Vision and development in Trichoderma atroviride

Phototropism, the induction of carotenogenesis and reproductive structures, and resetting of the circadian rhythm are controlled by blue light. Trichoderma is used as a photomorphogenetic model due to its ability to conidiate upon exposure to light. In total darkness, T. atroviride grows indefinitely as a mycelium provided that nutrients are not limiting. However, nutrient deprivation and light trigger the conidiation process. A pulse of blue light given to a radially growing colony induc…     

Identification of novel Trichoderma hamatum genes expressed during mycoparasitism

Trichoderma species are currently used as biocontrol agents for crop diseases caused by a number of fungal plant pathogens. However, their biocontrol performance in the field can be unreliable and it is likely that more consistent performance could be achieved through knowledge and manipulation of the genes involved. For example, induction of the genes could be optimised for variable environmental and physiological conditions, superior strains could be selected more effectively and novel st…     

Trichoderma species from China

Seventeen species of Trichoderma, isolated from soil or tree bark from Ch ina are identified based on morphological and physiological characters, and from their phylogenetic position inferred from parsimony analyses of nucleotide sequ ences of the internal transcribed spacer regions of the rDNA cluster (ITS1 and 2) and partial sequences of translation elongation factor 1-alpha (te f1) . There were T.citrinoviride, T.longibrachiatum, T.sinensis in section Long ibrachiatum, T.…     

木霉菌对灰葡萄孢菌的拮抗作用

对采自宁夏14个市县的170份土样及其它材料进行分离,得到96个木霉菌株,采用形态分类方法鉴定出9种木霉菌以及2种未知名菌种．它们分别为哈茨木霉（Trichoderma harzianum）、绿色木霉（T．viride）、长枝木霉（T．longibrachiatum）、康氏木霉（T．koningii）、拟康氏木霉（T．pseudokoningii）、项孢木霉（T．fertile）、黄绿木霉（T．aureoviride）、深绿木霉（T．atroviride）、钩状木霉（T．hamatum）以及T．sp1和T．sp2。拮抗作用和抑菌活性测定结果表明：11种木霉菌对葡萄、番茄和黄瓜灰霉病的致病菌——灰葡萄孢菌（Botrytis cinema Petssp．）均有不同程度的拮抗作用,其中哈茨木霉、绿色木霉、黄绿木霉、钩状木霉和T．sp1对病原菌的拮抗作用及抑菌活性显著,其生长速度比病原菌平均快1．1～3．0倍：在对峙培养中拮抗系数达Ⅰ级或Ⅱ级．其抑菌率高迭98．78％。     

Population dynamics of Trichoderma species in the rhizosphere of tobacco and four species form China

To study the effect of tobacco growth on Trichoderma population, we in vestigated the occurrence of Trichoderma species in the rhizosphere of tob acco plant during the period from transplanting (June) to harvesting (October) and measured relative environmental factors. Eleven species of Trichoderma we re isolated, among which T.harzianum, T.viride, T.hamatum, T.atroviride, T.lo ngibrachiatum, T.virens, T.koningii were identified, other four species Ty1, Ty2, Ty3, Ty4 are new s…     

Variations on conserved signaling pathways in biocontrol and development:G protein and MAPK genes of Trichoderma. atroviride and T. virens

Filamentous fungi employ conserved eukaryotic signaling pathway to detect and respond to environmental signals, including the presence of the host. Genetic experiment in which a particular signaling protein is lost, or its activity enhanced, have defined some of the function of heterotrimeric G proteins and MAP kinases in development and virulence. A hallmark of these studies is that orthologs in different species may have different functions. Antagonistic fungal-fungal interactions form …     

Commercial development of Trichoderma species for control of soil-borne vegetable diseases and their integration into standard crop management practices

A 10 year research programme at Lincoln University, investigating the use of Trichoderma species for biological control of soil-borne diseases of vegetable crops, has resulted in the development of two commercial products. Trichodry TM. 6S and Trichoflow TM. 6S based upon Trichoderma hamatum isolate 6SR4, are used to control Sclerotinia lettuce drop disease. The Trichodry 6S product is formulated as a dry flake, which is incorporated into nursery seedling mix and the Trichoflow 6…     

