奶牛热应激及其调控措施

奶牛热应激是奶牛对不利于生理活动的高温环境产生的一种非特异性应答反应,其影响奶牛的生产性能和生理功能。本文综述了热应激对奶牛的影响及其调控措施。     

奶牛热应激及营养调控措施

本文从奶牛热应激生理机制入手,详细综述了热应激对奶牛的危害和缓和热应激的营养调控措施。     

热应激对奶牛的危害及营养调控措施

随着全球气候变暖,奶牛养殖中的热应激成为畜牧养殖行业的研究热点之一。热应激对奶牛的生产性能及机体健康福利均会造成不同程度的负面影响,不仅会降低奶牛的采食量和产奶性能,还会损害其繁殖能力和机体免疫力。文章总结了热应激对奶牛的危害,并从饲粮结构、饲料添加剂等方面阐述了预防与缓解奶牛热应激的营养调控措施,从而降低热应激对奶牛的负面影响。文章对提高高温季节奶牛产奶量、改善乳品质具有重要意义。     

奶牛热应激调控措施

如何采取有效措施,缓解热应激对奶牛的影响,保证奶牛高产稳产,是每个奶牛养殖场（小区）畜牧工作者一直关注的问题。     

奶牛热应激及抗热应激措施

大量实验表明,夏季酷暑季节,奶牛的呼吸频率加快、心跳次数增加、体温升高、食欲下降、奶量减少。据金仰高门988）分析调查,认为中国黑白花奶牛的适宜温度为11～16’C。由于奶牛主要靠辐射、传导、对流和蒸发方式散热,因此,当环境温度上升时,奶牛体温和环境的温差缩小,奶牛散热困难,易出现热应激现象。有试验报道：当环境温度接近24’C时,奶牛便开始出现热应激现象。表现为泌奶性能F降,同时,当环境温度持续上升时（41C）,黑白花ha往往减少乳量50％以上。据报道,由于环境温度的上升,奶牛依赖于出汗和增加呼吸的次数等方式散…     

缓解奶牛热应激的营养调控措施

[目的]为探讨中草药发酵制剂缓解奶牛热应激的调控作用和缓解奶牛热应激的营养调控措施。[方法]选用胎次相近、健康无病,体况均匀的40 头,随机分成4 组,分别设置为对照组、试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组、试验Ⅲ组,每组5 个重复,每个重复2 头。对照组奶牛饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别在饲喂基础日粮的基础上添加1%、2%和3%的中草药发酵制剂。[结果]通过检测生理指标、泌乳性能和血清生化指标结果表明,添加中草药发酵制剂后热应激奶牛的直肠温度和呼吸频次显著降低,平均日增重、平均日采食量显著提高,料重比显著降低（P<0.05）;奶牛的产奶量、乳脂率和乳蛋白率显著升高,体细胞数显著降低（P<0.05）;奶牛的白蛋白、总蛋白、尿素氮、血糖、谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶含量均显著升高（P<0.05）。[结论]中草药发酵制剂可以有效缓解奶牛热应激,恢复正常的生理指标和血清生化指标水平,提高奶牛泌乳性能。在本试验条件下,日粮中中草药发酵制剂的适宜添加量为3%。     

缓解奶牛热应激的营养调控措施

本文介绍了炎热天气下奶牛对水、纤维、脂肪、蛋白质、电解质平衡的需求状况及常用的缓解热应激的添加剂。     

缓解奶牛热应激的营养调控措施

奶牛是一种对高温高湿极为敏感的哺乳动物.热应激不仅降低奶牛的食欲,造成内分泌紊乱,还会降低产奶量和乳品质,引发乳房炎等系列疾病,给奶牛养殖业造成了巨大的经济损失.本文首先对奶牛热应激的产生和危害进行介绍,然后从日粮成分含量、精粗比例调整和适量应用添加剂等营养措施进行概述,以期为奶牛热应激的有效缓解提供营养方案,降低奶牛...     

