模拟不同降水类型旱地冬小麦产量性状的通径分析

以旱地冬小麦品种“郑旱１号”为材料,研究了模拟豫西旱地９种降水类型冬小麦产量性状的通径分析。结果表明,降水量与旱地小麦产量及成穗数和穗粒数呈显著的正相关,三个产量性状对产量影响的大小顺序为：成穗数〉穗粒数〉千粒重,底墒水对产量的贡献大于生育期降水的作用。提示旱地小麦蓄足底墒,增加土壤水分含量,促进小麦分蘖成穗是提高旱地小麦产量的重要途径。     

Effects of freeze-thaw on soil erosion processes and sediment selectivity under simulated rainfall

The freeze-thaw(FT) processes affect an area of 46.3% in China. It is essential for soil and water conservation and ecological construction to elucidate the mechanisms of the FT processes and its associated soil erosion processes. In this research, we designed the control simulation experiments to promote the understanding of FT-water combined erosion processes. The results showed that the runoff of freeze-thaw slope(FTS) decreased by 8% compared to the control slope(CS), and the total sediment yield of the FTS was 1.10 times that of the CS. The sediment yield rate from the FTS was significantly greater than that from the CS after 9 min of runoff(P0.01). Both in FTS and CS treatments, the relationships between cumulative runoff and sediment yield can be fitted well with power functions(R20.98, P0.01). Significant differences in the mean weight diameter(MWD) values of particles were observed for washed particles and splashed particles between the CS and the FTS treatments in the erosion process(P0.05). The mean MWD values under CS were smaller than those under FTS for both washed and splashed particles. The ratio of the absolute value of a regression coefficient between the CS and the FTS was 1.15, being roughly correspondent with the ratio of K between the two treatments. Therefore, the parameter a of the power function between cumulative runoff and sediment yield could be an acceptable indicator for expressing the soil erodibility. In conclusion, the FTS exhibited an increase in soil erosion compared to the CS.     

Transport mechanism of eroded sediment particles under freeze-thaw and runoff conditions

Hydraulic erosion associated with seasonal freeze-thaw cycles is one of the most predominant factors, which drives soil stripping and transportation. In this study, indoor simulated meltwater erosion experiments were used to investigate the sorting characteristics and transport mechanism of sediment particles under different freeze-thaw conditions (unfrozen, shallow-thawed, and frozen slopes) and runoff rates (1, 2, and 4 L/min). Results showed that the order of sediment particle contents was silt>sand>clay during erosion process on unfrozen, shallow-thawed, and frozen slopes. Compared with original soils, clay and silt were lost, and sand was deposited. On unfrozen and shallow-thawed slopes, the change of runoff rate had a significant impact on the enrichment of clay, silt, and sand particles. In this study, the sediment particles transported in the form of suspension/saltation were 83.58%-86.54% on unfrozen slopes, 69.24%-84.89% on shallow-thawed slopes, and 83.75%-87.44% on frozen slopes. Moreover, sediment particles smaller than 0.027 mm were preferentially transported. On shallow-thawed slope, relative contribution percentage of suspension/saltation sediment particles gradually increased with the increase in runoff rate, and an opposite trend occurred on unfrozen and frozen slopes. At the same runoff rate, freeze-thaw process had a significant impact on the relative contribution percentage of sediment particle transport via suspension/saltation and rolling during erosion process. The research results provide an improved transport mechanism under freeze-thaw condition for steep loessal slopes.     

模拟降雨条件下谷子和冬小麦植株对降雨再分配过程的影响

以谷子（ Setaria italica）、冬小麦（ Triticum aestivum Linn 。）为研究对象,利用人工模拟降雨测定了不同降雨强度和生长阶段两种作物植株的穿透雨,采用人工喷雾法测定了不同生长阶段的冠层截留,根据水量平衡法计算了不同观测阶段的茎秆流。结果表明：谷子、冬小麦冠层对降雨的再分配作用显著,谷子冠下穿透雨率平均约为79％,茎秆流率平均约为20％,冠层截留率平均约占1％;冬小麦冠下穿透雨率平均约为79％,茎秆流率平均约为19％,冠层截留率平均约占2％。在其全生育期内,两种作物冠下穿透雨与茎秆流呈彼此消长趋势。穿透雨量和茎秆流量与降雨强度呈显著正相关关系,但是穿透雨率和茎秆流率与降雨强度的关系不显著。茎秆流量和冠层截留量及其二者占总降雨量的比率均与作物叶面积指数呈显著正相关关系,但穿透雨量及穿透雨率随叶面积指数增加呈显著下降趋势。     

