日粮营养水平对西杂育成母牛日粮消化能和粪能排出量的影响

为了研究日粮营养水平(精料进食水平)对肉牛日粮消化能和粪能排出量的影响,试验选用体况良好、体重一致(347 kg±25 kg)的杂交后备母牛(西门塔尔牛(♂)×中国黄牛(♀))16头,随机分为4组,即处理Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组,每组4头,各试验组日粮精料进食量分别为1.5、2.5、3.5和4.5 kg,粗料(青贮)自由采食。总试验期为30 d,预饲期20 d后进入正试期,试验期最后7 d全收集粪样。结果表明:不同日粮处理间全消化道蛋白质、淀粉的表观消化量和日粮消化能有显著差异(P<0.05),并随日粮营养水平(精料进食水平)的增加而增加,但不同日粮处理间中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的表观可消化量没有差异,粪中能量的排出量也没有明显差异(P>0.05)。日粮可消化有机物与消化能的进食量呈直线强相关,即消化能DE(MJ/d)=0.669+18.476 DOM(kg/d)(R2=0.999 6,n=4)。     

饲粮磷水平对西门塔尔杂交后备母牛营养物质表观消化率的影响

本文旨在研究饲粮磷(phosphorus,P)水平对后备母牛营养物质表观消化率的影响.选用体况良好、体重(369.5±37.8)kg的杂交后备母牛[西门塔尔牛(♂)×中国黄牛(♀)]24头,随机分为6组,每组4头,定量(3.50 kg/d)饲喂6种不同磷水平的精饲料,粗饲料(玉米青贮)自由采食.各试验组精饲料磷水平分别...     

Effect of Oestrous Synchronization with Estradiol 17β and Progesterone on Follicular Wave Dynamics in Dairy Heifers

An experiment was designed to evaluate the effects of estradiol‐17β (E17β) on follicular wave dynamics and ovulatory response in Holstein heifers receiving either a progestogen ear‐implant (Crestar^®; Intervet International b.v. Boxmeer, The Netherlands) or an intravaginal progesterone‐releasing device [controlled internal drug release‐bovine device (Eazibreed, CIDR‐B^®; Bodinco BV, Alkmaar, The Netherlands)]. For comparison, another group of heifers was also synchronized using Crestar plus an injection of estradiol valerate (EV) and norgestomet as recommended by the pharmaceutical company. Twenty 20–22‐month‐old cycling Holstein heifers were allocated to one of the following treatment groups at random stages of the oestrous cycle: (I) simultaneous insertion of Crestar and intramuscular injection of 3 mg norgestomet and 5 mg EV (Crestar 9 + EV 9); (II) simultaneous insertion of Crestar and intramuscular injection of 5 mg E17β (Crestar 9 + E17β 9); (III) insertion of Crestar followed 2 days later by intramuscular injection of 5 mg E17β (Crestar 9 + E17β 7); or (IV) insertion of CIDR‐B device followed 2 days later by intramuscular injection of 5 mg E17β (CIDR 9 + E17β 7). The CIDR‐B or Crestar implants were removed after 9 days and all heifers received 500 μg Cloprostenol (Estrumate^®, Pitman‐Moore Nederland BV, Houten, The Netherlands). Ovarian ultrasonographic examinations were performed once daily during the synchronization period using a B‐mode scanner equipped with a 7.5 MHz linear‐array transrectal transducer. In addition, heifers were scanned every 12 h after implant/device withdrawal until 3 days after ovulation in order to monitor follicular activity, detect ovulation and subsequent early luteal formation. Detection of oestrus was performed every 6 h for 4 days after device/implant removal. Oestrus was observed 24–32 h before ovulation in all heifers. The mean hours interval from treatment withdrawal to ovulation was not significantly different (84.0 ± 16.5, 77.6 ± 4.1, 73.6 ± 4.1 and 64.0 ± 4.4 h for treatments I, II, III and IV, respectively; p > 0.1). However, the variance for heifers treated with EV + norgestomet was significantly larger (Levene’s Test; p < 0.01) than those treated with E17β. All E17β treatments resulted in dominant follicle suppression and a new wave emerged 4.1 days after treatment compared with 6.6 days for the EV + norgestomet treatment (p < 0.05). The time from emergence of the new ovulatory wave to ovulation was longer for the new wave that emerged after E17β treatment (9.2 ± 0.3 days) than after EV + norgestomet treatment (6.9 ± 0.4 days; p < 0.05). The results of this study suggest that the four treatments used were effective in inducing synchronous behavioural oestrus and ovulation. However, a higher degree of oestrus and ovulation synchrony was observed in heifers treated with E17β than in heifers treated with EV + norgestomet. Synchronization treatments with exogenous E17β or EV + norgestomet at the time of progestin device insertion (Crestar or CIDR‐B) or 2 days later in heifers can regulate a different emergence pattern of ovarian follicular development in randomly cyclic heifers. The E17β was effective in inducing follicular suppression and resulted in the consistent emergence of a new follicular wave.     

