Control of the spread of tulip breaking virus in tulips with mineral-oil sprays

Several mineral-oil sprays used to curtail the spread of stylet-borne tulip breaking virus (TBV) in tulips ‘Elmus’ were tested. The similarly concentrated sprays prepared with summer oil, winter oil, Albolineum, and Asepthion oil, decreased the spread of TBV considerably. Control was improved by the more concentrated Albolineum sprays (2.5, 5, 10%), and spread was reduced more effectively, when variable quantities of emulsions providing good leaf coverage were used (2.5, 5%). The weight ratios of the bulb yields of plots given a 2.5% spray in all years and a 5% spray in 1972 and 1973 fluctuated closely (0–6%) around the value for the untreated plots, which was taken as 100. These ratios dropped by 11–19% after more concentrated sprays were used in variable quantities in 1971. Spraying was slightly more effective at weekly than at fortnightly intervals, but the weight ratios scarcely differed. Better control of TBV spread was obtained when spraying was started at the beginning of May; when started in June, the sprays were not effective. The weight ratios were not clearly influenced differentially except when spraying was begun in the first week of May. The efficacy of mineral-oil sprays is discussed in relation to tulips and lilies, with reference to comparable experiments. The application of mineral-oil sprays for curtailing TBV spread in commercial tulip culture is discussed.     

Brown ring formation and streak mottle,two distinct syndromes in lilies associated with complex infections of lily symptomless virus and tulip breaking virus

Brown ring formation in bulbs of lilies, particularly of Mid-century hybrids, is described as a newly recognized disease. Symptoms of streak mottle in cultivars ofLilium speciosum Thunb., not associated with abnormalities of bulbs, are briefly described with reference to the literature. Sometimes the two syndromes occur in the same crop such as in the Mid-century hybrid Enchantment, showing brown ring formation in bulbs and an indistinct mottling in field plants. Severe leaf mottling appears in Midcentury hybrids andL. speciosum when plants are forced under glass. In both diseases tulip breaking virus (TBV) was always found to occur in complex with lily symptomless virus (LSV), which was consistently detected in apparently healthy plants of the Mid-century hybrid Enchantment and in severalL. speciosum cultivars.The part of TBV involved in the complex diseases described has been demonstrated by serological, electron-microscopical, and inoculation studies with lilies and tulips. LSV was sap-transmitted from lily to tulip but it could not be detected in several randomly taken samples of a dozen field-grown tulip cultivars. Suppression of TBV in plants of Enchantment, grown from bulbs with brown ring formation under field conditions, is discussed. TBV was serologically and electron-microscopically detectable only in plants grown under glass. A similar phenomenon was observed inL. speciosum cultivars under both conditions.Samenvatting Bruinkringerigheid in bollen van Midcentury-hybriden wordt beschreven als een nieuw onderkende virusziekte (Fig. 1, 2 en 3). Streperige vlekkerigheid op bladeren vanL. speciosum cultivars (Fig. 4), niet tegelijkertijd optredend met bolafwijkingen, wordt in het kort beschreven, en deed zich voor zoals in de literatuur wordt vermeld.Soms treden de twee syndromen op in hetzelfde gewas zoals in de Midcentury-hybride Enchantment, die bruinkringerigheid in bollen laat zien en een onduidelijke vlekkerigheid in veldplanten. Ernstige vlekkerigheid op de bladeren komt naar voren in Midcentury-hybriden enL. speciosum wanneer de planten in de kas worden gebroeid.Bij de beschreven ziekten was het complex van tulpemozaïekvirus (syn.: tulpebloembrekingsvirus; TBV) en symptoomloos lelievirus (LSV) steeds aanwezig. Het laatstgenoemde virus werd steeds aangetoond in ogenschijnlijk gezonde planten van de Midcentury-hybride Enchantment en van verscheidene cultivars vanL. speciosum.Het aandeel van het TBV in de beschreven complexe ziekten bleek uit serologisch en elektronenmicroscopisch onderzoek en uit inoculatieproeven met lelies en tulpen (Tabel 1 en 2). LSV werd met sap overgebracht van lelie naar tulp (Fig. 5 en 6). LSV kon niet worden aangetoond in verscheidene willekeurig genomen monsters uit planen met mozaïeksymptomen op de bladeren van een twaalftal te velde geteelde tulpecultivars. In planten met bruinkringerigheid te velde werd een teruglopen van de concentratie van het TBV waargenomen. TBV was serologisch en elektronenmicroscopisch lechts aantoonbaar in lelie-planten die in de kas groeiden. Een overeenkomstig verschijnsel werd waargenomen inL. speciosum-cultivars.     

