日粮营养水平对西杂育成母牛日粮消化能和粪能排出量的影响

为了研究日粮营养水平(精料进食水平)对肉牛日粮消化能和粪能排出量的影响,试验选用体况良好、体重一致(347 kg±25 kg)的杂交后备母牛(西门塔尔牛(♂)×中国黄牛(♀))16头,随机分为4组,即处理Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组,每组4头,各试验组日粮精料进食量分别为1.5、2.5、3.5和4.5 kg,粗料(青贮)自由采食。总试验期为30 d,预饲期20 d后进入正试期,试验期最后7 d全收集粪样。结果表明:不同日粮处理间全消化道蛋白质、淀粉的表观消化量和日粮消化能有显著差异(P<0.05),并随日粮营养水平(精料进食水平)的增加而增加,但不同日粮处理间中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的表观可消化量没有差异,粪中能量的排出量也没有明显差异(P>0.05)。日粮可消化有机物与消化能的进食量呈直线强相关,即消化能DE(MJ/d)=0.669+18.476 DOM(kg/d)(R2=0.999 6,n=4)。     

不同能量水平日粮对淘汰荷斯坦育成母牛生长性能和屠宰性能的影响

本试验旨在研究不同能量水平日粮对淘汰荷斯坦育成母牛生长性能和屠宰性能的影响。选取24头健康状况良好、平均体重为466 kg左右、体型相近的淘汰荷斯坦育成母牛,随机分为3组,每组8头,分别为Ⅰ组（低能量组）、Ⅱ组（中能量组）和Ⅲ组（高能量组）,饲喂不同能量水平的日粮。试验分为前期和后期2个阶段,前期3组日粮的粗蛋白质含量均为12.50%,综合净能分别为6.80、7.00、7.20 MJ/kg;后期3组日粮的粗蛋白质含量均为12.00%,综合净能分别为6.90、7.10、7.30 MJ/kg。整个试验期共100 d,正试期为90 d。结果显示：①Ⅱ组淘汰荷斯坦育成母牛的平均日增重最高,分别较Ⅰ、Ⅲ组提高了4.76%（P > 0.05）、43.48%（P < 0.05）;Ⅱ组平均干物质采食量最高,料重比最低,且与Ⅲ组差异极显著（P < 0.01）。②提高日粮能量水平可显著提高血清中葡萄糖、胆固醇的含量（P < 0.05）,极显著降低β-羟丁酸的含量（P < 0.01）。③Ⅲ组荷斯坦育成母牛屠宰率、净肉率、大理石花纹和背膘厚度最高,屠宰率较Ⅰ、Ⅱ组差异显著（P < 0.05）;大理石花纹和背膘厚度与Ⅰ组差异显著（P < 0.05）,与Ⅱ组无显著差异（P > 0.05）。综上所述,提高日粮能量水平可显著提高淘汰荷斯坦育成母牛的平均日增重和屠宰率,降低料重比,促进脂肪沉积,改善肉品质。综合考虑得出：在本试验条件下,淘汰荷斯坦育成母牛育肥以中等能量水平饲喂较适宜,前期：综合净能7.00 MJ/kg,粗蛋白质12.50%;后期：综合净能7.10 MJ/kg,粗蛋白质12.00%。     

A Possible Association between Dietary Intake of Copper,Zinc and Phosphate and Delayed Puberty in Heifers in Sudan

Zinc and copper deficiencies have been reported in heifers of various breeds at four different locations in Sudan. These were Kuku (5 km north of Khartoum), Seleit (20 km northwest of Khartoum), Medani (180 km south of Khartoum) and El Obeid (600 km west of Khartoum). Phosphorus deficiency was only observed in the serum of heifers at El Obeid. The heifers at all locations showed delayed puberty, stunted growth and infertility. The heifers of the local breeds at El Obeid only attained puberty by 1530 days of age compared with 840 days for the pure Friesian heifers at Seleit. The crossbred animals at Kuku and Medani attained puberty at 1440 and 1020 days of age, respectively. The marginal or low zinc and copper contents in pasture, soil or animal feed may have been predisposing factors for the observed deficiencies and might have been responsible for the delayed age of puberty.     

