管理措施及土壤因子对5种农田生境地表蜘蛛群落多样性的影响

以往的研究表明有机管理有利于生物多样性保护,但在不同农业生境类型中是否都存在这个结论呢?基于此问题,本研究在一个多生境的有机管理农场与一个相邻的多生境常规集约化管理农区,采用陷阱法进行蜘蛛取样,对比有机和常规管理措施下大棚菜地、果园、稻田田埂、露天田块及农田边界等5种生境类型的农田蜘蛛多样性的差异,并分析土壤因子对蜘蛛多样性的影响。研究发现:1)有机管理与常规管理的蜘蛛物种数没有显著差异,但有机管理的果园中蜘蛛个体数比常规管理的果园中多139%,且差异显著。同一管理措施下,仅常规管理农田区的农田边界蜘蛛个体数和物种数分别显著高于其他生境均值104%和59%。2)有机管理农场比常规管理农田的蜘蛛物种组成差异略大,且在有机管理下不同生境间的蜘蛛群落组成差异更明显。3)土壤因子中有机质、全氮、全磷含量等对蜘蛛群落结构有显著影响,但对蜘蛛个体数和物种数没有显著影响,仅土壤Cu含量和蜘蛛个体数呈显著负相关。在本研究中虽然有机管理和土壤因子对蜘蛛多样性有一定影响,但不同生境间管理强度、植被结构等差异对蜘蛛多样性的影响更大。因此,发展多种农业生境类型的有机农业可提升物种β多样性。同时,在常规集约化管理农区,保留农田边界等半自然生境、适当减少化肥和农药等投入、降低农田内部的管理强度、防止土壤重金属污染等措施均有助于保护蜘蛛多样性。     

农田土壤有机碳固定机制及其影响因子研究进展

全球气候变暖引起的环境问题已经引起各国政府及科学家的密切关注。农田土壤作为大气CO2的源和库,在全球碳循环中的重要角色日渐被认识。本文围绕土壤固碳的基本问题,总结了农田土壤固碳潜力、土壤有机碳固定机制及其影响因素的国内外研究进展。国内研究表明,目前耕地的地力不稳,土壤有机碳密度较低,农田土壤固碳的潜力较大。因此,加强不同区域农田土壤固碳潜力、固碳过程、固碳机理等方面的研究,设计合理优化的农业管理措施,是今后研究的重点。     

美国降低农业非点源污染与确保农业利润模型

农业的非点源污染是改善水质的最大障碍。在调查伊利诺斯流域改变氮肥施用量和施用方法对环境与经济效益的影响过程中 ,利用流域模型来评价不同管理措施的影响。这个模型把不同类型的土壤混合在一起 ,并认为湖水水质是由农业生产所影响的并与天气情况有关的随机过程。结果表明 ,降低氮肥施用水平既可增加农田利润 ,又可改善表层水质。肥料施用时期的不同也能改善水质 ,同时使农田利润增大     

灾后重建讲科学 环境保护助农业——农业环境保护监测机构在震后重建中应发挥积极作用

5.12地震给当地生态环境造成了严重的破坏,文章指出农业环保监测机构结合自身优势可在以下6方面开展监测、监控与评估工作:农田土壤、农业水源、农产品质量安全、农业生产基地评价、农村环境、新农田开垦等,以实际行动协助地方政府恢复农业生产。     

农田土壤氮矿化研究进展

土壤氮矿化对土壤氮循环和农业非点源污染的发生机理具有重要影响,是相关领域研究的重点。现有研究表明:土壤水热条件、土壤理化性质和农田管理措施是影响农田土壤氮矿化的关键因素;实验室培养和田间原位培养是揭示土壤氮矿化过程的主要途径,其中田间原位培养因能客观反映土壤氮矿化条件而受到越来越多的关注;动力学模型、环境效应模型和机理模型是定量研究土壤氮矿化的主要方法。结合我国研究实际,今后可加强土壤氮矿化过程对比、土壤氮矿化的田间原位培养试验、土壤氮矿化的水环境效应和特殊天气条件下的土壤氮矿化研究。     

基于生态服务功能提升的高标准农田建设的分区方法

耕地生态服务功能与生产功能同步提升是"新时代"高标准农田建设主要目标,而面向生态服务功能提升的高标准农田分区及调控设计是生态型农田建设有效实施的根本前提。论文以榆中县为例,首先运用生态系统服务功能与权衡交易综合评价模型(Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs,InVEST)对研究区生境质量、土壤保持、碳固持和食物供给四种生态系统服务功能进行评估,分析各类生态系统服务空间分异规律,明确各研究单元低值生态服务类型;其次,对影响区域生态系统服务功能的障碍因素进行识别,将其划分为可调控与不可调控2种类型;第三,通过构建高标准农田建设措施与生态系统服务功能间的关系框架,结合可调控的障碍因素,确定不同区域高标准农田建设主导方向,进而提出生态型高标准农田建设分区方法及调控措施。研究指出,生态型高标准农田建设分区可以有效促进"田、水、路、林"各项工程措施的生态效应发挥,是实现生态服务功能和生产功能同步提升、目标融合的有效模式,可以为生态文明建设的理论思考和实践创新提供重要依据。     