Variability in the coat protein of Lily symptomless virus isolates infecting various lily species

The coat protein sequences were characterized of Lily symptomless virus (LSV) isolates infecting Lilium longiflorum , Lilium tigrinum , Hymenocalis littoralis (spider lily) and Asiatic and Oriental hybrid lilies in India. The Indian isolates showed 78–96% homology with each other. With LSV isolates from elsewhere in the world, the Indian isolates showed 83–98% homology. The LSV-L ( L. longiflorum ) and LSV-A (Asiatic hybrid) isolates had unique stretches in the middle portion of the protein not found in other LSV isolates, even the Indian ones. The LSV gene sequence from the spider lily isolate (LSV-S) was reported for the first time outside the Liliaceae. LSV-S was 84–96% similar to the other Indian isolates at the protein level. The isolate infecting tiger lily (LSV-T) was found to be different from the characterized isolates from elsewhere in the world (78–84% homology at the protein level). At the same time, LSV-T showed much variability in the C-terminal of the protein. A stretch of 41 amino acids in the C-terminal was unique to this isolate. LSV-T is proposed as a distinct isolate of LSV infecting L. tigrinum indigenous to India.     

复合RT-PCR方法同步检测百合X病毒、百合无症病毒及百合斑驳病毒

建立了特异性检测百合X病毒(LVX)、百合无症病毒(LSV)及百合斑驳病毒(LMoV)的单一、双重及三重PCR体系并对各体系的灵敏度进行了研究。结果表明,单一PCR体系可检测的LVX最低浓度在1×10^-7μg/mL,LSV最低浓度在1×10^-8μg/mL,LMoV最低浓度在1pg/mL;双重PCR体系可明显检测的LVX、LSV最低浓度在1pg/mL,LSV、LMoV最低浓度在1ng/mL,LVX、LMoV最低浓度在1pg/mL;三重PCR体系可明显检测的LVX、LSV和LMoV的最低浓度为1ng/mL。     

Reduction of yield losses in pepper crops caused by potato virus Y in KwaZulu-Natal,South Africa,using plastic mulch and Yellow sticky traps

Potato virus Y is the major cause of crop losses in pepper in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. An evaluation of the efficacy of five treatments to reduce transmission of the virus to pepper by aphids was conducted. The use of white plastic mulch was the most effective, resulting in a 32% yield increase over the untreated control. Yellow sticky plastic traps also had a significant beneficial effect on the yield, but mineral oil sprays as well as a neem-derived product were ineffective. Weekly mercaptothion (malathion) sprays caused an increase in virus incidence, and yields were only 49% that of the untreated control.     

百合无症病毒对百合光合生理、酶活性及叶绿体超微结构的影响

 以东方百合“西伯利亚”为试验材料,研究百合无症病毒(LSV)侵染百合对其叶片生理生化以及叶绿体超微结构的影响。检测结果表明:叶片中叶绿素a、b以及总叶绿素含量与健康对照相比分别下降了28.6%、33.3%和23.5%,净光合速率、气孔导度及胞间CO₂浓度分别下降33.3%、25%和13.8%;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)与健康对照相比,分别增加了16.6%、29.4%、16.7%和22.2%。电镜观察发现:感病植株叶绿体膨胀变形,基质片层散乱,叶绿体内淀粉粒肿大且数目增多,从而证明LSV侵染破坏叶绿体结构,影响植株的光合作用。     

Control of potato virus Y (PVY) in seed potatoes by oil spraying,straw mulching and intercropping