钩状木霉在辣椒根际定殖动态及其对辣椒疫病的生物防治

木霉菌（Trichoderma spp.）是自然界广泛分布的一类重要生防真菌资源。生防菌在宿主根际及其组织中定殖能力的强弱是评价其生防潜力的重要指标。选择钩状木霉（Trichoderma hamatum）真菌、辣椒及其重要土传病害菌辣椒疫霉（Phytophthora capsici）三者互作体系,通过绿色荧光蛋白标记的钩状木霉菌株灌根接种辣椒植株,通过平板拮抗试验和温室盆栽试验,检测钩状木霉菌在辣椒植株及根际的定殖情况,及其对辣椒疫病的生物防治效果。结果表明,钩状木霉菌在辣椒根、茎和叶等组织中和辣椒根际土壤中均能够定殖。在辣椒根际土壤中,钩状木霉菌呈动态变化的定殖过程。灌根接种1～25 d,钩状木霉菌定殖量呈缓慢增长,在第33 d,达到最高值(700×107 conidia·g-1),然后逐渐下降,呈现先增加后减少的动态变化过程。钩状木霉菌在辣椒根际和植株的定殖过程中,对辣椒疫病具有生物防治作用,防治效果达到5333％。综上,钩状木霉菌能够成为辣椒根际微生态中的有益微生物,可以有效预防辣椒疫病的发生,研究为辣椒疫病的生物防治提供了理论依据和有效途径。     

Study of signal transduction factors involved in mycoparasitic response of Trichoderma atroviride

Numerous Trichoderma spp. are mycoparasites and commercially applied as biological control agents against a large number of plant pathogenic fungi. The mycoparasitic interaction is host-specific and several research strategies have been applied to identify the main genes and compounds involved in the antagonist-plant-pathogen three-way interaction. During mycoparasitism, signals from the host fungus are recognised by Trichoderma, stimulating antifungal activities that are accompanied by mo…     

Diversity of Trichoderma in greenhouse soil

The protected agricultural production has become one of the fast growing and wid espread cultivation technology in the north parts of China. Continuous cultivati on of single crop or less rotation of crops usually resulted in the large amount of accumulation of soilborne pathogens and serious crop diseases in the greenho use. After a few years of investigation of soilborne fungi in the north parts of China, nearly one hundred species of mictosporic fungi have been identified by the authors.…     

Heterologous expression of the glucose oxidase gene in Trichoderma atroviride leads enhanced ability to attack phytopathogenic fungi and induction of plant systemic disease resistance

A transgenic strain of Trichoderma atroviride that expresses the Aspergillus niger glucose oxidase gene goxA under a homologous pathogen-inducible promoter (nag1) has been constructed, with the aim of increasing the ability of this biocontrol agent (BCA) to attack phytopathogenic fungi and enhance plant systemic disease resistance. The sporulation and growth rate of the transgenic progenies were similar to the wild-type strain P1. goxA expression occurred immediately after contact with the p…     

Genetic improvement of Trichoderma ability to induce systemic resistance

The beneficial applications of Trichoderma spp. in agriculture include not only the control of plant pathogens, but also the improvement of plant growth, micronutrient availability, and plant tolerance to abiotic stress. In addition, it has been suggested that these fungi are able to increase plant disease resistance by activating induced systemic resistance (ISR) . The mode of action of these beneficial fungi in the Trichoderma -plant-pathogen interaction are many, complex and not comple…     

4种木霉对松疱锈病菌细胞壁的破坏作用

为了解木霉属真菌分泌胞壁降解酶的能力及筛选获得降解植物锈病菌的优良生防菌株,对4个种48株木霉进行接种保湿培养和定期观察。结果表明：4种木霉中的长枝木霉所有菌株在茶藨生柱锈的锈孢子堆上生长都较弱,且对锈孢子壁没有破坏作用,而其他3个种的部分菌株能在锈孢子堆上生长且对锈孢子壁造成不同程度的破坏,但不同种及同种不同菌株的生长速度和对锈孢子的破坏能力差异较大;3种木霉中,深绿木霉的多数菌株在锈孢子堆上的生长良好,对锈孢子壁的破坏作用最强,康宁木霉和哈茨木霉的部分菌株次之;采用DNS显色法检测锈孢子壁诱导3株木霉分泌的胞壁降解酶(几丁质酶和β-1, 3-葡聚糖酶)活性,结果显示其诱导酶活的强度与菌株破坏接种锈孢子壁的程度基本一致。     

Trichoderma species collected from Iran

In order to identify Trichoderma species isolated from Iran, Trichoderma selective media and malt extract agar (MEA) were used to isolate Trichoderma species from the soil samples. All the cultures were purified on 2% water agar by hyphal tip method prior to morphological examination.Morphological observations were carried out on the cultures grown on 2 % MEA and oat meal agar at 20℃ under ambient laboratory conditions.     

Are mycoparasitism and chitinase production species or isolate dependent in Trichoderma ?

