利用有效穗优异配合力分子标记改良粳稻恢复系的效果研究

亲本性状配合力改良是提高水稻杂种优势水平的重要环节。利用粳稻恢复系武育粳3号R的单株有效穗数优异配合力标记RM208-180条带,以武育粳3号R为供体亲本,宁恢8号为受体亲本,通过SSR分子标记辅助选择的杂交、回交和自交,获得了RM208位点为180 bp纯合条带的宁恢8号遗传背景的改良恢复系4个。改良恢复系8010-4-10、8010-4-14和8012-2-9分别与BT型雄性不育系863A配组,3个杂交组合单株有效穗数均显著高于对照宁恢8号,分别提高65.5%,56.9%和86.2%。3个组合的生育期和株高与对照差异不显著而单株有效穗数、单株日产量和单株产量显著增加,表明在不育系相同的条件下,改良的恢复系在目标性状的配合力上得到了明显改良。     

粳稻杂种后代稻米垩白率的配合力分析

选用稻米垩白率不同的6个粳稻品种,采用Griffing双列杂交方法四,对杂种F1及F2的稻米垩白率进行了配合力分析。结果表明, 稻米垩白率的一般配合力和特殊配合力方差在F1及F2代均极显著,表明在本试验中基因加性效应和非加性效应均起重要作用。但由于GCA MS/SCA MS值在F1代和F2代均极显著,而且F2代又比F1 代大,因此,稻米垩白率在杂种后代的表现主要还是由基因加性效应决定,并且随着世代的增加,加性基因的作用越显重要。在总的遗传变异中F1代和F2代主要以加性变异为主,并且随着世代的推进而非加性变异变小。稻米垩白率的一般配合力效应在F1和F2代的表现极为一致,F1和F2代间的秩次相关极显著。亲本稻米垩白率的高低与亲本一般配合力效应间有着密切的关系,各世代两者间的相关均极显著。因此,根据亲本稻米垩白率的高低可以估计其亲本一般配合力效应的高低。但稻米垩白率较低的亲本间两者的表现并不一致。     

重穗型高配合力恢复系江恢151的选育与应用

江恢151是用大粒强恢复系圭630和抗稻瘟病恢复系IR9761－4－3－2杂交选育而成，该恢复系穗大粒重，恢复力强，配合力高，以其为父本配制的冈优151等4个组合已通过四川省品种审定，辐优151等7个组合正参加省区试，江恢151所配组合已累计推广113．3万hm3，产生了显著的经济效益。     

不同穗型高原粳稻品种的产量分析

以高原粳稻区大面积应用的大穗型、穗粒型、多穗型品种为材料,研究不同穗型品种的产量潜力。结果表明,这3种穗型品种均可获得11.00 t/hm2以上的超高产,其主要原因是穗粒协调,形成了较多的颖花数;多穗型品种的颖花数主要靠有效穗贡献,大穗型品种的颖花数主要靠穗粒数贡献,穗粒型品种的颖花数靠有效穗和穗粒数协调贡献;抽穗前期干物质积累量为多穗型品种穗粒型品种大穗型品种,抽穗后期干物质积累量为大穗型品种穗粒型品种多穗型品种。     

9个玉米自交系主要穗部性状的配合力分析

采用完全双列杂交方法Ⅳ ,对常用玉米自交系主要穗部性状进行配合力分析。结果表明 :Mo1 7、黄早四、U81 1 2等自交系的一般配合力高 ;Mo1 7×黄早四、U81 1 2×黄早四、武 1 0 9×Mo1 7等组合的特殊配合力高。遗传参数分析的结果表明 :4个穗部性状均以加性效应控制为主 ,且遗传力较高 ,在早代选择可收到显著效果。     

玉米穗部性状配合力的研究

以分属四大杂种优势群的8个典型玉米自交系及其组配的28个双列杂交组合(不含反交)为试材,对玉米植株穗部性状配合力进行了研究.结果表明:①穗粗、穗行数、百粒重等性状主要受基因加性效应影响;穗粒重主要受非加性效应影响;穗长、行粒数、秃尖等各性状受基因加性效应和非加性效应共同影响.对于主要受非加性效应影响的性状,亲本一般配合力与其在杂种中的特殊配合力间无必然联系;对于主要受加性效应影响的性状表现一般配合力高,则特殊配合力也高的趋势.对于既受加性效应影响又受一定非加性效应影响的性状,一般配合力影响特殊配合力,实际杂交组合的表现受二者共同影响.②要组配强优势杂交组合,对于穗部性状,大多数性状是与产量密切相关的,而且将带来较大的正效应,在自交系选育中,应以穗较粗且长,穗行数、行粒数较多,百粒重较大为主要选择指标。     