Potato virus Y (PVY) is the potato virus with the highest economic impact on seed potato production. Insecticides are efficient in controlling aphids, which are the vectors of this virus, but rarely limit virus spread in the field. Straw mulching and mineral oil spraying are known as alternatives to insecticides to reduce PVY incidence, but important year‐to‐year variation in efficacy has been observed with both of these techniques. Preliminary studies revealed the efficacy of intercropping in controlling PVY spread, but more data are needed to validate this observation. A four‐year field trial was conducted in Switzerland to assess the potential synergistic effect of combining mineral oil spraying with straw mulching to increase the protection of seed potato crops against PVY spread. Furthermore, the efficacy of intercropping with oat and hairy vetch was examined as a novel way to control in‐field PVY spread. The present work demonstrates that the modes of action of mineral oil and straw mulching are complementary and reduce the year‐to‐year variation observed with oil and straw when used alone as PVY control agents. The results also demonstrate the efficacy of intercropping for the control of PVY, and the mode of action of this novel control method is discussed. Overall, this work shows that it is possible to increase the protection of potato fields against PVY spread by combining control strategies with different modes of action that complement each other, such as mulching, oil spraying and intercropping.     

Insecticide resistance in houseflies from the middle east and North Africa with notes on the use of various bioassay techniques

The susceptibility to pyrethroid, organochlorine, organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides, of 20 strains of houseflies (Musca domestica L.) collected in the Middle East and North Africa, was assessed by topical application. No resistance to pyrethroids was found but most flies were resistant to DDT, gamma-HCH, organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides. Numerical factors of resistance for a susceptible and two different resistant strains, obtained using different bioassay techniques, were compared. High mortality (≥95%) was achieved with ‘resisted’ insecticides in tests with space sprays, but only low, variable mortality resulted from deposit tests. If this occurs under practical field conditions, moderately resistant populations of flies could be controlled by using space sprays containing comparatively high concentrations of active ingredient, but increased levels of deposit would be ineffective.     

进境百合种球病毒不同检测方法初析

我国大量进口的百合种球易携带多种检疫性病毒及限定性有害生物,进境口岸实验室对百合种球病毒的检测尤为重要.以百合无症病毒(Lily symptomless virus,LSV)为对象,分别采用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附(DAS-ELISA)及反转录PCR(RT-PCR)方法进行检测,根据过程与结果,初步分析不同检测方法的特点...     

Purification of lily symptomless virus. Use and value of antisera against intact and pyrrolidine-degraded virus for testing lilies and tulips

Lily symptomless virus (LSV) was purified by clarification with chloroform, precipitation with polyethylene glycol and NaCl, and differential centrifugation. The influence of the source material and some buffers on virus yields were determined.Antisera were prepared against intact and pyrrolidine degraded LSV. It was concluded that intact and degraded LSV have very few antigenic determinants in common or none at all. The sensitivities of the micro-precipitin test and the single immunodiffusion drop test were about the same, but lower than that of electron microscopy.In the testing of lilies for LSV the most reliable results in leaves were obtained during the period from two weeks after flowering until close to the end of the growing season, and in leaves growing at a level about one-fourth of the distance from the top of the stem. In contrast to secondary infections, primary infections were detected more successfully in stored bulbs than in leaves taken from plants in the preceding growing season.In the testing of tulips, LSV was detected better in flowers than in leaves. Detection of primary infections was almost impossible. Except for those with a pink flower, experimentally infected tulips remained symptomless.Samenvatting Het symptoomloos lelievirus (LSV) were gezuiverd door klaring met chloroform, precipitatie met polyethyleenglycol en NaCl en differentieel centrifugeren. Het effect van het uitgangsmateriaal en enkele buffers op de virusopbrengst werd nagegaan.Antisera werden bereid tegen intact en met pyrrolidine afgebroken LSV. Geconcludeerd were dat intact en afgebroken LSV geen of slechts enkele antigene determinanten gemeenschappelijk hebben.De gevoeligheid van de microprecipitatietoets en de enkele immuno-diffusiedruppeltoets is ongeveer gelijk. Met het elektronenmicroscoop kunnen echter lagere virusconcentraties worden aangetoond.Het toetsen van lelies op LSV gaf de betrouwbaarste resultaten met bladeren die op ongeveer driekwart hoogte van de stengel groeien en in de periode tussen 2 weken na de bloei en vrijwel het einde van het groeiseizoen worden geplukt. Primaire infecties konden, in tegenstelling tot secundaire infecties, beter worden vastgesteld aan bolmateriaal tijdens de bewaring dan aan bladeren in het voorafgaande groeiseizoen.Bij het toetsen van tulpen werd het LSV met grotere zekerheid vastgesteld in bloemen dan in bladeren. Het vaststellen van primaire infecties was bijna niet mogelijk. Na infectie van tulpen met LSV vertoonden alleen die met een rose bloemkleur symptomen.     

