黑河流域荒漠地区梭梭人工林地土壤水分动态研究

梭梭林地土壤剖面的含水量与裸沙地含水量显著不同 ,裸沙地土壤含水量随深度增加而增加 ,林地在 30～ 12 0cm范围内有较高的含水量 ;林地 0～ 30cm的上层土壤含水量受降雨及蒸发的剧烈影响 ,30～ 2 0 0cm范围内的林地土壤各测量层平均含水量与其标准差有二次函数的关系 ;降雨对每月的 0～ 2 0 0cm的土壤贮水量没有明显的影响 ,说明降雨多数在当月就被蒸散和深层渗漏所消耗 ;认为梭梭人工林这种脆弱生态系统能够在严酷的环境条件下存在 ,其根系对土壤水和地下水有吸水和释水的再分配功能是重要的因素之一     

两种梭梭出苗对生境土壤基质互换与沙埋深度的响应

以梭梭（Haloxylon ammodendron）、白梭梭（Haloxylon persicum）两种植物为研究对象,采用生境土壤基质互换种植和盆栽控制沙埋深度方法,对其萌发出苗和幼苗建成进行对比研究。结果表明：丘间低地土壤pH、电导率和养分含量均显著高于沙丘顶部,其中电导率（可溶盐含量）相差达5倍;土壤含水量差别不...     

梭梭柴林地地温变化规律及与土壤湿度关系的探讨

本文利用了中国科学院新疆生物土壤沙漠研究所莫索沙漠研究站１９９２－１９９４年的试验资料，分析限梭梭柴林地地温的变化规律，并且建立了地温与土壤湿度之间的关系式，从而为治理沙漠环境，防网固少提供了气象保障。     

Soil fixation and erosion control by Haloxylon persicum roots in arid lands,Iran

Vegetation roots contribute to soil fixation and reinforcement, thus improving soil resistance against erosion. Generally, the amount of soil fixation presented by roots mainly depends on root density and tensile strength. In the present study, we conducted the research in order to further understand the biotechnical properties of Haloxylon persicum and also to quantify its role in increasing soil cohesion in arid lands of Iran. Ten H. persicum shrubs were randomly selected for root distribution and strength investigations, in which five samples were set on flat terrain and other five samples on a moderate slope terrain. The profile trench method was used to assess the root area ratio(RAR) as the index of root density and distribution. Two profiles were dug around each sample, up and downslope for sloped treatment and north and south sides for flat treatment. The results showed that RAR increased with increasing soil depth and significantly decreased in 40–50 cm layers of downhill(0.320%) and 50–60 cm for uphill(0.210%). The minimum values for the northward and southward profiles were 0.003% and 0.003%, respectively, while the maximum values were 0.260% and 0.040%, respectively. The relationship between the diameter of root samples and root tensile strength followed a negative power function, but tensile force increased with increasing root diameter following a positive power function. The pattern of increased cohesion changes in soil profile was relatively similar to RAR curves. The maximum increased cohesion due to the presence of roots in uphill and downhill sides were 0.470 and 1.400 kPa, respectively. In the flat treatment, the maximum increased cohesions were 0.570 and 0.610 kPa in northward and southward profiles, respectively. The analysis of variance showed that wind and slope induced stresses did not have any significant effect on the amount of increased cohesion of H. persicum. The findings served to develop knowledge about biotechnical properties of H. persicum root system that can assist in assessing the efficiency of afforestation and restoration measures for erosion control in arid lands.     

长期施用有机肥对松嫩平原西部盐碱土壤肥力和玉米产量的影响

依据施用有机肥（腐熟牛粪）年限的不同,共设置4个不同处理,分别为：施用有机肥13 a（13A）、19 a（19A）和24 a（24A）,以未施用有机肥的盐碱土作为对照（CK）,采集各处理0～20 cm和20～40 cm的土壤样品,测定土壤养分、物理性状和盐碱性质,旨在探明长期施用有机肥措施下苏打盐碱土壤的肥力状况及其促进玉米产量提升的机制。结果表明：与CK相比,施用有机肥显著提高了0～20、20～40 cm土层的土壤有机质、全氮、速效养分含量和土壤田间持水量（P<0.05）,显著降低了土壤容重和土壤密度（P<0.05）,显著增加了0～20 cm土层的土壤孔隙度（P<0.05）。0～20 cm土层中,土壤有机质、全氮以19A处理最高,分别达39.31 g·kg^-1和1.30 g·kg^-1;土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾均以24A含量最高,较CK分别提高了89.31%、81.07%和107.64%,土壤孔隙度以24A含量最高,较CK提高了54.56%,各处理土壤容重和土壤密度平均较CK下降率达31.91%和6.29%,处理间不显著。...     