Effects of Breed on Follicular Dynamics and Oestradiol Secretion during the Follicular Phase in Sheep

Current study evaluates effects from breed and management background on follicular dynamics and endocrine output during the follicular phase of sheep oestrous cycle. Follicular phases were synchronized with three cloprostenol doses, 10 days apart, in three groups of 10 females of different non-prolific Spanish breeds (Manchega, Rubia del Molar and Negra de Colmenar). Development of all follicles reaching antral diameters >or=2 mm was assessed by daily transrectal ultrasonographies, whereas follicular function was evaluated by measurement of plasma oestradiol concentrations. All the ovulatory follicles were present at induced luteolysis in Manchega sheep, while a 93.7% were detected in Rubia del Molar and Negra de Colmenar ewes. The mean size of these ovulatory follicles was similar between breeds at 0 h, but their growth rates were higher in Manchega ewes, reaching a larger size at oestrous detection than in Negra de Colmenar and Rubia del Molar sheep (p < 0.05). Conversely, the oestradiol levels increased with time in Rubia del Molar and Negra de Colmenar (p < 0.05); whilst remained stable in Manchega females. However, the patterns of follicular turnover were similar between breeds. These results indicate that, though differences in follicular size and size distribution, patterns of follicular turnover in sheep are affected neither by the breed nor by the background of management and selection.     

饲粮不同能量、蛋白质水平对生茸期梅花鹿的影响

本研究采用 2 (CP:2 4和 2 2 % )× 2 (GE:4.1 5和 1 6.74MJ/kg)二因子交叉设计 ,选用1岁 (毛桃 )梅花公鹿 69头 ,分为四个试验组 ,进行了饲养试验和消化试验。试验结果表明 ,饲粮能量、蛋白质水平对鹿体增重的互作效应显著 (P<0 .0 5) ,饲粮粗蛋白质水平对蛋白质消化率有极显著的影响 (P<0 .0 1 )。 1岁梅花鹿生茸期饲粮中能量、蛋白质适宜水平分别为1 7.37MJ/kg GE、2 2 .44% CP。平均每头鹿每天对能量和蛋白质的需要量分别为 36.84MJGE和 478g CP     

