植物维他命(ACT-2)对水蜜桃果实抗病性及品质的影响

以大团蜜露、新凤蜜露和湖景蜜露等上海水蜜桃果实为试材,探讨植物维他命(ACT-2)对3个品种桃单果重、可溶性固形物含量和病虫果率的影响。结果表明:大团蜜露ACT-2处理的果实可溶性固形物含量极显著高于对照(P0.01),病虫果率处理的极显著低于对照(P0.01),平均单果重处理的显著高于对照(P0.05);新凤蜜露ACT-2处理的果实病虫果率显著低于对照(P0.05),而平均单果重和可溶性固形物含量二者无显著差异(P0.05);湖景蜜露ACT-2处理的果实仅平均单果重显著高于对照(P0.05),而可溶性固形物和病虫果率含量二者无显著差异(P0.05)。     

Effects of suboptimal low temperature on yield,fruit appearance and quality in muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) cultivars

Summary

The effects of suboptimal low temperature were investigated on an array of yield, fruit appearance and fruit quality characters in 23 cultivars of melon, Cucumis melo L. The cultivars were grown in two temperature regimes: (I) a heated greenhouse (T1) with temperatures similar to those used in commercial cultivation in the winter in Israel; and (ii) an unheated greenhouse (T2) that had significantly lower night temperatures than T1. Significant differences were found among the cultivars in all characters. Plants from T2 showed an extended fruiting period, more fruits and higher total yield but smaller and lighter fruits than in T1. Fruits from T2 also had significantly more netting and higher amounts of total soluble sugars (TSS), sucrose and fructose than fruits from T1. Hybrid cultivars showed significantly higher electrical conductivity (EC), pH, acidity, TSS, sucrose, fructose and total sugars than open pollinated cultivars. Three trends were found among the characters in respect to the performance of the cultivars between T1 and T2: (a) most cultivars had significantly higher amounts in T2 than T1 (fruit/plant, yield/plant and fructose); (b) only cultivars with amounts below the pooled mean in T1 had higher amounts in T2 (percent dry weight, sucrose, TSS and total sugars); (c) no trend was found between T1 and T2 (mean fruit weight, pH, EC, glucose). Suboptimal low temperatures, when used appropriately, can aid in improving fruit quality.     

Determination of Chemical Composition and Nutritive Value with Fatty Acid Compositions of African Mangosteen (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Garcinia Livingstonei</Emphasis>)

African mangosteen (Garcinia livingstonei T. Anderson) is native to Africa and is exotic to other parts of the world. It is a fruit bearing tree with multiple uses. This study was purposed to determine, by analysis, the chemical compositions and nutritive value of the fruits of African mangosteen. Proximate compositions varied with the portions such as epicarp, mesocarp, endocarp and seed tested. All fruit portions contained carbohydrate (37.67–95.02%) and crude protein (0.65–31.76%) as their major components. Moisture (0.45–3.42%), crude fat (1.23–19.55%), crude fiber (2.93–21.13%) and ash (1.76–5.44%) were also found at different levels, depending upon the portions. All portions of fruit were rich in macro and micro elements. The fruits also possessed phenolics (174.02–10.725?mg GAE per g), flavonoid (19.25 to 99.98?µg QE per g) and alkaloid (1.56 to 9.49?mg/kg) contents. The constitution of tannins and oxalate which contribute towards the anti-nutritive value was also low, thus making the fruits beneficial for consumption. Quality attributes like relative amount of oleic acid, total unsaturated fatty acid, acid value, free fatty acid, peroxide value and iodine value showed that the seed oil of African mangosteen can become one among the oleic acid based vegetable oils for consumption.     