乌兰布和沙漠流动沙地土壤水分动态、土壤水势特征的研究

通过对乌兰布和沙漠流动沙地土壤水分动态的研究表明:沙土含水量的时空变化与降雨季节和降雨量有密切关系。100mm左右的降雨量对沙地和丘间地的影响深度主要在60cm左右,因此0-60cm土层为土壤水分受降雨影响的活跃层;通过对土壤含水量与土壤水势的关系研究表明:在相同土壤含水量下沙土水分对植物的有效性远大于粘土;通过降雨量对沙地贮水量影响的研究表明:只有38%左右的降雨量增加了土壤贮水量,其余62%被蒸散。     

Cultivation effects on soil texture and fertility in an arid desert region of northwestern China

In arid desert regions of northwestern China, reclamation and subsequent irrigated cultivation have become effective ways to prevent desertification, expand arable croplands, and develop sustainable agricultural production. Improvement in soil texture and fertility is crucial to high soil quality and stable crop yield. However, knowledge on the long-term effects of the conversion of desert lands into arable croplands is very limited. To address this problem, we conducted this study in an arid desert region of northwestern China to understand the changes in soil physical-chemical properties after 0, 2, 5, 10, 17, and 24 years of cultivation. Our results showed that silt and clay contents at the 17-year-old sites increased 17.5 and 152.3 folds, respectively, compared with that at the 0-year-old sites. The soil aggregate size fraction and its stability exhibited an exponential growth trend with increasing cultivation ages, but no significant change was found for the proportion of soil macroaggregates (>5.00 mm) during the 17 years of cultivation. The soil organic carbon (SOC) content at the 24-year-old sites was 6.86 g/kg and increased 8.8 folds compared with that at the 0-year-old sites. The total (or available) nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents showed significant increasing trends and reached higher values after 17 (or 24) years of cultivation. Changes in soil physical-chemical properties successively experienced slow, rapid, and stable development stages, but some key properties (such as soil aggregate stability and SOC) were still too low to meet the sustainable agricultural production. The results of this long-term study indicated that reasonable agricultural management, such as expanding no-tillage land area, returning straw to the fields, applying organic fertilizer, reducing chemical fertilizer application, and carrying out soil testing for formula fertilization, is urgently needed in arid desert regions.     

黄土高原南部植被恢复对土壤理化性状与土壤酶活性的影响

利用退耕区域不同植被恢复类型为试点,研究不同植被恢复年限、不同恢复类型土壤理化性状和土壤酶活性动态变化。结果表明,随着恢复年限增加,土壤容重先增加后逐渐下降;pH降低,降幅为1.47%~5.52%;土壤有机质、全氮逐渐增加,增幅分别为9.76%~71.54%、17.39%~62.32%;全磷含量除30 a刺槐比对照增加了12.92%外,其它植被类型均低于对照;速效养分略有增加,趋势不明显;酶活性逐渐增强,尿酶、过氧化氢酶、碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶增幅分别为39%~229%、34%~96%、25%~149%、74%~250%。相关性分析表明,各种酶活性与有机质及全氮含量显著相关。因此,实施退耕还林植被恢复有利于土壤理化性状改善,酶活性增强。     