饲粮磷水平对西门塔尔杂交后备母牛营养物质表观消化率的影响

本文旨在研究饲粮磷(phosphorus,P)水平对后备母牛营养物质表观消化率的影响.选用体况良好、体重(369.5±37.8)kg的杂交后备母牛[西门塔尔牛(♂)×中国黄牛(♀)]24头,随机分为6组,每组4头,定量(3.50 kg/d)饲喂6种不同磷水平的精饲料,粗饲料(玉米青贮)自由采食.各试验组精饲料磷水平分别...     

Effect of Oestrous Synchronization with Estradiol 17β and Progesterone on Follicular Wave Dynamics in Dairy Heifers

An experiment was designed to evaluate the effects of estradiol‐17β (E17β) on follicular wave dynamics and ovulatory response in Holstein heifers receiving either a progestogen ear‐implant (Crestar^®; Intervet International b.v. Boxmeer, The Netherlands) or an intravaginal progesterone‐releasing device [controlled internal drug release‐bovine device (Eazibreed, CIDR‐B^®; Bodinco BV, Alkmaar, The Netherlands)]. For comparison, another group of heifers was also synchronized using Crestar plus an injection of estradiol valerate (EV) and norgestomet as recommended by the pharmaceutical company. Twenty 20–22‐month‐old cycling Holstein heifers were allocated to one of the following treatment groups at random stages of the oestrous cycle: (I) simultaneous insertion of Crestar and intramuscular injection of 3 mg norgestomet and 5 mg EV (Crestar 9 + EV 9); (II) simultaneous insertion of Crestar and intramuscular injection of 5 mg E17β (Crestar 9 + E17β 9); (III) insertion of Crestar followed 2 days later by intramuscular injection of 5 mg E17β (Crestar 9 + E17β 7); or (IV) insertion of CIDR‐B device followed 2 days later by intramuscular injection of 5 mg E17β (CIDR 9 + E17β 7). The CIDR‐B or Crestar implants were removed after 9 days and all heifers received 500 μg Cloprostenol (Estrumate^®, Pitman‐Moore Nederland BV, Houten, The Netherlands). Ovarian ultrasonographic examinations were performed once daily during the synchronization period using a B‐mode scanner equipped with a 7.5 MHz linear‐array transrectal transducer. In addition, heifers were scanned every 12 h after implant/device withdrawal until 3 days after ovulation in order to monitor follicular activity, detect ovulation and subsequent early luteal formation. Detection of oestrus was performed every 6 h for 4 days after device/implant removal. Oestrus was observed 24–32 h before ovulation in all heifers. The mean hours interval from treatment withdrawal to ovulation was not significantly different (84.0 ± 16.5, 77.6 ± 4.1, 73.6 ± 4.1 and 64.0 ± 4.4 h for treatments I, II, III and IV, respectively; p > 0.1). However, the variance for heifers treated with EV + norgestomet was significantly larger (Levene’s Test; p < 0.01) than those treated with E17β. All E17β treatments resulted in dominant follicle suppression and a new wave emerged 4.1 days after treatment compared with 6.6 days for the EV + norgestomet treatment (p < 0.05). The time from emergence of the new ovulatory wave to ovulation was longer for the new wave that emerged after E17β treatment (9.2 ± 0.3 days) than after EV + norgestomet treatment (6.9 ± 0.4 days; p < 0.05). The results of this study suggest that the four treatments used were effective in inducing synchronous behavioural oestrus and ovulation. However, a higher degree of oestrus and ovulation synchrony was observed in heifers treated with E17β than in heifers treated with EV + norgestomet. Synchronization treatments with exogenous E17β or EV + norgestomet at the time of progestin device insertion (Crestar or CIDR‐B) or 2 days later in heifers can regulate a different emergence pattern of ovarian follicular development in randomly cyclic heifers. The E17β was effective in inducing follicular suppression and resulted in the consistent emergence of a new follicular wave.     