旱地保护性耕作地表径流和土壤水分平衡模型

在田间试验和对现有径流模型及土壤水分平衡模型改进的基础上，建立了适用于保护性耕作的地表径流和土壤水分平衡模型。该模型以日为步长，根据气象数据、土壤水分状况、作物生长发育及耕作管理措施，模拟不同耕作管理体系下地表径流和田间水分平衡的变化。针对保护性耕作的特点，主要对径流曲线数字(USDA—Curve Number)法进行了改进，在PERFECT模型的基础上增加了坡度和降雨强度两因素的影响，从而使模型较全面地考虑了残茬覆盖、耕作、坡度及降雨强度等多种因素对径流的影响；采用简单实用的Priestley—Taylor公式计算潜在蒸散量，并考虑作物覆盖与残茬覆盖对土壤蒸发与作物蒸腾的影响。通过田间径流试验和根层有效贮水量测定数据的验证，证明了地表径流和土壤水分的模拟值与实测值比较接近。     

模拟降雨条件下苏南黄壤产流起始时间及影响因素研究

运用人工模拟降雨装置研究了暴雨条件下苏南典型丘陵土壤上纯草、纯灌、灌草3种经营模式下坡度、降雨强度、土壤前期含水量、植被覆盖度对开始产生径流时间的影响。研究表明:纯草模式下影响开始产流时间的最主要因子为土壤前期含水量,同时建立了3种植被组合下影响开始产流时间的多因子回归方程。通过方程,由植被覆盖度、坡度、土壤前期含水量和降雨强度四个易于获得的因子可预测不同植被组合下开始产生径流的时间。     

Effects of plant residue management on soil properties,surface runoff,and soil loss under rainfall simulation in a semi-arid region in Iran

A 5-year field study was conducted on the effect of plant residue management on soil erosion, runoff, bulk density, penetration resistance, and organic carbon. There were three treatments: burning residues on field (BR), returning residues unto the soil surface after harvesting (TR), and removing residues from soil surface (RR) (control treatment). At the end of the 5-year treatment, a rainfall simulation at 90?mm?h^?1 was applied to each plot. After rainfall simulation started, the runoff volume and soil loss amount in samples were collected at four sampling times. The results showed that the runoff volume for BR (from 145.5?±?12.2 to 190.0?±?11.8?mL) differed significantly (p?≤?0.01) from that of RR (from 32.3?±?5.5 to 67.5?±?11.1?mL) and TR (from 10.0?±?0.7 to 16.7?±?3.3?mL). A significant difference (p?≤?0.01) was also observed between RR and TR regarding runoff volume and soil loss amount in different sampling times, except for the first sampling time (2–4?min). The runoff volume in BR and TR was 215% higher and 294% lower than that of the control (RR), respectively. As compared to the control (RR), soil loss decreased by 96.5% in TR but increased by 192% in BR. The BR increased soil bulk density and penetration resistance by 4.9% and 12.4%, whereas TR reduced them by 2.1% and 15.8%, respectively, as compared to the control (RR). The results indicated that the highest (0.35) and lowest (0.03) runoff coefficients were obtained for BR and TR treatments, respectively. It is concluded that returning plant residues to soil is the best residue management practice in decreasing soil runoff volume and controlling soil erosion in semi-arid regions.     