日粮代谢能和赖氨酸水平对AA肉鸡生长性能和屠宰性能的影响

为了研究日粮不同代谢能和赖氨酸水平对AA肉鸡生长性能和屠宰性能的影响,试验选用160只1日龄AA公雏,随机分为5个处理,每个处理32个重复,每重复1只鸡,实行单笼饲养。试验采用2因子(代谢能和赖氨酸)×2水平(低于和高于对照组)随机区组设计,设1个对照组(代谢能参照NRC,1994),2个代谢能水平分别为12.97、13.81MJ/kg;2个赖氨酸水平0～3周龄分别为1.0%、1.2%,4～6周龄分别为0.9%、1.1%,对照组代谢能水平0～6周龄为13.39MJ/kg,赖氨酸水平0～3周龄为1.1%,4～6周龄为1.0%。42日龄屠宰,试验结果表明:①日粮代谢能水平从12.97MJ/kg提高到13.81MJ/kg,肉鸡平均体重增加12.67%,饲料转化率升高7%(P<0.01);日粮赖氨酸水平提高20%,体重显著增加12.38%(P<0.05),饲料转化率升高3.84%(P<0.01);日粮代谢能和赖氨酸对饲料转化率有显著的互作效应(P<0.05);②随着代谢能水平的提高,屠体重、全净膛重、胸肌重、腿肌重、腹脂重和腹脂率相应提高,高能组显著高于中、低能组(P<0.05),赖氨酸水平对屠体重、全净膛重、胸肌重和胸肌率产生极显著的影响(P<0.01),与低赖氨酸组相比,高赖氨酸日粮组肉鸡屠体重增加12.33%、全净膛重增加12.62%、胸肌重增加28.53%、胸肌率提高3.11%,代谢能和赖氨酸水平对肉鸡腹脂重有显著的互作效应(P<0.05);③日粮代谢能水平为13.81MJ/kg,赖氨酸水平0～3周龄为1.2%、4～6周龄为1.1%时AA肉鸡获得最佳生产性能和屠宰性能,与实际生产中应用的NRC(1994)代谢能和赖氨酸水平相比,AA肉鸡多赢利1.44元/只。     

地塞米松和饲粮能量水平对肉仔鸡能量采食及神经肽Y基因表达的影响

本试验旨在探讨注射地塞米松(DEX)模拟应激状态下,应激和饲粮能量水平对肉仔鸡能量采食的影响。选取体重相近的180只23日龄的雄性爱拔益加(AA)肉鸡随机分成6组,每组3个重复,每个重复10只鸡。试验采用2×3析因设计,因素为DEX[处理(注射DEX2 mg/kg)、未处理(注射等剂量生理盐水)]和饲粮能量水平[高能(HE)、低能(LE)以及高能、低能自由采食(H-LE)]。预试期5 d,正试期7 d。结果表明:1)DEX处理极显著降低了肉仔鸡的采食量和体增重(P<0.01),极显著提高了耗料增重比、耗能增重比、腹脂率以及血浆葡萄糖、甘油三酯和尿酸的浓度(P<0.01),显著提高了肠道指数(P<0.05)。2)采用LE饲粮体增重(P<0.05)、腹脂率(P<0.01)显著低于其他2种饲粮,耗料增重比显著低于HE饲粮(P<0.05);采用HE饲粮耗能增重比极显著高于其他2种饲粮(P<0.01);采用H-LE饲粮神经肽Y(NPY)基因表达量显著高于LE饲粮(P<0.05)。3)DEX、饲粮能量水平对耗料增重比(P<0.05)和耗能增重比(P<0.01)的影响存在显著的互作效应。结果提示,DEX应激可使肉仔鸡血浆中葡萄糖、尿酸和甘油三酯的浓度升高;DEX应激和HE饲粮均能增加脂肪在腹部沉积,提高耗料增重比和耗能增重比;H-LE饲粮能上调肉仔鸡下丘脑NPY基因表达。     

饲粮粗蛋白质、能量水平对3岁梅花公鹿鹿茸生长和体增重的影响

为探讨 3岁梅花鹿生茸期饲粮适宜营养水平 ,本研究采用 2 (CP∶2 1%和 19% )× 2 (GE∶16 74MJ/kg和 15 90MJ/kg)二因子交叉设计 ,选用 3岁 (二锯 )梅花公鹿 6 7头 ,分为 4个试验组 ,进行了饲养试验和消化试验。试验结果表明 ,饲粮蛋白质水平对鹿体增重有显著影响 (P <0 0 5 ) ,在本试验所设能量浓度范围内 ,饲粮蛋白质水平为 19%处理组鹿体增重显著高于 2 1%蛋白组 ;鹿茸产量组间差异不显著 (P >0 0 5 ) ;饲粮粗蛋白质水平对蛋白质消化率和能量消化率均有显著影响 (P <0 0 5 ) ;3岁梅花鹿生茸期饲粮中能量、蛋白质适宜水平分别为 15 9～ 16 7MJ/kg (GE)和 19% (CP) ;平均每头鹿每天对消化能和可消化蛋白质的需要量分别为 2 9 9～ 31 3MJ和 388～ 394 g。     