Effects of Breed on Follicular Dynamics and Oestradiol Secretion during the Follicular Phase in Sheep

Current study evaluates effects from breed and management background on follicular dynamics and endocrine output during the follicular phase of sheep oestrous cycle. Follicular phases were synchronized with three cloprostenol doses, 10 days apart, in three groups of 10 females of different non-prolific Spanish breeds (Manchega, Rubia del Molar and Negra de Colmenar). Development of all follicles reaching antral diameters >or=2 mm was assessed by daily transrectal ultrasonographies, whereas follicular function was evaluated by measurement of plasma oestradiol concentrations. All the ovulatory follicles were present at induced luteolysis in Manchega sheep, while a 93.7% were detected in Rubia del Molar and Negra de Colmenar ewes. The mean size of these ovulatory follicles was similar between breeds at 0 h, but their growth rates were higher in Manchega ewes, reaching a larger size at oestrous detection than in Negra de Colmenar and Rubia del Molar sheep (p < 0.05). Conversely, the oestradiol levels increased with time in Rubia del Molar and Negra de Colmenar (p < 0.05); whilst remained stable in Manchega females. However, the patterns of follicular turnover were similar between breeds. These results indicate that, though differences in follicular size and size distribution, patterns of follicular turnover in sheep are affected neither by the breed nor by the background of management and selection.     

不同蛋白质水平饲粮对生长期云上黑山羊能量代谢的影响

为研究不同蛋白质水平饲粮对生长期云上黑山羊能量代谢的影响,选取21只体况良好、体重44.84 kg±2.79 kg的处于生长期的云上黑山羊公羊,随机分为3组,每组7个重复,分别饲喂蛋白质水平为9.80%、11.61%和12.66%的3种不同饲粮。所有试验羊进行44 d的饲养试验(预饲期14 d,正试期30 d),在正试期的第12~17天,从3个试验组中各选择健康、体重相近的5只羊进行消化代谢试验。结果表明:①12.66%蛋白质水平组干物质采食量和摄入总能均显著高于9.80%蛋白质水平组和11.61%蛋白质水平组(P<0.05)。②粪能排泄量11.61%蛋白质水平组最低,且显著低于12.66%蛋白质水平组(P<0.05)。③DE、UE、ECH4、ME和NEp三个蛋白质水平组之间差异均不显著(P>0.05)。④总能消化率、总能代谢率3个蛋白质水平组之间差异均不显著(P>0.05);11.61%蛋白质水平组消化能代谢率显著高于12.66%蛋白质水平组(P<0.05)。⑤生长期云上黑山羊的组织和器官能量3个蛋白质水平组之间差异均不显著(P>0.05);除9.80%蛋白质水平组大肠能量显著高于11.61%蛋白质水平组外(P<0.05),其他胃及肠道能量3个蛋白质水平组之间差异均不显著(P>0.05)。综上,说明不同蛋白质水平对云上黑山羊GE、FE、ME/DE有显著影响,饲粮蛋白质水平为11.61%时能量利用率最佳。     

育成期饲粮代谢能水平对开产时如皋黄鸡生长发育的影响

本试验旨在研究8～18周龄饲粮代谢能(ME)水平对8周龄至开产时(20周龄)如皋黄鸡生长性能以及屠体、内脏器官、鸡冠、骨骼、消化道和繁殖器官发育的影响。试验选用8周龄体况良好、体重接近的如皋黄鸡360只,随机分成3组,每组8个重复,每个重复15只鸡。8～18周龄,试验鸡分别饲喂ME水平为10.88、11.30和11.72 MJ·kg^-1、其它营养素水平相同的试验饲粮,18周龄～开产(20周龄),各组试验鸡均饲喂相同营养水平的预产期试验饲粮。试验期12周。结果表明：1)随8～18周龄饲粮ME水平增加,蛋鸡18周龄体重、8～18周龄平均日增重(ADG)和平均日代谢能摄入量(MEi)均显著线性增加(P<0.05),8～18周龄和8～20周龄料重比(F/G)和粗蛋白质转化比(CPCR)均显著线性减小(P<0.05)。2)8～18周龄饲粮ME水平对18和20周龄如皋黄鸡屠体、内脏器官和消化道发育均无显著影响(P>0.05)。3)18周龄蛋鸡胫骨重和胫骨率均随8～18周龄饲粮ME水平增加先减小后增加(P<0.05)。8～18周龄饲粮ME水平对18周龄鸡冠和股骨以及20周龄鸡冠、胫骨和股骨发育均无显著影响(P>0.05)。4)18周龄蛋鸡卵巢基质指数和小黄卵泡指数均随8～18周龄饲粮ME水平增加显著线性增加(P<0.05),8～18周龄饲粮ME水平对18周龄其它繁殖器官以及20周龄各繁殖器官发育均无显著影响(P>0.05)。由此可知,8～18周龄饲粮ME水平为11.72 MJ·kg^-1时,能显著增加18周龄体重和8～18周龄ADG,改善8～18周龄F/G和CPCR,促进卵巢基质和小黄卵泡发育,但饲粮ME水平对开产时(20周龄)蛋鸡生长发育指标均无显著影响。本研究表明,将蛋鸡育成期和预产期结合研究具有更重要的实践意义。     