不同降雨历时梯田和坡耕地的土壤水分入渗特征

以黄土高原丘陵沟壑第三副区庄浪县为例,研究不同降雨历时条件下坡耕地和水平梯田土壤(黄绵土)水分入渗变化特征,应用Hydrus-1D模型对不同降雨条件下的土壤水分入渗进行定量模拟研究。结果表明:(1)与实测数据相比,Hydrus-1D模型模拟降雨后土壤水分的运移较合理。(2)地表层(0~40 cm)土壤含水量变异系数(CV)呈中等变异,即5 d的时间内梯田和坡耕地地表层的土壤含水量变化大,随着土层深度的增加变异系数减小,呈弱变异性。(3)在1.45 mm/min降雨强度下,在23 min时拔节期的小麦坡耕地产生径流,水平梯田在整个过程中没有产生径流。(4)降雨历时为10 min时,在土层深度为0~15 cm,梯田土壤含水量比坡耕地多0.13%~1.65%,在土层深度为30~200 cm,梯田和坡地都没有下渗。降雨历时为20min、30min时,在土层深度为0~20 cm,梯田的土壤含水量比坡耕地的分别多0.05%~2.22%、0.01%~2%。     

黄土坡面不同土地利用与覆盖方式的产流产沙效应

研究不同地类坡地产流产沙规律,对定量评价林草措施的水土保持效益具有重要的意义。利用布设在山西省吉县蔡家川流域的10个径流小区资料,分析了不同土地利用/覆盖方式对产流产沙的影响,研究结果表明:草地拦蓄暴雨功能明显小于灌木与乔木林地;农地(坡耕地)是坡面侵蚀的主要土地利用类型,天然灌木林与混交林的防蚀功能明显大于人工纯林;水土保持林地拦蓄径流明显大于经济林。     

不同粘粒含量土壤水分入渗能力模拟试验研究

为研究土壤粘粒含量对土壤入渗能力的影响,通过向自然土壤中添加沙粒、人工粘土的方法配制不同粘粒含量土壤,用土柱积水入渗模拟了人工配制土壤中粘粒含量对其入渗能力的影响.结果表明:(1) 土壤粘粒含量对土壤入渗能力有较大影响,随粘粒含量增多,入渗能力递减:＜0.001 mm粘粒含量从6%增加至40.4%时,稳定入渗速率从0.0169 cm/min降低至0.0068 cm/min,90 min累积入渗量则从3.66 cm降低至2.02 cm;(2) 稳定入渗速率、90 min累积入渗量与粘粒及物理性粘粒含量分别呈幂函数负相关、指数负相关关系,但与粘粒含量相关性更为显著;(3) 通过对Green-Ampt模型、Philip模型及Kostiakov模型的参数拟合及累积入渗量计算,发现在本试验中Kostiakov模型拟合精度最高,Philip模型次之,Green-Ampt模型较差,说明Kostiakov模型对于均质土体是个比较实用的入渗模型.     

基于i-Tree Eco模型的城市林冠雨水截留和径流削减效益研究——以北京建筑大学西城校区为例

乔木冠层雨水截留作用对降雨产流和径流削减有显著影响,而国内相关的模型研究较少.在现有城市截留效益模型比较和植被实地调查的基础上,利用i-Tree Eco模型评估2014-2018年北京建筑大学西城校区内21种乔木冠层的雨水截留和径流削减效益,推导计算径流削减量的校准方法,并结合相关性分析和回归分析探究城市林冠截留影响因...     

不同耕作措施对旱地农田土壤物理特性的影响

通过在山西寿阳地区设置的田间试验,分析比较秸秆还田、免耕覆盖、浅旋耕和常规耕作等4种耕作措施不同时期土壤紧实度、容重、入渗速率、土壤含水量以及土壤温度的变化情况,以了解各耕作措施对旱地农田土壤物理特性的影响程度。结果表明,秸秆还田措施除引起旱地农田土壤入渗速率显著降低外,其他物理特性与常规耕作基本一致;免耕覆盖措施对旱地农田土壤物理特性的影响最大,可导致0~10 cm表层土壤紧实度和容重显著增加,土壤入渗速率在播前显著降低,但随着生育期推进与其他处理间差异逐渐减小,蓄水保墒效果显著,同时会引起土壤温度显著降低,播前较常规耕作平均降低2.0℃;浅旋耕措施则在改善表层土壤紧实度,增加土壤入渗速率方面较秸秆还田和免耕覆盖措施要好,土壤含水量显著高于其他处理,较常规耕作措施平均能提高10%,但同时会引起40~60 cm土层土壤容重增加。     