10个玉米自交系穗部性状的配合力分析

采用5×5不完全双列杂交设计,对10个玉米自交系的单株产量等7个性状的一般配合力和特殊配合力进行了分析。结果表明:交51、7922、丹340、自330有较高的一般配合力,黄早四×7922、自330×木4、Mo17×5331、丹340×095、32×7922、自330×交51和丹340×交51有较高的特殊配合力。在所有杂交组合中,丹340×交51的产量最高,丹340×095、自330×交51的产量次之,这3个组合可作为潜势组合进一步试验。在选择性状时,玉米穗长、穗粗、穗行数和单株产量宜早代选择,行粒数、出籽率、百粒重宜晚代选择。     

粳稻不同生态类型间F1的杂种优势及其亲本的配合力分析

用8个不同生态类型的粳稻品种配成8×8双列杂交,研究8个重要农艺性状的杂种优势以及亲本的配合力。结果表明,不同生态类型间杂种F1 各性状的优势有正有负。56个F1组合平均, 小区产量性状表现19.5%的高亲优势, F1小区产量超过高亲值的组合占87.5%,其余7个性状的F1值位于中亲值与高亲值之间。 在不同生态类型所构成的总体中,株高、每穗总粒数、每穗实粒数和小区产量4个性状的加性遗传方差和非加性遗传方差同等重要;抽穗期、穗长、单株有效穗3个性状的加性遗传方差更重要;千粒重性状非加性遗传方差更为重要。小区产量和产量构成因素一般配合力效应和特殊配合力效应方差较大的亲本是秀水04和3726;特殊配合力效应大且综合性状优良的组合是越光/秀水04。     

玉米DH系产量及其构成因素一般配合力相关性分析

对玉米主要产量性状GCA间的相互关系及产量性状表型值与其相应GCA间的相关系数进行了分析。结果表明,单株产量GCA与穗长、穗粗、行粒数、轴粗和百粒重5个性状的GCA呈极显著正相关关系,与穗行数相关不显著。通径分析表明,穗粗、穗长、行粒数和百粒重GCA对单株产量GCA有较大的直接作用,是影响单株产量GCA的主要因素。产量性状表型值与其相应GCA间无显著关系,表明杂交育种中通过表型选择不能提高产量性状的GCA,必须要通过测交鉴定才能筛选出高GCA的后代。     

杂交稻新恢复系主要农艺性状的配合力分析

利用5个三系杂交稻不育系（金山2A、福伊A、京福5A、G201A、太香A）和5个杂交稻恢复系（22、制3、404、制6、明恢86）,通过不完全双列杂交配置了25个杂交稻组合,研究了这些新恢复系14个主要农艺性状的配合力。结果表明,14个主要农艺性状的一般配合力方差与特殊配合力方差均达显著或极显著差异水平,并且一般配合力方差明显大于特殊配合力方差,说明杂交稻主要农艺性状的遗传以加性效应为主。除有效穗和播始历期外,父本和母本对株高、穗长、穗颈长、剑叶长、剑叶宽、倒二叶、倒三叶、一次枝梗、二次枝梗、穗粒数、千粒重和结实率等12个农艺性状具有同等重要作用。杂交稻亲本的一般配合力和组合的特殊配合力是相互独立的,相同性状的亲本一般配合力和组合的特殊配合力效应不同,因此组合的特殊配合力是关键。制3、制6、404是一般配合力较好的恢复系,它们的杂种综合性状都比较好,是具有较好育种应用前景的恢复系。     

Combining ability analysis to identify suitable parents for heterosis in seed cotton yield,its components and lint % in upland cotton