饲粮能量对家畜卵泡发育及其相关基因表达的影响

卵泡发育是家畜繁殖的基础,饲粮能量通过调控体内营养物质浓度、相关激素水平及mRNA表达等多方面影响家畜的卵泡发育。本文从饲粮能量水平、能源结构等方面综述能量对家畜卵泡发育的影响,并从能量对生殖激素、细胞增殖相关调控因子及营养物质转运蛋白等基因的调控方面简述其分子调控机制,为进一步研究能量对家畜繁殖性能的影响及其机理提供参考。     

饲粮不同能量、蛋白质水平对生茸期梅花鹿的影响

本研究采用 2 (CP:2 4和 2 2 % )× 2 (GE:4.1 5和 1 6.74MJ/kg)二因子交叉设计 ,选用1岁 (毛桃 )梅花公鹿 69头 ,分为四个试验组 ,进行了饲养试验和消化试验。试验结果表明 ,饲粮能量、蛋白质水平对鹿体增重的互作效应显著 (P<0 .0 5) ,饲粮粗蛋白质水平对蛋白质消化率有极显著的影响 (P<0 .0 1 )。 1岁梅花鹿生茸期饲粮中能量、蛋白质适宜水平分别为1 7.37MJ/kg GE、2 2 .44% CP。平均每头鹿每天对能量和蛋白质的需要量分别为 36.84MJGE和 478g CP     

日粮代谢能和赖氨酸水平对AA肉鸡生长性能和屠宰性能的影响

为了研究日粮不同代谢能和赖氨酸水平对AA肉鸡生长性能和屠宰性能的影响,试验选用160只1日龄AA公雏,随机分为5个处理,每个处理32个重复,每重复1只鸡,实行单笼饲养。试验采用2因子(代谢能和赖氨酸)×2水平(低于和高于对照组)随机区组设计,设1个对照组(代谢能参照NRC,1994),2个代谢能水平分别为12.97、13.81MJ/kg;2个赖氨酸水平0～3周龄分别为1.0%、1.2%,4～6周龄分别为0.9%、1.1%,对照组代谢能水平0～6周龄为13.39MJ/kg,赖氨酸水平0～3周龄为1.1%,4～6周龄为1.0%。42日龄屠宰,试验结果表明:①日粮代谢能水平从12.97MJ/kg提高到13.81MJ/kg,肉鸡平均体重增加12.67%,饲料转化率升高7%(P<0.01);日粮赖氨酸水平提高20%,体重显著增加12.38%(P<0.05),饲料转化率升高3.84%(P<0.01);日粮代谢能和赖氨酸对饲料转化率有显著的互作效应(P<0.05);②随着代谢能水平的提高,屠体重、全净膛重、胸肌重、腿肌重、腹脂重和腹脂率相应提高,高能组显著高于中、低能组(P<0.05),赖氨酸水平对屠体重、全净膛重、胸肌重和胸肌率产生极显著的影响(P<0.01),与低赖氨酸组相比,高赖氨酸日粮组肉鸡屠体重增加12.33%、全净膛重增加12.62%、胸肌重增加28.53%、胸肌率提高3.11%,代谢能和赖氨酸水平对肉鸡腹脂重有显著的互作效应(P<0.05);③日粮代谢能水平为13.81MJ/kg,赖氨酸水平0～3周龄为1.2%、4～6周龄为1.1%时AA肉鸡获得最佳生产性能和屠宰性能,与实际生产中应用的NRC(1994)代谢能和赖氨酸水平相比,AA肉鸡多赢利1.44元/只。     