The relationship between taxonomic status of Trichoderma spp., chitinase production in solid substrate fermentation (SSF) on four media and mycoparasitism in dual culture (confrontation assay)against four plant pathogenic fungi was studied. Seventy five Trichoderma isolates belonging to 35species have been screened. The plant pathogenic fungi used in confrontation assay were Botrytis cinerea , Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi , Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum . The SSF media contained wheat bran, crude chitin (from crab shells, SIGMA) and salt solutions. The best performing isolates in mycoparasitism tests were Trichoderma flavofuscum, T. harzianum, T.inhamatum, T. koningii and T. strigosum. Some isolates exhibiting good mycoparasitism produced chitinase in SSF only at low or medium level. In contrary there were isolates with excellent extracellular chitinase production but their biocontrol potential did not belong to the leading group.Statistical methods have been used to evaluate the data.……     

Use of Hypocrea jecorina (anamorph Trichoderma reesei) as a model system for Trichoderma biocontrol of Pythium blight identifies new targets for genetic strain improvement

Biocontrol by Trichoderma has been studied mainly with selected isolates of T. harzianum, T. atroviride and T. asperellum, which are members of sections Pachybasium and Trichoderma. In contrast, species from section Longibrachiatum have only rarely been studied. On the other hand, one taxon from this section-Hypocrea jecorina (anamorph: Trichoderma reesei)-has been widely used for the production of cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic enzymes and recombinant proteins. As far as T…     

高效降解秸秆的深绿木霉菌ATMT突变株的筛选

以羧甲基纤维素粉或滤纸为唯一碳源,对深绿木霉菌T23的农杆菌介导的突变株进行了生长速度、产孢率、色素形成等形态学观测,同时,测定了滤纸酶酶活及羧甲基纤维素酶酶活,从中筛选出降解纤维素能力较出发菌T23显著变化的突变株7株。其中,多拷贝T-DNA插入突变株较单拷贝的突变株生长速度快,产孢率高。并且,这些突变株的发酵液呈明显的色素差异。突变株插入的拷贝数越多,酶活越强,在降解过程中这2种酶都观察到了产物的反馈抑制现象。     

保护地土壤生防木霉菌种群多样性研究

采用传统的形态学特征和分子方法(ITS、TEF序列和UP-PCR)研究了蔬菜保护地土壤中木霉菌种群多样性及其影响因素.结果表明:提交genbank 11个木霉种的序列,分别为长枝木霉(Trichoderma longibrachiatum)、拟康氏木霉(Trichoderma pseudokoningii)、黄绿木霉(Trichoderma aureoviride)、棘孢木霉(Trichoderma asperellum)、深绿木霉(Trichoderma atroviride)、哈茨木霉(Trichoderma harzianum)、非钩木霉(Trichoderma inhamatum)、微孢木霉(Trichoderma minutisporum)、长孢木霉(Trichoderma longipile)和粘绿木霉(Trichoderma virens);木霉菌24个菌株经UP-PCR扩增,引物AS4、AS19、L45扩增出一条500 bp大小的木霉菌种的特征性谱带,其他谱带则为多态性谱带,多态性达93.5％;营养条件、杀菌剂及土壤因素对不同种木霉菌的影响不同,得到2株适应性较强的木霉菌株,有望成为生防菌株.     

韩国平菇菇床上流行的木霉分离物的形态学和分子生物学分析

自韩国平菇生产地分离到26株木霉(Trichoderma),基于培养特性和菌落形态,这些菌株分为4组,鉴定为Trichoderma sp．K1、Trichoderma sp．K2、T．harizianum,和T．atroviride,其中优势种为Trichoderma sp．K2,其次是Trichoderma sp．K1和T．atroviride。K1和K2不仅在形态上与其它的组有区别,而且相互在生长温度(35℃),菌落形态,分生孢子的形态,分生孢子小梗及其分枝类型,分生孢子的形态等方面有显著差异。对这些菌的ITS、EF-1(和RPB2的序列比较显示出这2个待鉴定的种(K1和K2)不仅与早期报道的木霉种有差异,而且相互间也显著不同。同时发现,EF-1(和RPB2序列比ITS序列在木霉的系统分类上更加客观可靠。基于以上研究结果,我们认为K1和K2是木霉属中的新种,即将给予它们新的名称。     

保护地蔬菜土壤中木霉菌种群影响因素

采用传统的形态学特征和ITS、TEF序列比对鉴定出11个木霉种,其中长枝木霉Trichoderma longibrachiatum、深绿木霉Trichoderma atroviride和哈茨木霉Trichoderma harzianum是蔬菜保护地土壤中的优势种群.同时研究表明种植年限、蔬菜种类、轮作制度、杀菌剂等均会影响木霉菌数量和分布,木霉菌的数量与种植年限、蔬菜种植结构密切相关,连作时,当种植年限超过10 a,木霉菌数量减少;轮作地比连作地木霉菌数量虽然下降,但在真菌中的比例却呈上升趋势;种植葱蒜类蔬菜的地块比种植番茄、黄瓜的地块木霉菌数量多.从蔬菜田中分离到的木霉菌对杀菌剂的抗性较强.土壤因素中以土壤有机质含量对木霉菌数量的影响最为重要,达到极显著水平,回归直线方程为y=0.13x-1.07.表明提高土壤中有机质含量及轮作是提高木霉菌生物种群多样性的主要因子.