Combining ability and heterosis were studied in a 6 × 6 diallel cross to see the nature of gene action in Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) during 2002 to 2004. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among all the F₁ and F₂ hybrid means and their respective six parental values for all the traits examined. In both generations, the mean squares due to general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) were also highly significant. SCA genetic variances were greater than GCA and more important for the traits, i.e. boll weight, boll number and seed cotton yield per plant, showing the predominance of non-additive gene action. Lint % in both generations and boll weight in F₂s only were controlled by additive type of gene action due to maximum GCA variances. Cultivar CIM-1100 was found to be the best general combiner and its utilization produced valuable hybrids with desirable SCA in both generations. F₁ and F₂ hybrids, viz., CIM-1100 × CRIS-9, CIM-1100 × FH-682, CIM-1100 × BH-36 and CIM-109 × CIM-1100 as high × low and low × high parents performed well in SCA determination, outstanding mean performance and heterosis. Better SCA effects associated with useful heterosis were more pronounced for yield traits. In F₁ hybrids, maximum heterosis was observed for seed cotton yield followed by boll number, boll weight and lint %. The heterosis over better parent was +3.13 to +65.63% for bolls per plant, +0.75 to +24.40% for boll weight, +0.82 to +115.22% for seed cotton yield and +0.27 to +3.88% for lint %. Involvement of CIM-1100 in most of the F₁ and F₂ hybrids resulted in the synthesis of superior genotypes for most of the traits studied. Inbreeding depression was elevated in good performing hybrids and was the highest for seed cotton yield. Highest yielding F₁ hybrids yielded lesser in the subsequent generation due to over-dominance and inbreeding depression, whereas moderate yielding F₁ hybrids were found more stable even passing through process of segregation due to additive gene action. The combined performance of F₁ and F₂ hybrids could be a good indicator to identify the most promising populations to be utilized either as F₂ hybrids or as a resource population for further selection.     

对粳型重组自交恢复系中配合力和性状选择的若干问题探讨

在杂交粳稻育种中,选育高配合力的恢复系是关键,不同育种工作者在恢复系测配时间上有早有晚,多数在晚代测定。文中针对水稻育种中早、晚代测配优缺点进行概述,认为早代连续测配程序化育种结合适度双列选择交配体系（DSM）法进行选育是当前较好的杂交稻选育方法。     

Combining ability among apomictic and sexual parents of Urochloa humidicola

The diallel cross constitutes an informative genetic design for choosing genitors and crosses in breeding programmes since it provides estimates of general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining abilities. Because the breeding programme for Urochloa humidicola ([Rendle] Morrone & Zuloaga; syn. Brachiaria humidicola [Rendle] Schweick) at Embrapa Beef Cattle is recent, these estimates are still unknown. Thus, the aim of this study was to obtain the estimates of GCA and SCA from the partial diallel cross design between sexual and apomictic parents. The crosses involved nine sexual and ten apomictic parents. Seventy‐one full‐sib progenies were obtained and evaluated in an incomplete block design, using all parents and the cv. BRS Tupi as a check. The agronomic and forage quality traits were evaluated using seven harvests. Statistical analysis was performed using the mixed model approach. Significant variations were associated with GCA among sexual parents for biomass yield and forage quality traits. However, this cannot be observed for apomictic parents for GCA. The SCA effect was not significant for the assessed traits. These results showed the predominance of additive effects. Sexual parents SEX3 and SEX4 presented the highest potential for contributing favourable alleles in hybrid combinations. The absence of GCA among apomictic parents and SCA suggests the need to increase genetic variability for the generation of breeding populations of U. humidicola.     

黑龙江杂交粳稻产量相关性状配合力及遗传参数分析

按照不完全双列杂交(NCII)设计,以6个恢复系为父本、3个不育系为母本共配制18个杂交粳稻组合,分析了产量相关性状的配合力及遗传参数.结果 表明,杂交组合的产量和结实率受母本的影响大于父本,每穗实粒数更多地依赖恢复系,穴穗数和千粒重则受双亲的共同影响.遗传分析表明,主要受基因加性效应影响的性状为穗实粒数,主要受非加性...     