黑河上游冰沟流域4种土壤有机碳分布特征与土壤特性的关系

为了探讨黑河上游冰沟流域不同土壤有机碳分布特征与土壤特性的关系,为黑河上游冰沟流域水源涵养研究提供科学依据,采用野外采样,室内分析方法,研究了4种土壤有机碳分布特征及其与土壤特性的关系。结果表明：4种土壤有机碳含量和密度在整个土壤剖面上均表现为：森林灰褐土＞高山灌丛草甸土＞高山草甸土＞山地栗钙土,且垂直分布均随土壤深度增加而减少,说明黑河上游冰沟流域的森林灰褐土比其它土壤更有利于土壤有机碳储存和积累。森林灰褐土0～10 cm土壤有机碳密度为4．54 kg·m-2,略高于我国森林土壤0～10 cm土壤平均碳密度（4．24 kg ·m-2）,说明黑河上游冰沟流域的森林灰褐土区雨量充沛,林下植被丰富,凋落物现存量充足。4种土壤0～10 cm土层有机碳含量是整个土壤剖面土壤有机碳含量的30．69％～37．99％,有机碳密度是整个土壤剖面有机碳密度的29．31％～36．77％,说明黑河上游冰沟流域土壤有机碳含量和有机碳密度在表层具有很强的表聚性,不合理的人为活动引发的水土流失极易造成土壤有机碳储量的减少,应增加黑河上游冰沟流域植被覆盖度,保护生态环境,减少水土流失。4种土壤有机碳、全氮、CEC、田间持水量、团聚体在整个土壤剖面上均随土层深度增加而降低,而土壤容重、pH值在整个土壤剖面上均随土层深度增加而增大。经回归统计分析,4种土壤有机碳含量与土壤田间持水量、团聚体、全氮、CEC之间呈显著的正相关关系,与土壤容重、pH之间呈显著的负相关关系。这种变化规律与多数学者研究结果基本一致。     

长期咸水滴灌对灰漠土理化性质及棉花生长的影响

为揭示长期咸水滴灌对灰漠土物理化学特性及棉花生长的影响,研究了咸水灌溉11 a后土壤盐分、容重、水力特性、棉花耐盐生理特征及产量.试验设置3个灌溉水盐度水平:0.35 dS·m-1(淡水)、4.61 dS·m-1(微咸水)和8.04 dS·m-1(咸水).研究表明:与淡水灌溉相比,微咸水和咸水灌溉显著增加土壤容重、盐分...     

黄土高原马铃薯不同连作年限土壤 理化性质及微生物特性

以黄土高原旱作区马铃薯不同连作年限土壤为研究对象,采用空间代替时间序列方法,对撂荒（CK₁）、小麦/豌豆/马铃薯轮作（CK₂）、连作2 a、连作4 a和连作6 a等不同连作年限的土壤容重、结构分维、总有机碳、酶活性与微生物数量及变化规律进行研究。结果表明：(1）不同处理土壤容重差异显著,连作6 a土壤容重最小;(2）连作可以改变土壤中不同粒级团聚体的比例,各处理中＞4 mm粒径的土壤含量最高;(3）马铃薯长期连作显著降低土壤有机碳含量,连作6 a土壤总有机碳含量较撂荒降低14.27%; (4）马铃薯主要生育期内土壤转化酶、过氧化氢酶变化动态呈“S”型曲线,脲酶呈“M”型变化趋势,3种酶活性与土壤肥力因子均呈极显著正相关,与土壤容重呈极显著负相关;(5）细菌是连作土壤中优势菌,真菌和放线菌也占一定比重;细菌、真菌和放线菌数量在0～10 cm土层显著高于10～20 cm土层;马铃薯长期连作显著降低土壤微生物数量,群落结构随连作年限明显改变。     

农牧交错带土地退化类型区的划分及其防治研究

本文在研究阴山北麓地区环境背景的基础上 ,从自然因素、土地利用因素、社会经济因素及土地退化程度因素中选出 2 3个指标变量 ,首先运用主成分分析的数学方法 ,将该区划分为 3个不同的土地退化类型区 ,分别为半干旱农业为主区 ,半干旱牧业为主区 ,和干旱牧业为主区。其次、根据土地退化评价体系对该区退化土地进行了评价研究。最后在评价的基础上 ,将阴山北麓地区细分为 5个土地退化类型区 ,分别为干旱牧农结合中度风蚀沙化丘陵区 ,半干旱农牧结合极强度风蚀沙化丘陵区 ,半干旱农业为主强度风蚀沙化滩川平原区 ,半干旱林牧农结合中度水蚀山地 ,半干旱牧业为主强度风蚀沙化高平原区。最后对不同的土地退化类型区根据各区地形地貌特征、土地退化类型、土地退化程度、自然资源状况、生态经济条件和经济发展趋势的相似性 ,结合环境综合治理方案 ,以保持乡 (镇 )行政区划的完整性为原则将该区又划分为四个生态经济类型区 ,即丘陵防风固沙牧、林、农结合区 ,滩川地农牧结合区 ,山地水土保持林、牧结合区和高平原防风固沙牧业为主区 ,在此基础上提出了土地退化防治分区整治途径。     