奶牛热应激的危害及营养调控措施

热应激一直是夏季奶牛生产的重大难题,常导致其生产性能降低、疾病发生率升高,甚至引起动物死亡或者淘汰,给奶牛生产造成巨大损失。国内外专家对奶牛热应激的影响和缓解措施进行大量研究,本文系统介绍了热应激对奶牛的危害,并着重论述了缓解热应激的营养调控措施。     

热应激对奶牛的影响及调控措施

1热应激及其产生的原因热应激产生的原因:一是奶牛是源自北欧的耐寒畏热品种,其单位体重的表面积小,散热负担重;二是采食量大且饲粮中粗纤维含量高,以至热增耗     

金属硫蛋白对热应激奶牛血淋巴细胞凋亡基因和HSP70基因表达的影响

为探讨金属硫蛋白(MT)对热应激奶牛血淋巴细胞凋亡基因和HSP70基因表达的影响及其机理,选取25头中国荷斯坦奶牛经产泌乳母牛,随机均分为A、B、C、D、E 5组,分别按每头0(对照),16.0,24.0,32.0和40.0 mg颈静脉注射Zn-MT,于试验第1(注射Zn-MT之前),7和14天逐头采取血样,测定不同剂量的外源性MT对热应激奶牛血淋巴细胞HSP70、Bcl-2、Bax和p53基因表达水平的影响。结果表明,补给外源性MT后,4个试验组奶牛的产奶性能都有不同程度提高,其中B组奶牛的产奶量比A、C、D和E组分别高出20.94%(P＜0.05),15.83%(P＞0.05),10.94%(P＞0.05)和8.85%(P＞0.05);各试验组HSP70基因的表达水平都有所上升,其中D组比对照组高出130.00%,达到显著(P＜0.05)水平;各试验组Bcl-2基因的表达水平均高于对照组,其中C组达到显著(P＜0.05)水平;B、D组Bax基因的表达水平和C、E组p53基因的表达水平较对照组分别降低了22.00%,13.00%和22.00%,34.00%,但均未达到显著(P＞0.05)水平。说明外源性MT能改善热应激奶牛的产奶性能并有效调控奶牛血淋巴细胞HSP70、Bcl-2、Bax和p53基因的表达水平,且表现出较为明显的剂量效应。     

热应激对奶牛机体的影响及防控措施

随着全球气候变暖,以及奶牛产奶性能的提高,热应激成了影响我国奶牛生产的一大难题,尤其在南方高温高湿的夏季,奶牛极易发生热应激。本文就热应激对奶牛产奶量、乳品质和繁殖性能的影响等方面进行了综述,并提出了一些预防奶牛热应激的措施,以期指导生产实践,提高奶牛养殖的经济效益。     

氧化应激对奶牛的危害及其防治

氧化应激是当机体遭受到体内外各种有害刺激时,氧化系统和抗氧化系统失衡,自由基的产生量超过机体的清除能力,抗氧化系统不能及时清除过多的自由基而造成的。氧化应激与多种疾病的发生相关。奶牛的代谢水平高,更易发生氧化应激。本文就奶牛氧化应激的产生、氧化应激对奶牛的影响以及如何抑制奶牛氧化应激做一综述。     

Effect of dietary chromium supplementation on productive and reproductive performance of early lactating dairy cows under heat stress

One hundred and twenty early lactating Holstein dairy cows were assigned to investigate the effect of dietary chromium (Cr) supplementation (0 or 6 mg Cr/head/day from organic preparation) on the productive and reproductive performance as well as on some blood serum parameters under heat stress (35–40 °C). Cows received treatment from 3 weeks pre‐partum through 12 weeks post‐partum. Chromium supplemented diet had lower body weight loss and improved dry matter intake with consequent reduction in the energy balance deficits during the first period after calving when compared with the control group. Chromium supplementation increased (p < 0.05) milk yield by 6.7%, 12.3% and 16.5% at 4, 8 and 12 weeks post‐partum, respectively, whereas milk composition and milk to feed ratio were unaffected (p > 0.05) when compared with the control. Moreover, dietary Cr supplementation had no effect (p > 0.05) on blood serum glucose, calcium and phosphorus concentrations. A reduction (p < 0.05) of non‐esterified fatty acids at 1 week pre‐partum, 2 and 4 weeks post‐partum was also observed. Serum insulin concentration increased whereas cortisol concentration decreased, when compared with the control group, throughout the whole experimental period. Also Cr supplementation showed a trend towards improving reproductive performance as indicated by increased percentage of pregnant cows in the first 28 days of breeding. It could be concluded that dietary Cr supplementation at level of 6 mg/head/day may offer a potential protective management practice to lessen the effect of heat stress in dairy cattle.     