降雨强度对农业耕作措施水土保持作用的影响

利用人工模拟降雨试验,研究不同降雨强度下,不同农业耕作措施坡地水土流失特征。试验设计的坡地坡度分别为5°和15°,降雨强度分别为60、90、120 mm·h^-1;耕作措施分别为等高耕作、人工掏挖和人工锄耕,以相同坡度的平整坡地作为对照。结果表明：（1）随着降雨强度的增大,各耕作措施坡地产流量显著增大1.51倍以上,最大增加幅度为等高耕作坡地的2.28倍。而坡地产沙量在降雨强度较小时增加不显著,当降雨强度增大到120 mm·h^-1时,坡地产沙量显著增大;（2）与平整坡地相比,等高耕作在3个降雨强度下都具有明显的减流效益,减流量均大于15%,而人工锄耕和人工掏挖却不明显;（3）在5°坡地上,等高耕作和人工掏挖在3个降雨强度的减沙效益均大于25%,而人工锄耕减沙效益不明显;在坡度为15°、降雨强度为60 mm·h^-1和90 mm·h^-1时,人工锄耕和人工掏挖减沙效益与降雨强度关系无明显规律,在降雨强度为120 mm·h^-1时,3个耕作措施都不能有效降低坡地产沙量。可见,水土保持农业耕作措施具有降低坡地产流量的作用,而对于坡地产沙的作用存在明显差异,在大坡度和大降雨强度下,不仅不能降低坡地产沙,反而加剧坡地土壤流失。     

模拟降雨量下微集水种植对玉米光合速率及水分利用效率的影响

利用人工模拟降雨装置,设置平作和垄作两种种植方式,以平作为对照组,研究了玉米在垄沟集雨下光合特性和水分利用效率的变化。结果表明,在230 mm3、40 mm的降雨量下,沟垄集雨种植玉米的光合速率显著高于对照组,分别提高了41.1%和10.5%,在440 mm的降雨量下,两者的差异不显著;在3个雨量下,沟垄集雨种植玉米的叶片瞬时水分利用效率比对照组均有提高,分别提高了20.5%、18.9%和10.7%;沟垄集雨种植玉米和对照组的光合速率日变化均呈"单峰型"曲线,对照组水分利用效率在230 mm、340 mm降雨量下呈"单峰型"曲线,在440 mm降雨量下呈现逐渐下降的趋势,沟垄集雨种植的玉米水分利用效率均呈"单峰型"曲线。     

Influence of adsorption–desorption phenomena on pesticide run-off from soil using simulated rainfall

The surface run-off of a number of pesticides (diuron, isoproturon, atrazine, alachlor, aclonifen, trifluralin, lindane and simazine), chosen for their range of adsorption behaviours, was studied using simulated rainfall applied to small plots over a short time (one hour). Pesticides were applied together onto bare soil using two different sandy loam soils from Jaillière and Coet Dan sites. The surface run-off samples were collected throughout the running of the event and concentrations of pesticides were measured in both liquid and solid phases. Sorption isotherms for isoproturon and diuron on Jaillière soil as well as eroded particles were measured under equilibrium conditions and compared to their partitioning during surface run-off. At the rainfall intensity used, both soils generated a large load of eroded particles. The average run-off flow rate increased with time for the Jalliére soil, while it remained relatively constant at a higher level for the Coet Dan soil. The concentrations of each pesticide in the run-off samples decreased as the experiments proceeded. The pesticides were classified into two types by their partitioning between the solid and liquid phases. Atrazine, simazine, diuron, isoproturon and alachlor were mainly transported in surface run-off water. By contrast, 90% of trifluralin and aclonifen was adsorbed onto eroded particles. Lindane was intermediate, with a 37% adsorption level. When the contribution of eroded particles was minor, the agrochemical concentrations were inversely proportional to the water flow rate. We have proposed a model that describes the mass of chemicals extracted from soil into surface water during a surface run-off event of a given average duration and flow rate. This model takes into account the dilution of the soil solution and the desorption of chemicals through two parameters called, respectively, the dilution factor and the extraction retardation factor. The desorption kinetic was the limiting step in the surface run-off of weakly sorbed chemicals, such as isoproturon. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