砂龄对砂田土壤微生物区系及理化性状的影响

以不同砂龄(砂田覆盖年限分别为1、6、12、19 a和25 a)的砂田为研究对象,对砂田土壤混合层、根系密集层、淋溶层和钙积层的土壤微生物区系及影响土壤微生物的因素进行研究。结果表明:(1)砂田土壤微生物组成中,以细菌为主,放线菌次之,真菌最少;随土壤剖面深度的增加,土壤微生物总数迅速减少,这主要是由于细菌数量迅速减少所致;受根系分布的影响,根系密集层的微生物数量高于只有少量根系分布的混合层。(2)细菌和放线菌的数量在作物生长期高于作物非生长期,而真菌的数量则相反。(3)细菌和真菌在砂龄约为6~12 a的砂田中最多,随砂田覆盖时间的增加,砂田逐渐老化,数量逐渐减少;而放线菌的数量反之,在砂龄约为6~12 a的砂田中最少,随砂田覆盖时间的增加而增加。(4)砂田土壤微生物数量与土壤水分含量、pH值和覆盖时间有很好的相关性,土壤养分中的全C含量是限制砂田土壤微生物数量的重要因子。     

Spatio-temporal variations of soil water content and salinity around individual Tamarix ramosissima in a semi-arid saline region of the upper Yellow River,Northwest China

Ecological restoration by Tamarix plants on semi-arid saline lands affects the accumulation, distribution patterns and related mechanisms of soil water content and salinity. In this study, spatio-temporal variations of soil water content and salinity around natural individual Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. were invetigated in a semi-arid saline region of the upper Yellow River, Northwest China. Specifically, soil water content, electrical conductivity(EC_e), sodium adsorption ratio(SAR_e), and salt ions(including Na~+, K~+, Ca~(2+), Mg~(2+) and SO_4~(2–)) were measured at different soil depths and at different distances from the trunk of T. ramosissima in May, July, and September 2016. The soil water content at the 20–80 cm depth was significantly lower in July and September than in May, indicating that T. ramosissima plants absorb a large amount of water through the roots during the growing period, leading to the decreasing of soil water content in the deep soil layer. At the 0–20 cm depth, there was a salt island effect around individual T. ramosissima, and the EC_e differed significantly inside and outside the canopy of T. ramosissima in May and July. Salt bioaccumulation and stemflow were two major contributing factors to this difference. The SAR_e at the 0–20 cm depth was significantly different inside and outside the canopy of T. ramosissima in the three sampling months. The values of SAR_e at the 60–80 cm depth in May and July were significantly higher than those at the 0–60 cm depth and higher than that at the corresponding depth in September. The distribution of Na~+ in the soil was similar to that of the SAR_e, while the concentrations of K~+, Ca~(2+), and Mg~(2+) showed significant differences among the sampling months and soil depths. Both season and soil depth had highly significant effects on soil water content, EC_e and SAR_e, whereas distance from the trunk of T. ramosissima only significantly affected EC_e. Based on these results, we recommend co-planting of shallow-rooted salt-tolerant species near the Tamarix plants and avoiding planting herbaceous plants inside the canopy of T. ramosissima for afforestation in this semi-arid saline region. The results of this study may provide a reference for appropriate restoration in the semi-arid saline regions of the upper Yellow River.     

