落组成的变化幅度更大。此外,壳寡糖（CSOS）和纤维寡糖（COS）处理在调节土壤微生物群落结构上存在一定差异。其中,壳寡糖（CSOS）处理有益菌属Talaromyces的相对丰度增加195%,纤维寡糖（COS）处理有益菌属假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）的相对丰度增加215%。综上,壳寡糖和纤维寡糖处理均能优化土壤微生物群落的结构组成,其调控差异性有助于理解不同寡糖的调控机制,推动寡糖的应用与推广。     

若尔盖高原湿地植物群落结构特征与土壤微生物群落多样性

[目的]探究若尔盖高原湿地植物群落(乌拉苔草、木里苔草、花葶驴蹄草、藏嵩草)结构特征、土壤微生物群落多样性的长期变化特征及其二者之间的演化关系,为该地区的植被恢复和生态环境保护提供借鉴.[方法]结合室内样品分析,连续4 a(2016-2019年)观测了不同植物群落地上和地下各个指标的动态特征.[结果]①对于a多样性,2...     

发芽过程中大豆活性物质、抗营养因子及抗氧化活性变化的综述

大豆是一种优质的蛋白质资源。大豆种子发芽过程中大豆多肽、大豆异黄酮、大豆皂苷、γ-氨基丁酸及维生素C等活性物质含量增加,大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂、血球凝集素、脂肪氧化酶和植酸等抗营养因子含量下降。随着发芽时间的延长,大豆DPPH自由基清除能力和铁还原力等抗氧化能力增强。因此,发芽可作为提高大豆及其制品的营养价值、消化性、适口性及生物利用性的重要手段。本文对发芽期间大豆中生物活性物质、抗营养因子及抗氧化活性的变化进行综述,并展望了发芽大豆的综合性应用,以期明确大豆发芽过程中各活性物质变化规律,为发芽大豆在食品中的应用提供科学依据。     

Use of Sulfur to Control pH in Composts Derived from Olive Processing By-products

Two composts were prepared from olive press cake (OPC) repeatedly turned and moistened with either olive mill wastewater (OPC+OMW) or water (OPC+W). When phytotoxicity was drastically reduced and the pH of the composts had reached 8.6 and 7.55 respectively, elemental sulfur was added at 0.9% of dry weight to the OPC+OMW compost and at five different doses (0.1 – 1.0% of dry wt) to the OPC+W compost. During the following six months, an exponential pH decline was observed in both compost materials. The pH reached a final value of 5.8 in the OPC+OMW compost whereas a pH decline related to the amount of added sulfur was observed in the OPC+W compost (final values from 6.8 to 4.3). Over 80% of the pH decline occurred during the first two months following the sulfur addition. Sulfur was applied following the stabilization of the material in the case of OPC+W. No phytotoxic effects of the final products were observed at sulfur application doses up to 0.5% of dry compost weight, but a significant germination index reduction was observed at the 1% dose, probably related to the increased conductivity of the compost leachate. Sulfur was applied before stabilization of the compost material, in the case of OPC+OMW, to also investigate the effects of sulfur addition on the composting process. A thermophilic phase similar to that observed after the last OMW application exceeding 50°C followed, and no effects on microbial activity profiles of the compost were observed. The results indicate that small amounts of elemental sulfur may efficiently control high pH values in the final compost products and could be safely applied at late composting stages or after composting. This may broaden the utilization of these composts in potting media and alkaline soils.     

不同土地利用方式对红壤微生物多样性的影响

试验采用碳素利用(BIOLOG)及磷酸酯脂肪酸(PLFA)法,研究了8种供试红壤微生物群落的功能多样性和结构多样性。两种方法均表明土地利用方式能显著影响微生物的多样性。采用磷酸酯脂肪酸法无需培养就能鉴别土壤微生物的组成结构,试验表明总PLFA含量与微生物生物量呈显著相关。碳素利用法的研究结果显示,茶叶园土中微生物对各类碳源的利用能力均很低,呈现出非常独特的微生物功能多样性。