饲粮粗蛋白质、能量水平对3岁梅花公鹿鹿茸生长和体增重的影响

为探讨 3岁梅花鹿生茸期饲粮适宜营养水平 ,本研究采用 2 (CP∶2 1%和 19% )× 2 (GE∶16 74MJ/kg和 15 90MJ/kg)二因子交叉设计 ,选用 3岁 (二锯 )梅花公鹿 6 7头 ,分为 4个试验组 ,进行了饲养试验和消化试验。试验结果表明 ,饲粮蛋白质水平对鹿体增重有显著影响 (P <0 0 5 ) ,在本试验所设能量浓度范围内 ,饲粮蛋白质水平为 19%处理组鹿体增重显著高于 2 1%蛋白组 ;鹿茸产量组间差异不显著 (P >0 0 5 ) ;饲粮粗蛋白质水平对蛋白质消化率和能量消化率均有显著影响 (P <0 0 5 ) ;3岁梅花鹿生茸期饲粮中能量、蛋白质适宜水平分别为 15 9～ 16 7MJ/kg (GE)和 19% (CP) ;平均每头鹿每天对消化能和可消化蛋白质的需要量分别为 2 9 9～ 31 3MJ和 388～ 394 g。     

饲粮蛋白质水平对冬毛期水貂部分血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮蛋白质水平对冬毛期水貂血清含氮物质、氮代谢和抗氧化能力的影响.选择90日龄健康雄性水貂60只,随机分成6组(每组10个重复,每个重复1只水貂).分别饲喂蛋白质水平为28%(Ⅰ组)、30%(Ⅱ组)、32%(Ⅲ组)、34%(Ⅳ组)、36%(Ⅴ组)、38%(Ⅵ组)的试验饲粮.预试期7 d,正式期90 d,饲...     

地塞米松和饲粮能量水平对肉仔鸡能量采食及神经肽Y基因表达的影响

本试验旨在探讨注射地塞米松(DEX)模拟应激状态下,应激和饲粮能量水平对肉仔鸡能量采食的影响。选取体重相近的180只23日龄的雄性爱拔益加(AA)肉鸡随机分成6组,每组3个重复,每个重复10只鸡。试验采用2×3析因设计,因素为DEX[处理(注射DEX2 mg/kg)、未处理(注射等剂量生理盐水)]和饲粮能量水平[高能(HE)、低能(LE)以及高能、低能自由采食(H-LE)]。预试期5 d,正试期7 d。结果表明:1)DEX处理极显著降低了肉仔鸡的采食量和体增重(P<0.01),极显著提高了耗料增重比、耗能增重比、腹脂率以及血浆葡萄糖、甘油三酯和尿酸的浓度(P<0.01),显著提高了肠道指数(P<0.05)。2)采用LE饲粮体增重(P<0.05)、腹脂率(P<0.01)显著低于其他2种饲粮,耗料增重比显著低于HE饲粮(P<0.05);采用HE饲粮耗能增重比极显著高于其他2种饲粮(P<0.01);采用H-LE饲粮神经肽Y(NPY)基因表达量显著高于LE饲粮(P<0.05)。3)DEX、饲粮能量水平对耗料增重比(P<0.05)和耗能增重比(P<0.01)的影响存在显著的互作效应。结果提示,DEX应激可使肉仔鸡血浆中葡萄糖、尿酸和甘油三酯的浓度升高;DEX应激和HE饲粮均能增加脂肪在腹部沉积,提高耗料增重比和耗能增重比;H-LE饲粮能上调肉仔鸡下丘脑NPY基因表达。     