Comparative effects of lindane and deltamethrin on mortality, growth, and cellulase activity in earthworms (Eisenia fetida)

Laboratory tests were conducted to compare the effects of various concentrations of lindane and deltamethrin on mature earthworms (Eisenia fetida) cultured in artificial soil during typical acute (14d) and subchronic (42d) exposure periods. The effects of the two pesticides on earthworm mortality, growth inhibition, and cellulase activity were determined for different exposure durations. The toxicity order for earthworm mortality from the 14-day exposure was lindane > deltamethrin, with median lethal concentrations (LC₅₀) of 162.1 and 432.9 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. Earthworms exposed to deltamethrin showed dose-dependent toxic effects on growth and cellulase activity only from the acute exposures, whereas lindane’s effects on these activities were seen correlated with both the acute and subchronic doses. Also, changes in biomass and cellulase activity during the subchronic exposure period appear to be a more sensitive parameter than the LC₅₀ value in assessing pesticidal injury.     

土默川平原土壤盐渍化与盐生植物分布及盐分离子特征的研究

以土默川平原哈素海周边为研究区域,以盐渍化土壤与盐生植物为研究对象,采用野外调查与室内分析相结合的方法。对该区域土壤盐渍化与盐生植物分布及盐分离子特征进行了研究,得出以下结论:碱蒿可在ESP 11.75%、pH 9.45、土壤全盐量3.94g/kg处形成占较大优势的盐生植物。苔草可在ESP 16.79%、pH9.75、中度-重度盐渍化土壤、全盐量3.32g/kg～4.88g/kg形成占较大优势的分布。羊草可在ESP 12.63%、pH 9.70的土壤上形成优势分布。碱蓬可在ESP 10.75%、pH 9.83土壤上形成优势分布。獐茅是一种可在强碱化土壤生长的植物,能在苏打氯化物-硫酸盐盐土,含盐量8.39g/kg、ESP 24.34%、pH 9.80土壤上成为唯一优势植物。土壤和盐生植物中盐分离子比例特征是:钙为植物>土壤,硫酸根、镁为植物<土壤;苔草的盐分离子为拒"镁、硫酸根"特征;羊草的盐分离子为"喜碳酸氢根,拒氯"特征;碱蒿的盐分离子为"拒镁"特征;碱蓬的盐分离子是"喜氯"特征;獐茅的盐分离子是"喜氯、拒碳酸氢根"特征。     

灌淤土农田土壤有机碳及碳库管理指数对施肥措施的响应

为了探讨施肥对灌淤土水旱轮作农田土壤有机碳和碳库管理指数的影响特征,寻求合适的土壤增碳措施,在宁夏引黄灌区水稻-春小麦-春玉米轮作体系中,通过3 a田间定位试验研究了不施肥(CK)、平衡施用化肥(NPK)、单施有机肥(M)、化肥+有机肥配施(NPK+M)、化肥+玉米秸秆(NPK+S)和农民习惯施肥(CON)6个不同施肥措施对0~20 cm耕层土壤总有机碳、活性有机碳含量及碳库管理指数的影响。结果表明,在同等氮素供应水平下,无论水田或旱地,NPK、M、NPK+M和NPK+S处理都能达到土壤增碳效果,3年的土壤培肥后,其土壤总有机碳和活性有机碳含量分别达10.03~10.60 g·kg~(-1)和3.00~4.35 g·kg~(-1),与试验前(9.92 g·kg~(-1)和2.48g·kg~(-1))相比分别提高了1.2%~6.8%和20.8%~75.2%,M处理显著高于CK。施用有机肥3 a以上,才能显著提高土壤碳库、碳库活度、活度指数和碳库管理指数。因此,从土壤总有机碳及其活性组分提升的角度考虑,应在平衡施用NPK的基础上,提倡水旱轮作农田长期增施有机肥来提高土壤碳库管理指数。     

Changes in soil properties and erodibility of gully heads induced by vegetation restoration on the Loess Plateau,China