黑土区农田氮磷淋溶消减措施

黑土是我国重要的土壤资源,承载了全国50%以上的玉米产量。但过量的化肥施入和不合理的农业管理造成黑土土壤氮磷大量残留,氮磷淋溶风险增强。相关研究表明,尽管黑土区旱地农田氮磷淋溶损失相对较低,肥料残留效应仍致使其潜在淋溶风险增强。因此,本研究综合分析了环境因子和农业管理措施对黑土区农田氮磷淋溶特征的影响规律,明确了黑土氮磷淋溶消减措施,并针对玉米农田和蔬菜地提出消减策略。具体结果如下:施肥和降水是影响黑土农田氮磷淋溶的重要因素,灌溉是影响蔬菜地氮磷淋溶的关键农田管理措施;按需施肥、有机无机配施、避免雨热同期追肥、节水灌溉、免耕秸秆覆盖、不同作物轮作和添加生物炭等均是适合于当地气候和土壤条件的氮磷淋溶阻控措施。建议玉米农田采用一次性基肥施入,有机肥占比50%～70%,采用免耕秸秆覆盖技术;蔬菜地在常规施肥和灌溉频次下分别降低20%的施肥量和灌溉量,推荐蔬菜秋季收获后秸秆粉碎深埋等管理措施。本研究明确了黑土区农田氮磷淋溶消减策略,有助于实现黑土区农业绿色可持续发展和绿色生态环境的构建。     

土壤深度对土磷素淋失的影响

利用渗漏池设施,研究了冬小麦-夏玉米轮作条件下不同土壤深度对土磷素淋失的影响。种植8季作物结果表明,对深度小于80 cm 的渗漏池,淋出土体的累积渗滤液量和累积全磷量随化学磷肥施用量的增加而减少; 随土层深度的增加,淋出土体的渗滤液和磷量均减少,且二者的减少率都很接近,表明磷素淋失主要受通过土体的土壤水分控制。相对于深度小于80 cm的土层,供试土壤的粘化层有效地减少了土壤渗滤液和磷素淋失。各深度渗漏池渗滤液中的磷以可溶态为主,约占全磷的70%左右,颗粒磷约占30%。合理施肥并加强水分管理是土区减少磷素向土壤深层迁移的有效手段。     

基于数值模拟的土壤水渗漏对降雨条件的响应

为了揭示土壤水渗漏对不同降雨条件的响应规律,采用数值模拟方法模拟了不同降雨情景下土壤水渗漏量的变化,并与实际降雨条件下现场观测结果进行比较.结果表明,土壤水的渗漏率与降雨强度关系密切;在保持总降雨量不变的前提下,低频率但高强度的降雨条件下土壤水渗漏总量明显高于高频率但低强度的降雨条件下的土壤水渗漏总量.土壤水瞬时下渗率与前期降雨事件有关,短时间内多次出现的降雨事件显著增大土壤水的下渗率.本研究可为减少土壤营养物质流失以及制定合理的农田水肥管理措施提供理论依据和科学指导.     

黄土高原区农田覆盖效应与前景分析

依据黄土高原区的水热条件,结合已有研究结果,简述了黄土高原地区农田不同覆盖类型,诸如秸秆覆盖、聚氯乙烯薄膜覆盖、生物覆盖等,分析了农田覆盖技术的生态环境效应和经济效应,农田覆盖可提高土壤含水率,增加土壤耕层温度改善土壤肥力状况,减少水土流失,促进作物生长,并指出生物覆盖、秸秆还田和聚氯乙烯薄膜覆盖技术在该区的应用前景。     

Aufbau und Betrieb einer Lysimeterstation zur Erfassung der Verlagerung von Pflanzenschutzmitteln im Bodenprofil

Engineering and operation of a lysimeter station for the estimation of pesticide leaching through soil profiles An above ground, air-conditioned, lysimeter station was constructed for measuring pesticide leaching into soil profiles (Fluvisol; Cambisol). Specially transport in soil macropores was investigated by using sprinkler irrigation simulating high precipitation. Twelve soil monoliths (30 diameter, 100 cm depth) can be investigated simultaneously. Engineering and operation of this station are described. The lysimeters consist cf stainless steel cylinders with a special leaching water collector and low pressure equipment. In the soil monolith tensiometers with electronic pressure transducer and temperature sensors are installed. Measured data are recorded with a PC continously.     