南方规模化猪场和散养户夏季热应激防控措施

热应激可影响猪的健康状况、采食量和内分泌等活动,导致体内生理生化过程发生剧烈改变,进而影响猪采食量以及饲料转化率。因此,采取有效措施缓解或消除热应激对养猪业造成的严重影响对指导规模化养猪业生产具有十分重要的意义。     

Antiradical function of sulfhydryl residues and oxidative stress markers in dairy cattle plasma

The antiradical function of sulfhydryl (SH) residue in dairy cattle plasma and the relationship of SH residue concentrations to other oxidative stress markers, ascorbic acid and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) in plasma were investigated. The concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH) in phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.6) and SH residues in dairy cattle plasma decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in vitro by the addition of peroxyradicals at 38°C, depending on incubation periods. The decrease of GSH concentration with the peroxyradical solution was partially protected by the addition of sodium ascorbate solution. A positive and significant correlation with SH residues and albumin concentration in the fresh plasma obtained from 15 dairy cattle was observed (P < 0.05). The SH residue concentration was not correlated with the TBARS concentration in plasma. The total ascorbic acid and SH residues concentration in the plasma correlated positively but not significantly (P < 0.10). These results suggested that SH residues in dairy cattle plasma play important part in the antiradical function.     

Ultrasonographic findings of the corpus luteum and the gravid uterus during heat stress in dairy cattle

The objectives of this study were to assess alterations in, echogenic appearance, size and blood flow in the corpus luteum, the placentomes and the blood flow in umbilical and uterine arteries that heat stress can cause in cooled pregnant dairy cows. Pregnant cows were allocated in two groups and the gravid uteri, along with the ipsilateral corpora lutea were examined during the winter (group W, n = 9) or the summer (group S, n = 10). The grey-scale ultrasound and colour flow imaging of the corpus luteum and placentome were performed. In addition, the umbilical and uterine artery diameters and haemodynamic parameters in the vessels were calculated. At the time of ultrasonographic examination, cortisol concentrations were higher, and progesterone levels tended to be lower in group S compared to group W. The grey-scale ultrasound evaluation of corpora lutea and placentomes was lower in group S compared to group W. The diameter of umbilical artery and the blood volume in the vessel were less in group S than in group W. We infer that heat stress affects foetal blood supply and possibly the structure of placentomes and corpora lutea, but it differently affects the blood flow characteristics in the umbilical and uterine arteries.     

夏季奶牛血液中热休克蛋白的表达量

选择40头体质健康的中国荷斯坦奶牛,根据胎次和泌乳天数,按照随机区组试验设计分为Ⅰ组（30kg/d）、Ⅱ组（30～35kg/d）、Ⅲ组（35～40kg/d）和Ⅳ组（40kg/d）。热应激前、热应激前期、热应激中期、热应激后期和热应激后分别于尾静脉采血,用ELISA试剂盒测定热休克蛋白（HSP）27,70,90的表达量。结果显示,Ⅳ组HSP27表达量最高,Ⅱ组表达量最低,Ⅳ组、Ⅲ组和Ⅰ组均显著高于Ⅱ组（P〈0.05）。HSP70表达量各组间没有明显差异,但随产奶量呈线性增加（P〈0.05）。HSP90的表达量,Ⅳ组和Ⅲ组明显高于Ⅱ组（P〈0.05）。HSP27的表达量热应激后差异较大;HSP70的表达量各组整个过程差异较大;HSP90的表达量在热应激前、热应激前期和热应激后差异较大。总之,在热应激过程,高产奶牛血清中热应激蛋白的表达量较高,HSP70表达量随产奶量呈线性增加,而不同热应激蛋白的变化规律差异较大。     

热应激对奶牛血液中内毒素含量和抗氧化指标的影响

选用16头健康的中国荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为两个处理（夏季组和冬季组）,每个处理8个重复,每个重复1头牛。当夏季组奶牛牛舍温湿度指数（THI）〉72的时间连续达到15d,冬季组牛舍THI〈72的时间连续达到15d时,颈静脉采血15mL制备血清,检测血清中内毒素、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）的活性,以及丙二醛（MDA）的含量。结果表明：夏季热应激可导致奶牛血清内毒素、MDA含量极显著升高,SOD和GSH-Px活性极显著和显著（P〈0.05）下降。     

减缓肉牛热应激最新研究进展

为了减少肉牛热应激对肉牛生产性能、生理生化指标、抗氧化能力、妊娠牛激素及免疫功能等方面产生的影响,笔者检索了国内外相关文献,从品种、中草药方剂和饲料添加剂、环境控制三方面归纳在肉牛抗应激能力的最新研究进展,为肉牛健康高效养殖提供参考。