营养水平对肉鸡肌肉组织学的影响

试验设计了 9种能量或蛋白质水平不同的饲粮 ,研究了不同营养水平对肉鸡胸肌组织学的影响。结果表明 :饲粮能量或蛋白质水平增加 ,肉鸡胸肌纤维密度减小、直径增大 (P <0 0 1 )。所有处理中 ,高能中蛋白组试鸡胸肌纤维密度最小、直径最大 ,低能低蛋白组试鸡胸肌纤维密度最大 ,高能低蛋白组试鸡胸肌纤维直径最小。     

饲粮蛋白质水平对冬毛期水貂部分血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮蛋白质水平对冬毛期水貂血清含氮物质、氮代谢和抗氧化能力的影响.选择90日龄健康雄性水貂60只,随机分成6组(每组10个重复,每个重复1只水貂).分别饲喂蛋白质水平为28%(Ⅰ组)、30%(Ⅱ组)、32%(Ⅲ组)、34%(Ⅳ组)、36%(Ⅴ组)、38%(Ⅵ组)的试验饲粮.预试期7 d,正式期90 d,饲...     

Effect of Restricted Pasture Access on Pasture Dry Matter Intake Rate,Dietary Energy Intake,and Fecal pH in Horses

Eight mature horses were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design to determine the effect of restricted pasture access on dry matter intake rate (DMIR), energy intake, and fecal pH. Horses were randomly assigned to one of four groups (HGRPs), each containing two horses. HGRPs were randomly assigned to one of four treatments consisting of 3, 6, 9, or 24 hours of pasture access, for a period of 7 days. Treatments were switched every 7 days. The 3- and 6-hour groups were fed free choice mature grass hay while not grazing. Daily pasture dry matter intake (DMI) for each HGRP was estimated by calculating the difference between initial herbage mass of the grazing cell before grazing and residual herbage mass after 7 days of grazing. Total dry matter intake was the sum of pasture and hay DMI for the 3- and 6-hour treatments. Fecal pH was measured on day 7 of each period. Response variables were analyzed using analysis of variance for Latin square design. Restricting pasture access decreased mean pasture DMI (P = .02), pasture dietary energy (DE) (P = .02), and fecal pH (P < .001), but increased DMIR (P = .02). Mean total dry matter intake was not different (P = .16) among treatments. In conclusion, restricting pasture access accelerates pasture DMIR and decreases fecal pH, and although restricting pasture access decreases DE intake from pasture, it did not result in a decrease in total DE intake for horses having ad libitum access to hay.     

日粮蛋白质水平对生茸期梅花鹿能量代谢的影响

采用呼吸测热试验和消化代谢试验等方法 ,就不同蛋白质水平对梅花鹿生茸期能量转化效率的影响进行了研究。结果表明 ,日粮蛋白质水平显著影响能量代谢率和甲烷能产量。高蛋白质水平日粮可使能量代谢率和甲烷能产量显著下降     