反光膜应用对桃果实品质的影响

以"湖景蜜露"、"锦绣黄桃"、"早露蟠桃"果实为试材,探讨反光膜应用对3个品种桃可溶性固形物含量、单果重和中下部果实着色度的影响。结果表明:3个品种桃果实着色程度处理与对照均达到了极显著差异水平(P0.01);"早露蟠桃"可溶性固形物含量处理与对照也达到了极显著差异水平(P0.01),其它2个品种桃处理与对照达到了显著差异水平(P0.05);"早露蟠桃"单果重处理与对照达到了极显著差异水平(P0.01),其它2个品种桃处理与对照无显著性差异水平(P0.05)。     

营养液栽培中添加碘对樱桃番茄果实品质的影响

在深液流水培的营养液中添加1.0～6.0 mg?L-1碘离子作为处理,研究碘对樱桃番茄果实品质的影响。结果表明碘对樱桃番茄果实的碘含量、VC含量、总酸含量、可溶性糖含量以及含水量都有一定的影响。各处理的果实碘含量均显著高于CK,并表现出随着营养液中碘浓度的提高而增加的趋势,两者的相关性达极显著水平,相关系数为0.947。3.0 mg?L-1碘浓度处理的果实VC含量最高,达201.7 mg?kg-1（FW）,比CK高9.7 %,差异显著。低碘浓度处理（1.0～3.0 mg?L-1）对果实的总酸含量无显著影响,最低总酸含量是3.0 mg?L-1碘浓度处理,为0.64 %,高碘浓度处理（4.0～6.0 mg?L-1）果实的总酸含量则显著高于CK。碘处理使樱桃番茄果实可溶性糖含量显著降低,1.0～5.0 mg?L-1碘浓度处理之间的可溶性糖含量差异不显著。3.0 mg?L-1碘浓度处理的果实糖酸比与CK无显著差异。低碘浓度处理（1.0～3.0 mg?L-1）的果实含水量与CK无显著差异,而高碘浓度处理（4.0～6.0 mg?L-1）的果实含水量则显著低于CK和低碘浓度处理。综合以上结果,在樱桃番茄栽培上,以3.0 mg?L-1作为碘离子供给浓度对果实的糖酸比和含水量无显著影响,同时可以获得VC含量高、总酸含量较低、含碘量适中的果实。     

供水吸力对温室盆栽黄瓜产量与品质的影响

采用负水头供水控水盆栽装置,通过设定不同的供水吸力（1、3、5、7、9、11和13 kPa）稳定控制温室盆栽黄瓜的土壤水分值,研究其对黄瓜产量与品质的影响。结果表明：黄瓜单株产量、水分利用效率与商品率都随着供水吸力的增加先增加后减少,单株产量和商品率分别在3 ~ 9 kPa和3 ~ 5 kPa处理内达到最高;但3 ~ 13 kPa处理内水分利用效率无显著差异。不同处理的果实含水量和比质量无显著差异,除1 kPa处理的果实长、单果质量和果皮总色素含量显著较低外,其它各处理差异不显著。3 ~ 5 kPa处理的果实单宁含量显著高于7 ~ 13 kPa处理,但可溶性固形物、维生素C含量显著低于7 ~ 13 kPa处理,3 ~ 7 kPa处理范围的果实硝酸盐含量显著低于9 ~ 13 kPa处理。综合分析,3 ~ 7 kPa供水吸力范围内的黄瓜单株产量与整体品质较高,对应的土壤体积含水量范围为55% ~ 81%。     

The role of Pre-harvest Aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) Treatments on Total Phenolics,Antioxidant Capacity and Fruit Quality Attributes of Sweet Cherry Cultivars

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of pre-harvest aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) treatments on fruit quality parameters and bioactive compounds of sweet cherry fruits (Prunus avium L. cvs. ’0900 Ziraat’, ‘Regina’ and ’Sweetheart’). Whole trees were sprayed once with an aqueous solution containing AVG (0, 100 and 200?mg L^?1) three weeks before the anticipated commercial harvest. Measurements were performed a week before anticipated harvest date, at anticipated harvest date and a week after anticipated harvest date. AVG treatments significantly maintained flesh firmness of all three sweet cherry cultivars. Harvest was delayed at least for a week through the keeping of flesh firmness with AVG treatments. The treatments slowed down the red skin color development in all three cultivars. The measurements performed over fruits collected at different ripening stages revealed that AVG resulted in decreased total phenolics and total anthocyanin and ultimately decreased antioxidant capacity in sweet cherry fruits. AVG treatments also decreased soluble solids content and increased titratable acidity of the fruits. This study revealed that pre-harvest AVG treatments were more effective in delaying sweet cherry fruit softening. The main advantage is to maintain the firmness of late-harvested fruit by retaining fruit quality attributes of sweet cherry fruit.     