Distribution of soil aggregates and organic carbon in deep soil under long-term conservation tillage with residual retention in dryland

To ascertain the effects of long-term conservation tillage and residue retention on soil organic carbon(SOC) content and aggregate distribution in a deep soil(>20-cm depth) in a dryland environment,this paper analyzed the SOC and aggregate distribution in soil, and the aggregate-associated organic carbon(OC) and SOC physical fractions. Conservation tillage(reduced tillage with residue incorporated(RT) and no-tillage with residue mulch(NT)) significantly increased SOC sequestration and soil aggregation in deep soil compared with conventional tillage with residue removal(CT). Compared with CT, RT significantly increased the proportion of small macroaggregates by 23%–81% in the 10–80 cm layer, and the OC content in small macroaggregates by 1%–58% in the 0–80 cm layer. RT significantly increased(by 24%–90%) the OC content in mineral-SOC within small macroaggregates in the 0–60 cm layer, while there was a 23%–80% increase in the 0–40 cm layer with NT. These results indicated that:(1) conservation tillage treatments are beneficial for soil aggregation and SOC sequestration in a deep soil in a dryland environment; and(2)the SOC in mineral-associated OC plays important roles in soil aggregation and SOC sequestration. In conclusion, RT with NT is recommended as an agricultural management tool in dryland soils because of its role in improving soil aggregation and SOC sequestration.     

长期定位施肥对旱作农田土壤有机碳及其组分的影响

基于田间定位试验,研究了长期施肥对旱作冬小麦农田土壤有机碳及其组分的影响,试验包括4个处理:不施肥(CK)、氮磷配施(NP)、化肥与有机肥配施(NPM)以及长期休闲地(BL)。结果表明:长期持续施肥30年后,在0~30 cm土层,NPM处理土壤有机碳、微生物量碳、潜在矿化碳以及碳库管理指数分别较CK提高了42.2%、55.9%、40.9%和40.0%(P0.05),NP处理土壤有机碳和微生物量碳与CK差异不显著,潜在矿化碳和碳库管理指数分别提高了29.1%和20.0%(P0.05),施肥对两种活性有机碳含量的影响在15~30 cm土层表现更加显著;与种植作物相比,长期休闲显著降低了土壤潜在矿化碳含量,BL处理较CK降低了20.5%(P0.05)。相关性分析表明,土壤有机碳、潜在矿化碳、微生物量碳以及碳库管理指数两两之间存在着显著的相关性,且有机碳组分含量与土壤有机碳含量在处理间变化具有一致性(除NP处理外),两种活性有机碳相对含量在各处理间差异均不显著。总的来说,长期持续施入有机肥能够有效地增加旱作农田土壤有机碳同时增加其活性组分,有助于培肥地力和土壤固碳。     

不同耕作方式对黄土高原旱地麦田土壤物理性状的影响

通过冬小麦田间试验,研究了免耕、深松、翻耕三种不同耕作措施对土壤物理特性的影响.结果表明:冬小麦收获时,免耕与其它处理相比,增大了土壤容重、土壤硬度,其土壤干筛法＞0.25 mm团聚体含量比深松和翻耕每层平均增加3%和5%,但较冬小麦耕作处理前每层平均下降5%;免耕条件下,湿筛法＞0.25 mm团聚体含量比深松和翻耕每层平均增加11%和32%,较冬小麦耕作处理前每层平均下降42%;免耕可增加土壤蓄水量,收获期土壤蓄水量为373.1 mm,较深松和翻耕提高17%和8%;随着降水量的增加,冬小麦收获期水分入渗速率逐渐减少;且不同耕作方式水分入渗速率为免耕>深松>翻耕.