Characteristics of pyrethroids for insect pest control in agriculture

Pyrethroid insecticides are characterised by high knockdown and lethal activity, a wide spectrum, good residual activity, together with repellent and antifeeding activity. With these characteristics, pyrethroid insecticides have become widely used for plant protection. Their major use has been for the control of bollworms and leafworms in cotton but they have also achieved widespread use for controlling various species of lepidopterous pests in fruits and vegetables, aphids in cereals, and many other minor outlets. Although the early synthetic pyrethroids suffered from a lack of activity against mites and soil pests, later additions, such as fenpropathrin, have combined high acaricidal activity with insecticidal activity and further pyrethroids are being introduced for use in soil. The extent of pyrethroid use has increased progressively since the first of the ‘photostable’ pyrethroids was registered. In 1986, the market share of pyrethroids reached 25 % of the total insecticide market for plant protection; this figure can be increased in the future.     

Purification of tulip breaking virus and production of anti-sera for use in ELISA

After comparison of various homogenization buffers and clarification methods, tulip breaking virus (TBV) was purified on a large scale by homogenization in 0.1 M tris buffer (pH 9.0), clarification with Triton X-100, and differential centrifugation. The TBV suspensions were absorbed with an anti-host protein antiserum. The purity of the product was verified by mechanical inoculation of test plants, serology, electron microscopy, spectrophotometry, and analytical ultracentrifugation.The TBV antisera obtained from rabbits after intramuscular injections had titres of 1/1280 to 1/10240 in the microprecipitin test and were mainly used in conjugate dilutions of 1/1000 in ELISA. The absorbance values for healthy tulips and lilies were (very) low. The antisera prepared against TBV from tulip cv. Jack Laan reacted best with TBV in lilies, whereas the antisera prepared against TBV from tulip cv. Texas Flame reacted best with TBV in tulips.Samenvatting Na vergelijking van verschillende homogenisatie-buffers en klaringsmethoden werd het tulpemozaïekvirus (TBV) op grote schaal gezuiverd door gebruik te maken van 0,1 M tris-buffers (pH 9,0), klaring met Triton X-100 en differentieel centrifugeren. De virussuspensies werden geabsorbeerd met antiserum gemaakt tegen plante-eiwitten. De zuiverheid van het produkt werd vastgesteld door mechanische inoculatie van toetsplanten, serologie, elektronenmicroscopie, spectrofotometrie en analytische ultracentrifugering. De TBV-antisera, verkregen na intramusculaire injecties van konijnen, hadden titers van 1/1280 tot 1/10240 in de microprecipitatietoets en werden in ELISA meestal in conjugaatverdunningen van 1/1000 gebruikt. De absorptiewaarden met gezonde tulpen en lelies waren (zeer) laag. De antisera bereid tegen TBV uit de tulpecultivar Jack Laan reageerden het best met TBV in lelies en de antisera tegen TBV uit de tulpecultivar Texas Flame het best met TBV in tulpen.     