Comparison of type and depth of lysimeter for measuring the leaching losses of nitrogen under urine patches

Abstract. A study of the leaching losses of nitrate under urine patches in irrigated and non-irrigated dairy pastures in the South East of South Australia was undertaken with repacked and monolith lysimeters 1 m deep, and with monolith lysimeters 150, 300 and 450 mm deep. The aim was to quantify differences in measurements of drainage and nitrogen fluxes for these different lysimeters. Drainage of water and N flux were found to vary significantly between types and depths of lysimeters. Drainage volumes in repacked lysimeters were 78% and 33% more than in monolith lysimeters in irrigated and non-irrigated paddocks, and N fluxes were 5 and 3 times higher in repacked lysimeters respectively. The results indicate that lysimeter estimates of recharge rates and N fluxes to water tables are best determined by leaching studies which are longer term, and use deep monolith lysimeters. Shorter term studies and the use of shallow or repacked lysimeters have potential to distort conclusions.     

The role of lysimeters in the development of our understanding of soil water and nutrient dynamics in ecosystems

This paper considers the development of lysimeters and their role in the evolution of our understanding of the dynamics of water and plant nutrients in ecosystems. Lysimeters are delineated volumes of soil. They can be divided into those filled with repacked soil, and those enclosing an undisturbed monolith. The original repacked lysimeter was developed to investigate the concept that all life stems from water, and is considered to be the first quantitative experiment in history. It focussed on the growth of a willow tree and how much of the increment was derived from the soil solids. From this start some 360 years ago lysimeters quickly contributed to the quantification of the transpiration stream and the differentiation of water loss by evaporation from the soil from loss via the leaves of plants. Chronologically, further development began about 210 years ago with the exploration of whether precipitation could account for all the water moving from the land to the oceans, and was the origin of springs. In part, this required a careful quantification of soil evaporation, runoff and deep drainage. This in turn led to the quantification of the soil water balance. As a result, we are able to predict indices, such as crop water use efficiency, drainage and irrigation requirements, contributions to stream flow, groundwater recharge and nutrient loss by leaching. Recognition that the quantification of drainage and leaching required soils of natural structure and profile integrity resulted in the building of the first monolith lysimeter and the development of ‘pan’ or ‘Ebermayer’ lysimeters. Improved technology allowed a better understanding of the role of soil in the regional water balance through the development of small diameter lysimeters that could be transported to a central location subject to the same climatic variables. In contrast, other technological changes allowed the impact of typical soil management operations carried out using regular machinery to be applied on field‐scale lysimeters. The contribution of the different types of lysimeter to the development of our understanding of soil use and management is considered.     

Comparisons of methods for measuring the leaching of mineral nitrogen from arable land

Comparisons were made between 1988 and 1991 to evaluate three methods of estimating the leaching of mineral nitrogen (N) from unstructured freely draining sandy loam and loamy sand soils. The studies compared the drainage patterns and quantities of N (almost exclusively nitrate) leached from monolith lysimeters with those estimated from ceramic suction cups and soil core extracts. The latter two methods gave direct measurements of the mineral N concentrations in drainage, but required an estimate of the drainage volume calculated from meteorological observations and evapotranspiration equations to give total N leached. A bromide tracer was also used to confirm conclusions from nitrate leaching studies. There was a delay in the onset of drainage from free draining lysimeters because they lack the subsoil matric potential of field soils. However, total annual drainage measured by lysimeters or calculated from meteorological observations was similar, providing that return to field capacity was correctly identified in the field soil. During the first year there were discrepancies between methods which were attributed to soil disturbance during lysimeter and/or ceramic cup installation. In the second and third years of the experiment, estimates of N leaching losses using the lysimeters and ceramic cups were in good agreement. Nitrate concentrations in soil solution at a depth of 130 cm measured from soil core extracts were smaller than found by the other methods during the second year and the peak concentrations were significantly different (P<0.05). However, total overwinter N leached was not significantly different. Thus, while lysimeters and cups can be used to quantify leaching losses on unstructured, free draining soils if used correctly, the use of soil core extracts is questionable.     