Determining the Physico-Chemical Characterstics of the Rosehip Genotypes Grown Naturally in Adiyaman Province

Turkey is an important gene centre of rosehip populations and rosehip is naturally grown in the province of Ad?yaman. This study has been conducted on rosehip fruits found in various altitudes in Ad?yaman to determine the changes of their physico-chemical characteristics. The fruit weights of the genotypes used in the study ranged between 2.72?g–1.29?g, fruit width between 14.12–10.44?g and fruit length has ranged between 23.18?mm–18.62?mm. The rosehip genotypes to be processed to food are required to have a bulky fruit and a high amount of fruit flesh. The genotype with the highest fruit flesh ratio was found to have the lowest seed weight by 0.25?g, while the genotypes with the highest seed weight had this value ranging between 0.50–0.59?g. Rosehip genotypes dry matter ratio has ranged between 44.27 and 37.11%. While the a*, b*, C* and h° values of rosehip fruits had significant differences based on the genotypes, L* values had similarities. Genotypes had ranging WSDM contents of 33.56–22.50%, TA contents of 2.96–1.57%, pH values of 4.06–3.82, C vitamins of 782.34–352.16?mg/100?g, total phenol contents of 5.42–3.62?mg GAE/g DM and antioxidant activities of 113.60–56.80?µmol TE/g DM. The rosehip fruits containing high levels of fructose and glucose were found to be low in saccharose content. Fructose, glucose and saccharose contents of rosehip genotype fruits were found to be 22.93–16.86, 20.22–13.77 and 0–0.90?g/100?g DM, respectively. According to the outcomes of the study, physico-chemical characteristics of the rosehip fruits displayed significant differences, and these differences were affected by type, genotype and ecologic conditions.     

The Growth of Apple Central Fruits as Affected by Thinning with NAA,BA and Naphthenic Acids

Plant growth regulators such as α?naphthylacetic acid (NAA) or 6?benzyladenine (BA) are commonly used for thinning apple fruits. NAs exhibits an auxin- and gibberellin-type biological activity, stimulate the uptake and translocation of auxins in plant tissue, as well as IAA synthesis and act as surfactants. It was assumed that NAs applied at the stadium of early fruit growth might cause fruit abscission in apple, similarly to NAA. The goal of the research was to test the presumed thinning effect of naphthenic acids on apple cultivars ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Red Delicious’. Three treatments were applied on both apple cultivars including 16.5?μL L^?1 NAA, 200?μL L^?1?BA and 2.63?mg L^?1?potassium salts of NAs. Cortical cell size and the number of cell layers were measured in order to determine the contribution of cell size and cell division in early fruit growth, as affected by chemical thinning treatments. The effects of plant growth regulators NAA, BA and NAs on fruit set, fruit size and the anatomy of the fruit cortex highly depend on varietal differences. In ‘Golden Delicious’ fruit set reduction by chemical thinning increases both the number of cell layers and cell size of apple fruit, while in ‘Red Delicious’ NAA inhibits fruit growth, while BA is ineffective. Cell growth promoting activity of NAA and NAs, accompanied by the decrease in fruit set and reduced competition among fruits within the canopy, results in a significant fruit weight increase at harvest. The research confirms the auxinic properties of NAs, and their assumed thinning activity.     