昆虫对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的代谢抗性机制研究进展

随着拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂在卫生和农业害虫防治中的广泛应用,昆虫对此类杀虫剂产生抗性的报道越来越多。目前已明确昆虫对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的抗性机制包括表皮穿透率下降、靶标抗性以及代谢抗性,其中代谢抗性机制较为普遍,而且其与昆虫对多种杀虫剂的交互抗性关系密切。目前,随着基因组、转录组以及蛋白质组学等新技术的发展及应用,昆虫对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的代谢抗性机制研究也取得了很多新进展。昆虫体内细胞色素P450酶（P450s）、羧酸酯酶（CarE）及谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（GSTs）等重要解毒酶系的改变均与昆虫对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的代谢抗性有关,其中这3类解毒酶的活性及相关基因表达量的变化是昆虫对此类杀虫剂产生代谢抗性的主要原因。明确昆虫对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的代谢抗性机制,对合理使用此类杀虫剂及延缓抗药性的产生均具有重要意义。本文在总结拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂代谢路径及相关生物酶研究概况的基础上,综述了近年来有关昆虫对此类杀虫剂代谢抗性机制研究的主要进展。     

Pyrethroids, knockdown resistance and sodium channels

Knockdown resistance to DDT and the pyrethrins was first described in 1951 in the housefly (Musca domestica L.). This trait, which confers reduced neuronal sensitivity to these insecticides, was subsequently shown to confer cross-resistance to all synthetic pyrethroid insecticides that have been examined to date. As a consequence, the worldwide commercial development of pyrethroids as a major insecticide class over the past three decades has required constant awareness that pyrethroid overuse has the potential to reselect this powerful resistance mechanism in populations that previously were resistant to DDT. Demonstration of tight genetic linkage between knockdown resistance and the housefly gene encoding voltage-sensitive sodium channels spurred efforts to identify gene mutations associated with knockdown resistance and understand how these mutations confer a reduction in the sensitivity of the pyrethroid target site. This paper summarizes progress in understanding pyrethroid resistance at the molecular level, with particular emphasis on studies in the housefly.     

代森锌及其代谢物乙撑硫脲在食用百合上的残留行为与膳食风险评估

目前代森锌在百合上尚未登记，缺少安全间隔期等相关信息，可能会导致生产中超范围盲目用药。为明确代森锌在百合上的残留风险，通过田间消解和最终残留试验，研究了代森锌在食用百合上的残留特征并对其膳食风险进行了评估。结果表明:代森锌在百合中的消解动态符合一级反应动力学模型，其消解半衰期在江苏试验点为5.9 d，湖南试验点为3.8 d。采用65%代森锌可湿性粉剂，按最高推荐剂量 (有效成分3000 g/hm2) 及其1.5 倍剂量 (有效成分4500 g/hm2)，在江苏、湖南、湖北和四川4地的百合上施用，距末次施药后7、14和21 d，4地的最高残留值 (以CS₂计)鲜百合中为0.260 mg/kg，干百合中为1.290 mg/kg，均低于我国制定的鲜百合 ( 0.5 mg/kg )和干百合 ( 2 mg/kg )中代森锌的最大残留限量 (MRL)值。代森锌极易降解为乙撑硫脲 (ETU)，而ETU在鲜百合样品中有检出，因此对百合中代森锌及其代谢物ETU的膳食摄入风险进行了评估，结果显示:代森锌及ETU在鲜百合和干百合中的慢性膳食摄入风险占每日允许摄入量 (ADI)的比值分别为0.014%和 < 0.014%，总体对膳食风险的贡献较小。研究表明，按照推荐剂量规范使用，代森锌在百合中的残留量一般不会对我国人群的健康产生不可接受的影响。     

Use of oils combined with low doses of insecticide for the control of Myzus persicae and PVY epidemics