Soil erosion on the Loess Plateau of China is effectively controlled due to the implementation of several ecological restoration projects that improve soil properties and reduce soil erodibility. However, few studies have examined the effects of vegetation restoration on soil properties and erodibility of gully head in the gully regions of the Loess Plateau. The objectives of this study were to quantify the effects of vegetation restoration on soil properties and erodibility in this region. Specifically, a control site in a slope cropland and 9 sites in 3 restored land-use types(5 sites in grassland, 3 in woodland and 1 in shrubland) in the Nanxiaohegou watershed of a typical gully region on the Loess Plateau were selected, and soil and root samples were collected to assess soil properties and root characteristics. Soil erodibility factor was calculated by the Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator method. Our results revealed that vegetation restoration increased soil sand content, soil saturated hydraulic conductivity, organic matter content and mean weight diameter of water-stable aggregate but decreased soil silt and clay contents and soil disintegration rate. A significant difference in soil erodibility was observed among different vegetation restoration patterns or land-use types. Compared with cropland, soil erodibility decreased in the restored lands by 3.99% to 21.43%. The restoration patterns of Cleistogenes caespitosa K. and Artemisia sacrorum L. in the grassland showed the lowest soil erodibility and can be considered as the optimal vegetation restoration pattern for improving soil anti-erodibility of the gully heads. Additionally, the negative linear change in soil erodibility for grassland with restoration time was faster than those of woodland and shrubland. Soil erodibility was significantly correlated with soil particle size distribution, soil disintegration rate, soil saturated hydraulic conductivity, water-stable aggregate stability, organic matter content and root characteristics(including root average diameter, root length density, root surface density and root biomass density), but it showed no association with soil bulk density and soil total porosity. These findings indicate that although vegetation destruction is a short-term process, returning the soil erodibility of cropland to the level of grassland, woodland and shrubland is a long-term process(8–50 years).     

Organochlorine pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water and sediment of the Bosten Lake,Northwest China

We evaluated organic pollution in Bosten Lake, Xinjiang, China, by measuring the concentrations and distributions of organochlorine pesticides(OCPs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs). Water and sediment samples were collected from 19 sites(B1–B19) in the lake for analysis. Our analytical results show that the concentrations of total OCPs in water ranges from 30.3 to 91.6 ng/L and the concentrations of PAHs ranges from undetectable(ND) to 368.7 ng/L. The concentrations of total OCPs in surface(i.e., lake bottom) sediment ranges from 6.9 to 16.7 ng/g and the concentrations of PAHs ranges from 25.2 to 491.0 ng/g. Hexachlorocyclohexanes(HCHs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes(DDTs) account for large proportions of the OCPs. Low α- to γ-HCH ratios in both water and sediment samples indicate possible contributions from both industrial products and lindane. DDTs in water are probably from historical input, whereas DDTs in sediments are from both historical and recent inputs. Moreover, DDT products in both water and sediments were from multiple sources in the northwestern part of the lake(B11, B12, B13, and B14). Fugacity ratios for DDT isomers(p,p′-DDE and p,p′-DDT) at these sites were generally higher than equilibrium values. These results suggest that the input from the Kaidu River and diffusion of DDTs from the sediment to the water are responsible for DDT pollution in the water. Lower-molecular-weight PAHs, which originate primarily from wood and coal combustion and petroleum sources, represent the major fraction of the PAHs in both water and sediment samples. Our findings indicate that OCPs and PAHs in Bosten Lake can be attributed primarily to human activities. A risk assessment of OCPs and PAHs in water and sediment from Bosten Lake, however, suggests that concentrations are not yet high enough to cause adverse biological effects on the aquatic ecosystem.     

Effects of aeolian processes on nutrient loss from surface soils and their significance for sandy desertification in Mu Us Desert,China: a wind tunnel approach

Mu Us Desert, a region with high aeolian activity, is at extremely high risk of sandy desertification. Using surface soil samples collected from Mu Us Desert of northern China, we evaluated the effects of aeolian processes on nutrient loss from surface soils by employing wind tunnel experiments. The experiments were conducted using free-stream wind velocities of 14, 16, 18 and 22 m/s. Our results showed that the fine particles(50 μm in diameter; 12.28% of all transported materials) carrying large nutrient loadings were exported outside the study area by aeolian processes. After the erodible fine particles were transported away from the soil surfaces at low wind velocity(i.e. 14 m/s), the following relatively high wind velocity(i.e. 22 m/s) did not have any significant effect on nutrient export, because the coefficients of variation for soil organic matter, total phosphorus, total nitrogen and available potassium were usually 5%. Our experimental results confirmed that aeolian processes result in a large amount of nutrient export, and consequently increase the risk of sandy desertification in arid and semi-arid ecosystems.