营养水平对肉鸡肌肉组织学的影响

试验设计了 9种能量或蛋白质水平不同的饲粮 ,研究了不同营养水平对肉鸡胸肌组织学的影响。结果表明 :饲粮能量或蛋白质水平增加 ,肉鸡胸肌纤维密度减小、直径增大 (P <0 0 1 )。所有处理中 ,高能中蛋白组试鸡胸肌纤维密度最小、直径最大 ,低能低蛋白组试鸡胸肌纤维密度最大 ,高能低蛋白组试鸡胸肌纤维直径最小。     

日粮碳水化合物与脂肪对奶牛采食量和能量分配影响的研究进展

近年来,能量饲料种类逐渐增多,奶牛日粮配方的能源物质随之增多。研究证明,同一能量水平不同能源构成的日粮会使能量在体组织沉积和泌乳之间的分配出现很大差异。生糖营养素(Glucogenic)和生脂营养素(Lipogenic)作为泌乳奶牛主要的供能物质,在能量的分配中分别扮演不同角色。本文对饲粮淀粉、纤维和脂肪相关的研究结果进行了归纳和梳理,为今后的科学研究和生产实践提供参考依据。     

Effect of Restricted Pasture Access on Pasture Dry Matter Intake Rate,Dietary Energy Intake,and Fecal pH in Horses

Eight mature horses were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design to determine the effect of restricted pasture access on dry matter intake rate (DMIR), energy intake, and fecal pH. Horses were randomly assigned to one of four groups (HGRPs), each containing two horses. HGRPs were randomly assigned to one of four treatments consisting of 3, 6, 9, or 24 hours of pasture access, for a period of 7 days. Treatments were switched every 7 days. The 3- and 6-hour groups were fed free choice mature grass hay while not grazing. Daily pasture dry matter intake (DMI) for each HGRP was estimated by calculating the difference between initial herbage mass of the grazing cell before grazing and residual herbage mass after 7 days of grazing. Total dry matter intake was the sum of pasture and hay DMI for the 3- and 6-hour treatments. Fecal pH was measured on day 7 of each period. Response variables were analyzed using analysis of variance for Latin square design. Restricting pasture access decreased mean pasture DMI (P = .02), pasture dietary energy (DE) (P = .02), and fecal pH (P < .001), but increased DMIR (P = .02). Mean total dry matter intake was not different (P = .16) among treatments. In conclusion, restricting pasture access accelerates pasture DMIR and decreases fecal pH, and although restricting pasture access decreases DE intake from pasture, it did not result in a decrease in total DE intake for horses having ad libitum access to hay.     

饲粮精氨酸水平对黄羽肉种鸡产蛋高峰期繁殖性能的影响

本试验旨在研究不同饲粮精氨酸水平对黄羽肉种鸡繁殖性能的影响。试验选用780只36周龄的黄羽肉种鸡作为试验鸡,采用单因素随机分组试验设计分成5个组(饲粮精氨酸水平分别为0.65%、0.80%、0.95%、1.10%和1.25%),每组6个重复,每个重复26只鸡。试验预试验2周,饲喂精氨酸水平为0.65%的饲粮;正试期10周。结果表明:饲粮中添加不同水平精氨酸对试验全期种鸡产蛋率、平均蛋重和料蛋比均没有显著影响(P0.05)。1.10%精氨酸组的产蛋率最高,与0.65%和1.25%精氨酸组相比有提高的趋势(P0.10)。1.25%精氨酸组平均蛋重最低,与其他4组相比均有降低的趋势(P0.10)。饲粮中添加不同水平精氨酸对种蛋蛋壳强度、蛋壳厚度、蛋黄比例、蛋白质含量以及种鸡血浆中丙二醛含量和还原型谷胱甘肽/氧化型谷胱甘肽值均有显著影响(P0.05)。饲粮精氨酸水平对种蛋受精率、孵化率、健雏率和健雏平均出壳重均没有显著影响(P0.05)。由此可见,适度添加精氨酸一定程度上能提高黄羽肉种鸡产蛋率,增强种蛋蛋壳强度和种鸡抗氧化能力。综合分析本试验多项指标,推荐快大型黄羽肉种鸡产蛋高峰期饲粮中精氨酸水平为1.10%。