日粮组成和能量水平对乌金猪肉品质的影响

本文旨在研究不同日粮组成和能量水平对乌金猪肉品质的影响,确定最优肉品质所需的日粮适宜能量水平.选取体重(15.18±0.85)kg的乌金猪90头,公、母各占1/2,随机分为5组,每组18头,下设3个重复,每个重复6头.试验采用单因子随机分组设计,以中国肉脂型生长肥育猪饲养标准能量需要设计中能量水平(组Ⅲ,消化能12.98 MJ/kg),以NRC(1998)生长肥育猪饲养标准能量需要设计最高能量水平(组Ⅰ,消化能14.22 MJ/kg),此两个能量水平间设计中高能量水平(组Ⅱ,消化能13.60 MJ/kg),在中能量水平下依次分别设计中低能量水平(组Ⅳ,消化能12.36 MJ/kg)和最低能量水平(组Ⅴ,消化能11.74 MJ/kg),每个能量水平间的梯度为0.62 MJ/kg.各组在不同生长阶段日粮蛋白质、微量元素、氨基酸等水平基本固定.试验期至100 kg体重,分别在30、60和100 kg体重时屠宰,测定肉品质指标及肌肉营养成分,采用模糊综合评定系统分析并确定最优肉品质日粮适宜能量水平.结果表明,不同日粮组成和能量水平对乌金猪不同生长阶段肌肉pH、系水力、剪切力、烹煮损失和滴水损失有明显影响,组Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ及其日粮的组间差异显著(P<0.05),大理石纹在60和100 kg体重时差异显著(P<0.05).随着日粮能量水平的降低,肌肉中粗蛋白质含量提高,在100 kg体重时达显著水平(P<0.05);粗脂肪、肌内脂肪和肌苷酸含量降低,不同生长阶段组Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ及其日粮的组间差异显著或极显著(P<0.05或P<0.01).以大理石纹、剪切力、滴水损失为评定肉品质的代表指标,通过综合评定确定30、60和100 kg体重时最优肉品质适宜的日粮能量水平分别为13.10、13.08和13.11 MJ/kg.研究结果可为乌金猪的合理饲养和改善肉品质提供科学依据.     

干奶期不同能量水平对奶牛血中神经肽 Y和生长激素浓度的影响

将健康围产期奶牛30头随机分为3组．预产前28d按奶牛营养需要分别饲喂100％、120％、80％能量日粮，产后各组奶牛均饲喂标准的产奶日粮，至产后56d结束，观测干奶期不同能量摄入水平对围产期健康奶牛血中神经肽Y和生长激素浓度的影响。结果表明，干奶期低能量日粮饲喂，奶牛血中神经肽和生长激素浓度均高于其他2组，从产前14d至产后28d组间差异显著（P〈0.01；P〈0.05），提示低能量饲料饲喂干奶期奶牛，产后能量负平衡得到缓解。     

饲粮能量水平和来源对肉鸡腹水症的影响及其机理

本试验采用2×2×2因子设计,研究不同饲粮能量水平、来源,不同生理应激状态对肉鸡腹水症的影响及其机理.饲粮能量水平为13.79和11.70 MJ/kg,能量来源为高脂和低脂,肉鸡生理状态为正常和3,3′,5-三碘甲腺原氨酸(3,3′,5-triiodothyronine,T3)诱导的应激状态.320只1日龄健康爱拔益加(AA)肉鸡随机分配到8个处理中,每个处理4个重复.试验鸡自由采食和饮水,试验期为21 d.结果表明:1)高能饲粮(13.79 MJ/kg)极显著提高了肉鸡的心脏指数(P<0.01)、全期增重(P<0.01)和单位代谢体重耗氧量(P<0.01),显著降低了肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性(P<0.05),肉鸡肝脏丙二醛(MDA)含量增加了25.6%(P>0.05);2)饲粮能量来源对上述指标均无显著影响(P>0.05),但高脂使肝脏MDA含量增加了35.5%;3)在T3诱导下,肉鸡心脏指数极显著增加(P<0.01),全期增重极显著降低(P<0.01),肝脏MDA含量增加了17.8%(P>0.05);4)饲粮能量水平和T3对肉鸡心脏指数具有极显著的互作效应(P<0.01).以上结果提示:高能饲粮可促使肉鸡腹水症的发生,其机理是高能饲粮条件下,肉鸡生长速度快,单位体重耗氧量高,肝脏抗氧化能力降低,脂质过氧化程度增加,且高能饲粮效应在T3诱导下作用更为显著.     