Combining ability analysis for Phaeosphaeria leaf spot resistance and grain yield in tropical advanced maize inbred lines

Phaeosphaeria leaf spot (PLS) disease (causal agent Phaeosphaeria maydis (Henn.) Rane, Payak & Renfro) of maize is increasing in importance in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). However, there is still limited information on the combining ability for disease resistance of the germplasm that are adapted to African environments. Evaluating combining ability effects and their interactions with the environment would provide valuable information that can be used in the development of cultivars that are resistant to PLS. This study was therefore conducted to determine the combining ability, gene action and the relationship between grain yield and PLS disease severity among selected tropical advanced maize inbred lines. Forty five F₁ hybrids were generated by crossing 10 inbred lines in a half diallel mating scheme. The 45 hybrids along with the ten inbred parents were evaluated in four environments, with two replications each between 2007 and 2009. General and specific combining ability (GCA and SCA) effects were highly significant (P ≤ 0.001) for PLS, grain yield and days to anthesis. GCA effects accounted for 66–90% and SCA effects for 10–34% of the variation in the hybrids for PLS resistance, grain yield and days to anthesis. This indicated predominance of additive over non-additive gene action for the three traits in these inbred lines. The resistant inbred lines to PLS were A1220-4, N3-2-3-3, CML312, MP18 and CML488. These lines had good combining ability for PLS resistance and contributed towards resistance in their crosses. In general, resistant hybrids involved a susceptible and a resistant parent, where at least one of the parents had a negative GCA effect. In addition, lines A1220-4 and CML312 contributed towards high yield and were late maturing. Inbred line CZL00009 conferred genes for early maturity. Linear regression analysis indicated that grain yield of maize was suppressed by about 250 kg ha⁻¹ per each increase in PLS disease severity score, underscoring the need to control the disease. Significant (P < 0.01), negative correlations (r = −0.29 to −0.43) between grain yield and PLS severity were also detected. This showed the potential of PLS to reduce yield when favourable conditions for disease development are present. By and large, highly significant additive gene action implied that progress would be made through selection. Although non-additive effects were small (±10%), observation of dominance effects which were associated with reduced disease levels in some hybrids may be exploited in developing single cross maize hybrids among these inbreds when one parent is resistant.     

Combining ability and inheritance studies for protein content in mungbean

The present investigation was carried on a 8 parent diallel of mungbean involving 28 F₁'s and 28 F₂'s excluding reciprocals grown at three different locations including Meerut, Ludhiana and Hissar. Three different analyses including combining ability, graphical and component analysis were utilized.From the combining ability analysis over different environments it was reported that g.c.a. effects are relatively more consistent over environments than s.c.a. effects. The parents P₃ and P₅ were ranked as the best general combiners and the cross P5 × P7 was the good specific combination in both the diallel sets. The graphical analysis suggested that high protein content is governed by dominant genes. Further all the analyses revealed that non-additive variance was mostly responsible for this character. Thus two methods, including biparental mating system among the selected F₂/F₃ plants from P₅×P₇ cross; and modified diallel selective mating system for the selected parents with good or average general combining ability were suggested. From these populations the desirable combinations with high protein content and other desirable attributes, be selected which can constitute a future variety.     

甘蓝型优质杂交油菜主要农艺性状配合力与遗传力研究

选用自育的4个综合性状优良的双低油菜雄性不育系作母本,4种不同改良方法培育的优质恢复系作父本,采用PQ交配模式,分析16个组合并个主要农艺性状的配合力及遗传力,结果表明212A是一个较为理想的不育系,在多个产量性状上的一般配合力量最高,应用潜力较大,以多亲本复合杂交方法选育和116C是一个较为理想的恢复系,经济性状突出,配合力较高.212A116C为最佳组合.     

中国花生核心种质的主成分分析及相关分析

以576份中国花生全套核心种质为材料,对26个表型性状方面进行主成分和相关性分析。结果表明,花生资源在这26个性状方面均存在显著的遗传分化和丰富的多样性。从主成分分析的结果来看,前5个主成分对变异的累积贡献率达72.67%,叶片宽、种子宽、百果重和百果仁重对花生种质资源主成分1 贡献较大,表明在花生种质资源鉴定中,这些性状占有重要地位。相关性分析结果表明,主茎高和主茎节密度呈显著负相关,主茎高和主茎节数,叶片长与叶片宽,荚果宽与种子长、种子宽、百果重、百果仁重等呈显著正相关。这些相关性表明,测得相关性极显著的一对表型性状中的一个即可判断另一个性状的变异状况,减少了花生种质资源鉴定的工作量。