Experiments were carried out in the laboratory to assess the insecticidal effect on Myzus persicae Sulzer of different oils applied alone or combined with imidacloprid or pirimicarb. The oils tested were a horticultural mineral oil, a refined rapeseed oil, a refined soya oil and a raw fish oil. When the oils were sprayed alone on pepper plants infested with M. persicae, mineral oil caused the highest mortality of aphids (over 80%). Applied before aphid infestation of pepper leaves and in mixture with low doses of imidacloprid (at one-fifth of the dose recommended by the manufacturer) and pirimicarb (at one-tenth of the dose recommended by the manufacturer), the oils did not significantly increase the toxicity of the insecticides alone. However, sprayed on aphid-infested pepper plants, the mortality rates achieved by imidacloprid/mineral oil and imidacloprid/rapeseed oil mixtures were significantly higher than those achieved by imidacloprid alone at 16 and 24 h. In a field experiment the effect on the incidence of the potato virus (PVY) of the oils in combination with imidacloprid was determined. Mineral oil, rapeseed oil and soya oil were sprayed eight times onto seed potato plants treated with imidacloprid before sowing. Mineral oil reduced PVY-infected plants by 60% and rapeseed oil by 40% compared with plots treated with imidacloprid. The oils applied as 10 ml litre-1 emulsions in water did not cause symptoms of phytotoxicity on the potato plants, and yield was not reduced.     

百合黄瓜花叶病毒及其检测

应用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测了浙江丽水和杭州的东方百合、亚洲百合等栽培品种上黄瓜花叶病毒(CMV),64个田间样品中有26个带毒,检出率为40.6%;dsRNA检测结果与已知CMV-FQS株系的电泳条带相同,但百合组织中CMVdsRNA含量较低;电镜观察,受CMV侵染的样品中大多含有线状病毒,复合侵染率为35.9%;寄主反应测定显示从百合植株上获得的CMV株系均不能通过汁液摩擦接种侵染昆诺藜、苋色藜、普通烟、心叶烟等6科10种指示植物。     

Crop border and mineral oil sprays used in combination as physical control methods of the aphid‐transmitted potato virus Y in potato

BACKGROUND: The objectives of this work were to determine if the control of potato virus Y (PVY, genus Potyvirus, family Potyviridae) in seed potato could be improved by combining border crops and mineral oil sprays, and if the border crop acts as a barrier or a virus sink. RESULTS: Field tests over 3 years confirmed that mineral oils alone are an effective barrier to PVY, and showed that borders alone act as a PVY sink. Combining the familiar mineral oil and the more recent crop border methods was almost twice as effective in reducing PVY incidence as either one used alone. The combination provided consistently high PVY control compared with the variable and often lower level of control by either method alone. The contribution of the oil to PVY reduction was similar whether it was applied to the border, the center seed plot, or both. Oil application to the border alone should not affect efficacy and would help keep control costs down. CONCLUSION: Combining border and oil provided the best reduction in PVY incidence 3 years out of 3, providing producers with a tool to reduce year‐to‐year variation in the effectiveness of crop borders or oil sprays used separately. © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada. Published by John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.     

A study of viral coat protein accumulation in lily chloroplasts from mixed virus infections of Lily mottle virus and Cucumber mosaic virus

Two viruses that frequently occur in many Lilium species are Lily mottle virus (LMoV) and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), which usually co-infect lilies causing severe disease symptoms. Recent reports have revealed that the viral coat protein (CP) affects chloroplast ultrastructure and symptom development. This study used western blot analysis to confirm that in leaves infected by mixed virus infections of LMoV and CMV, CPs of both viruses were accumulated in lily chloroplasts. Immunogold labelling further demonstrated that both the LMoV CP and CMV CP were localized in the stroma and the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts. In addition, it was found that CPs of both viruses were rapidly transported into isolated, intact chloroplasts (in vitro), and their transport efficiencies were positively related to CP concentrations. The lowest transmembrane concentration of CMV CP decreased from 38 μg mL⁻¹ recorded in the single CMV CP import system to 10 μg mL⁻¹ in the mixed import system of LMoV CP and CMV CP. CPs of both viruses exhibited species selection in their transmembrane transport into chloroplasts. This is the first report that the CPs from two viruses (LMoV and CMV) are simultaneously present in lily chloroplasts. Accumulation of high levels of LMoV CP and CMV CP inside the chloroplast appears to contribute to a synergistic interaction inducing the development of mosaic symptoms.