Impact of storage conditions on the apple allergen Mal?d?1

Consumption of fresh apple fruits can induce allergic reactions in humans. The apple allergen Mal?d?1 is responsible for these allergic reactions in humans in Central Europe and North America. Biosynthesis of Mal?d?1 depends on apple cultivar, and its concentration increases with time during fruit storage. However, data on the impact of different fruit storage conditions during long-term storage are scarce. Hence, the Mal?d?1 contents of eight apple cultivars were analyzed for this study during long-term storage in a cold chamber as well as under controlled atmosphere conditions (CA). After harvest, apple fruits were stored for 12, 20, 28 or 36 weeks in a cold-chamber at +?2?°C or as under controlled atmosphere conditions of 1.5?% CO₂, 1.5?% O₂ at +?2?°C. Mal?d?1 content in apple fruit of all eight cultivars examined increased during fruit storage. In most cases, differences between Mal?d?1 of apple fruits stored in the cold chamber and under CA conditions were significant, but inconsistent. In apple cv. ??Elise??, fruits stored in the cold chamber contained more Mal?d?1 compared with those stored in CA, whereas the situation reversed in other varieties like cv. ??Boskoop??. The greatest Mal?d?1 content was measured in fruits of cvs. ??Golden Delicious?? and ??Gala??, whereas the smallest Mal?d?1 level was in cvs. ??Elise?? and ??Pinova?? over the whole storage time. Overall, this experiment showed the complexity of the relationship between the Mal?d?1 content, allergenicity of apple fruits, different cultivars, storage conditions and storage time. Persons allergic to apple fruits should consume the fruits as fresh as possible or only after a limited storage time. Furthermore, they should prefer apple varieties with a low content of allergenic proteins, such as cv. ??Elise?? or cv. ??Boskoop?? as a cultivar known for its large polyphenol content.     

套袋黄冠梨黑点病与钙素营养和果实衰老的关系

为探明套袋黄冠梨果实黑点病发病原因,从采后生理、矿质营养水平、酚类物质酶促褐变和果实衰老等方面对套袋黄冠梨果实黑点病进行了研究。结果表明:套袋果呼吸强度显著高于不套袋果;套袋果Ca含量仅为不套袋果的49%-63%,果皮钙素含量未套袋果>套袋健康果>套袋病果,套袋病果与不套袋果果皮N/Ca比值分别为9.8和6.1,K/Ca比值分别为17.6和8.8;果皮和果心酚类物质含量及多酚氧化酶活性(PPO)呈套袋病果>套袋健康果>未套袋果的趋势;套袋病果果皮丙二醛(MDA)含量及电导率显著高于未套袋果;果皮钙素含量与其PPO活性、多酚及丙二醛含量、电导率呈高度负相关。初步分析黄冠梨果实黑点病病因为缺钙性生理衰老。     

Changes in dietary fibre, polygalacturonase, cellulase of navel orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck ‘Cara Cara’) fruits under different storage conditions

The consumption of dietary fibre plays an important role in the prevention of diseases, such as constipation, haemorrhoids. Recently, chemical and physical properties of citrus fibres have been widely studied. In this paper, the polygalacturonase (PG) and cellulase (Cx) gene expression of Cara Cara (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) navel orange fruit stored on tree (ST) was compared with fruit stored in room (SR). The results showed that the mRNA expression levels of PG increased significantly in the fruits of ST, in contrast, the expression levels of Cx increased slightly only in peel of ST. Total pectin (TP) and protopectin of ST fruits pulp were higher than those of SR at every time point. The contents of insoluble dietary fibre (IDF), hemicellulose (HC), cellulose (CEL) and lignin of ST fruits were less than that in SR. However, in fruits from ST, a significant increase of soluble dietary fibre (SDF) and water soluble pectin (WSP) occurred, compared with fruits of SR. Our studies indicated that fruit stored on tree is quite useful for regulating the gene expression and controlling contents of dietary fibre on Cara Cara navel orange.     

Size factors in apple fruit

Eight ‘Golden Delicious’ apple trees on an experimental plot were systematically thinned to give different numbers of fruit per spur, per branch, and per tree. At harvest, fruits were weighed individually and their positions on spurs and branches noted. Trunk and branch girths were measured.Mean fruit weights were not significantly affected by the presence of several fruits on a spur, or by the degree of local crowding on branches, compared with the general mean for the whole tree. However, mean fruit weight varied between trees, depending on the number of fruits carried per unit of trunk girth of cross-sectional area.μ (mean fruit weight) = a — bN (number of fruit per unit trunk dimension)The distribution of fruit weights on each tree can be regarded as normal and on the 8 trees examined, standard deviations did not differ significantly. An equation was derived relating total crop per tree and fruit-size distribution to trunk dimensions and fruit number, both of which were variable from tree to tree, involving 2 coefficients of the mean size equation and the standard deviation of the weight distribution, which seem to be constant for the 8 trees under the prevailing conditions.Using the equations, it could be shown that although fruit thinning would increase the proportion of larger fruit in the crop, in only one case would careful thinning have increased the total weight of larger fruit.     