不同饲粮蛋白质和脂肪水平对育成期雄性水貂生长性能及血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究不同饲粮蛋白质和脂肪水平对育成期雄性水貂生长性能及血清生化指标的影响。选取90只60日龄的健康雄性水貂,随机分为6组,每组15个重复,每个重复1只水貂。6组水貂分别饲喂2个蛋白质水平(32%和36%)和3个脂肪水平(10%、20%和30%)的6种试验饲粮。预试期7 d,正试期60 d。结果表明:低蛋白质中脂肪和低蛋白质高脂肪组水貂终末体重和平均日增重均极显著高于低蛋白质低脂肪和高蛋白质高脂肪组(P0.01),且随着饲粮脂肪水平的增加,水貂终末体重和平均日增重呈增加趋势,20%和30%脂肪水平组极显著高于10%脂肪水平组(P0.01)。水貂料重比以低蛋白质高脂肪组最低,显著低于低蛋白质低脂肪和高蛋白质高脂肪组(P0.05)。低蛋白质高脂肪组水貂血清中尿素氮含量极显著低于其他各组(P0.01)。32%蛋白质水平组水貂血清中谷丙转氨酶活性显著高于36%蛋白质水平组(P0.05)。低蛋白质高脂肪和高蛋白质高脂肪组水貂血清中甘油三酯含量显著高于低蛋白质低脂肪组和高蛋白质低脂肪组(P0.05)。随着饲粮脂肪水平的增加,血清中甘油三酯、总胆固醇和高密度脂蛋白含量有升高的趋势,且最高组均为低蛋白质高脂肪组。饲粮蛋白质和脂肪水平的交互作用对水貂生长性能指标及蛋白质和脂类代谢相关血清生化指标的影响均不显著(P0.05)。由此可见,在本试验条件下,当饲粮蛋白质水平为32%、脂肪水平为20%~30%时,饲粮中蛋白质和脂肪的利用率较高,育成期雄性水貂的生长性能较好。     

Effects of Dietary Energy Level and Source on Blood Metabolites,Hormone Secretion and Follicular Fluid Composition in Gilts

<正>The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of dietary energy levels and sources on the blood metabolites,hormone secretion and the composition of follicular fluid in gilts.Fifty-four gilts with initial body weight of(59±4.2) kg were randomly allotted to six treatments.Treatments were low, normal,and high energy feeding levels,which were 87.5%,100%and 112.5%of recommendatory energy requirements by NRC(1998),respectively,and dietary energy sources(starch or fat).Blood samples and follicular fluids were collected on D18 and D19 of the second estrous cycle.The results showed that plasma concentrations of triglycerides and total cholesterol were higher in the fat group than that in the starch group(P0.05),but those of glucose were similar between the two energy sources(P0.05);dietary energy level exerted no effect on blood metabolites concentration(P0.05).Gilts fed the high energy diet had a higher area under curve of plasma insulin(Insulin AUC),insulin-like growth factor-Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ) and leptin than did gilts fed the lower energy diet(P0.05),but there was no significant difference between fat versus starch(P0.05).Luteinizing hormone(LH) pulses were higher in gilts fed high energy rather than that in low energy diets(P0.05),plasma concentration of estradiol(E_2) was higher in the fat group than that in the starch group(P0.05).The number of large follicles(diameter≥4 mm) and concentrations of IGF-Ⅰand E_2 in follicular fluid were increasing significant as the level of energy increased(P0.05),but the numbers of large follicles and follicular fluid composition were not affected by the source of dietary energy(P0.05).The results indicate that gilts fed high energy diets had elevated plasma concentrations of metabolic hormones,IGF-Ⅰand LH secretion,and increased follicular fluid concentrations of IGF-Ⅰ,E_2 and numbers of large follicles;gilts fed the dietary fat had a higher plasma concentration of cholesterol and E_2.