Einfluss verschiedener Ausdünnverfahren auf die Source: Sink-Verh?ltnisse und Fruchtqualit?t von Zwetschen

Chemical thinning agents for stone fruits are scarce. Hence, the objective of the present work was to improve fruit quality,viz size in plum, using mechanical and chemical thinning or combinations thereof; untreated, i.e., un-thinned plum trees of the same rows served as control. Plum trees of the medium-sized cv. ‘Ortenauer’ on dwarfing St. Julien GF 655/2 rootstock, with maximum flower intensity in 2009, were grown near Bonn, Germany. Trees were mechanically thinned in April 2009 with the blossom thinner developed by the University of Bonn with 300, 400 or 500?rpm at a tractor speed of 5?km/h. Half of the trees were additionally chemically thinned with both ammonium thiosulphate (ATS) (15?l/ha) at full bloom and an ethylene releasing compound (0.375?l/ha) 35 days after full bloom. The objective of 1/3 flower i.e. fruitlet removal was successfully achieved even with the slowest rotor speed of 300?rpm. The number of fruit per metre fruiting spur was reduced from 46 to 18–27, equivalent to a (source: sink) leaf: fruit ratio of 5:1. Mechanical thinning significantly enlarged fruit mass from 28?g in the un-thinned control to 30–32?g with rotor speeds of 400 or 500?rpm. Additional chemical thinning with ATS and an ethylene-releasing compound resulted in no further increase in fruit mass. Inner fruit quality (sugar) of the plums appeared unaffected by either mechanical or chemical thinning, except for fruit firmness. Plums thinned with an ethylene releasing compound were softer and ripened earlier than respective control fruit, possibly due to the ethylene release. The lesser fruit density per tree after thinning reduced the potential for fungal infections such asMonilia due to faster drying of the fruits after precipitation. Mechanical thinning reduced thinning by manual labour from 31?min. per tree in the un-thinned control to 24?min. by ca 25%, i.e., by 7?min. per tree; this is equivalent to a net financial gain of 400–500?€/ha, after expenditure (120?€/ha; 1.5?h/ha), for thinning. Overall, both efficacy of blossom removal and fruit mass enlargement scored best after mechanical thinning around 400?rpm, indicating that mechanical blossom thinning provides a suitable alternative for chemical and/or manual thinning or can be combined with either of those options. An additional advantage of mechanical blossom thinning is to overcome or avoid alternate/biennial bearing due to its early application at bloom time; a similar effect was observed with the ethylene-releasing compound applied 35 days after full bloom.     

Optimum leaf area index in T-bar trained kiwifruit vines

Summary

The effect of leaf area index (LAI) on canopy growth, light interception, yield, fruit growth and quality and return bloom of kiwifruit were examined in 1990 and 1991. Different LAIs were obtained in the 1990 season with defoliation treatment made precociously at different intensities, in a diffuse way, uniformly in the whole canopy. At the end of canopy development LAIs of 3.6,3.3,3.1,2.6 and 1.8 were obtained and evaluated. The kiwifruit vines with a bud load of 680?700 and LAIs of 3.3 and 3.6 in 1990, showed an optimum and constant yield (>90 kg per vine), good average fruit weight (>100 g) and high fruit quality in both years, and also good return bloom the following season. The reduction of LAI to 2.6 and 1.8 drastically reduced, in the year of LAI imposition, both yield (?18.5% and ?30%, respectively) and mean fruit weight (?18.6% and ?29.1%, respectively) compared with vines with an LAI higher than 3.1. In the same treatments, the soluble solids concentration in the fruit was significantly decreased and a great reduction in numbers of fruiting shoots and numbers of fruits per fruiting shoot were observed in the year following the LAI imposition. In vines with the same bud load, fruit number and an LAI of 3.1, small variations in yield and fruit weight in the year of defoliation treatments were recorded, but in the following season the yield was significantly reduced (?14 kg per vine) due mainly to a decrease in the number of fruiting shoots (?14%). In kiwifruit vines with low LAI (2.6 and 1.8) nearly all fruits present in the canopy ripen, with no significant fruit drop. At low LAI, the sink strength of the fruit was greater and more extended so that vine growth and the plants reserves were restricted. Under the conditions of this experiment, an LAI higher than 3.3, corresponding to a leaf area-fruit ratio higher than 600 cm² per fruit, is necessary to obtain regular vine growth and yield, optimum fruit size and quality and return bloom the following season.     

不同时期采收的草莓果实糖含量差异的代谢机理

 以促成栽培的‘枥乙女’草莓为试材，分析了不同月份采收的果实糖含量和蔗糖代谢相关酶活性的变化。结果表明，不同时期采收的草莓果实糖含量有差异，成熟果实的总糖和蔗糖含量以2月份采收的最高，1月份次之，4月份最低；不同月份果实糖含量不同主要由蔗糖含量的差异引起。2月份果实的蔗糖磷酸合酶(SPS)、蔗糖合酶(SS)合成方向活性显著高于1月份，而转化酶活性显著低于1月份，这样有利于2月份成熟果实的蔗糖积累。4月份成熟果实的SS(合成方向)、SPS和酸性转化酶(AI)活性水平均与2月份相近，但此时果实仍不能积累蔗糖，表明4月份草莓果实不能积累蔗糖与糖代谢关系不密切。     

Utilization of correlation network analysis to identify differences in sensory attributes and organoleptic compositions of tomato cultivars grown under salt stress

In tomato production, salt stress is applied to improve the fruit quality. The change in sensory attributes and organoleptic compositions in salt-stressed tomato fruits have been extensively studied; however, little is known about their interaction with each other. Correlation network analysis provides a visual representation of biological systems and useful knowledge for metabolic data analysis of tomato fruits. The aim of this study is to identify the cultivar differences in sensory attributes and organoleptic compositions of tomato fruits grown under salt stress and to elucidate their interaction among different cultivars using correlation network analysis. Salt stress was applied by adding 100 mM NaCl to the nutrient solution. Fruits were harvested at red-ripe stage and used for the evaluation of sensory attributes such as sweetness, sourness, umami, and tomato like, and organoleptic compositions such as sugar, organic acid, amino acid, and sodium ion contents. Almost all of the sensory attributes and organoleptic compositions of the fruit were significantly high in salt-stressed cultivars compared to non-stressed cultivars, and significant differences were also observed among cultivars. The correlation network analysis of the control fruit showed that compared to other traits, sugar is one of the key traits for improvement of tomato fruit quality based on high connectivity and betweenness centrality. In contrast, a high degree of positive connectivity was not observed between organoleptic compositions and sensory attributes in the salt-stressed fruit network. These results indicate that the relationship between sensory attributes and organoleptic compositions in fruits were different between the control and salt-stressed cultivars, suggesting that the salt-stressed fruit may have a different circuit of relationship compared to control. Furthermore, based on the increase ratio (salt stress/control) network results, we suggest that the increased sugar, organic acid, and amino acid contents may have contributed to the salt stress-induced enhancement of sensory attributes.     

树莓杂交后代实生苗部分性状的遗传变异分析

对树莓4个杂交或自交得到的197株2a生实生苗的重要经济性状进行了调查和遗传分析.结果表明,亲本性状各异树莓杂交后代表现了相近的果形分布比例,均以圆锥形为主,其中3个组合后代中圆锥形果实超过了75%;短圆锥形和球型果比例相近,总和接近25%,后代中还出现了少量比例的畸形果.杂交后代可溶性固形物含量的分布受亲本影响,但变异幅度较宽.平均单果重受亲本影响极大,大果型品种美国22号和图拉米的后代的大果型比例偏多.图拉米是优良的无刺树莓育种亲本,其自交后代出现了21%的无刺植株.