Design and Operability of a Large Weighable Fen Lysimeter

In principle, conventional lysimeters are suitable for the investigation of vertical water and solute fluxes. Lateral fluxes in water-saturated fen sites are characterized by heterogeneities and abnormities due to anisotropic layering. But due to lack of adequate monitoring techniques, these fluxes have been insufficiently analyzed. The newly developed large weighable fen lysimeter (LWFL) overcomes the limitations of conventional lysimetry and enables the measurement of vertical and horizontal transport processes in undisturbed large volume soil monoliths. The LWFL has a volume of 6 m³ (4 m length, 1 m width and 1.5 m depth) and was tested by filling the lysimeter with an undisturbed fen monolith. A special extraction procedure for the horizontal sliding of the lysimeter vessel through the natural fen was developed. In front of the vessel a converted cutting tool assisted in carving the soil monolith out of the peat, both vertically and horizontally. Inlet and outlet of the LWFL was constructed to allow the adjustment of a wide range of hydraulic gradients to depict natural occurring lateral transport processes. The LWFL including the measurement techniques was tested successfully for 3 years. On the basis of these tests, we conclude that complex physical and biogeochemical research problems involving lateral flows can be tackled now with multiphase observations and measurements at high spatial and temporal resolution, transdisciplinary data evaluation and numerical modelling approaches.     

民勤沙区非称量式蒸渗仪组扩容及其自动化监控系统设计

为解决民勤沙区非称量式蒸渗仪观测系统自动化程度低、尺度扩展性不足及可靠性差等问题,建立民勤沙区非称量蒸渗仪试验场720 m~2,更新改造30个荒漠植物个体蒸渗仪,扩容建造12个荒漠植物小群体蒸渗仪,设计非称量式蒸渗仪自动化监控系统,该系统采用分布式监控方案,以上位工控机为中心,基于智能仪表(RS485总线通讯、ISM无线)、ISM频段无线通信及TCP/IP网络协议,布设了多个下位机监控点,可自动控制蒸渗仪恒定水位,能及时补水、排水并进行水量计算,自动监测蒸渗仪土壤水分含量,同时具备实时数据采集与处理、信息通信、数据库录入、历史数据存储、数据报表打印、故障报警、现场设备运行状况显示等功能,用户可通过因特网对现场设备工作状态进行远程监控、异常情况报警处理。系统测试得到,压力传感器数据回归分析误差±2.2%,点滴计数器为±2.0%,水分传感器±12.5%。该研究扩展了荒漠植物定位观测的尺度范围,实现了荒漠植物蒸渗观测的自动化监控,为荒漠植物蒸渗研究提供可靠的试验平台。     

大型蒸渗仪的设计、建造与安装（英）

蒸渗仪是用来研究营养元素在农田中的运移的系统,本文系统描述了一种大型蒸渗仪的设计,建造与安装。试验采用湖北地区典型土壤类型黄棕壤与潮土,在华中农业大学校园内每种土壤安装16个大型蒸渗仪。蒸渗仪采用减少土柱的扰动的方法建造,并填充凡士林减少土壤水分的边缘流动。蒸渗仪采用外径630 mm高700 mm厚10 mm的PVC管作材料。土柱建成后安装在预制PVC底座上,底座中间有一圆孔外接淋失液收集装置。淋失液收集后用来测定淋失液离子含量。试验结果表明,相同土壤土柱之间淋失量差异不显著,没有检测到水分的边缘流动;同时建设效率高,费用低。     

稻田氮素淋失测定方法的研究进展

氮素淋溶是稻田氮素向周围水体迁移的重要途径,氮以NO3–-N淋溶的形式进入水体,造成的地下水污染问题越来越引起人们的关注,有关稻田氮素淋溶的损失已开展了许多研究,所采用的研究方法不一。本文总结讨论了稻田土壤氮素淋溶的常用测定方法,主要包括土壤溶液提取法、原状土柱法、土钻取样法以及计算机模拟法和同位素示踪等方法,分别对其优缺点以及应用进行了阐述;同时对计算氮素渗漏总量的方法进行了总结,主要包括水分平衡法、达西定律法、小区渗漏池法和大型原状土柱等方法,以期为稻田氮素淋溶损失的相关研究提供技术支持和科学依据。     

Small-scale spatial variability of selected soil biological properties

A strategy for sampling soil from intact monolith lysimeters was established based on measurements of spatial heterogeneity within the lysimeter area. This was part of an ongoing study to determine relationships between soil microbial diversity and nutrient loss by leaching. The sampling protocol had to allow collection of soil on a regular basis (as opposed to destructive sampling) and ensure high spatial independence of subsamples. On each of the two sites (one developed under organic crop management and the other under conventional crop management), ten 15 cm soil cores (sampling points) were taken from three areas (replicates) of 50 cm diameter (lysimeter surface area) and separately analysed for biotic (microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen; arginine deaminase activity) and abiotic (total carbon and nitrogen) soil properties. The data were tested for variability, expressed as coefficient of variance (biotic and abiotic), and spatial heterogeneity using geostatistics (biotic properties). The biotic soil properties showed significant differences among sampling points, whereas the abiotic parameters were useful in differentiating on a larger scale, i.e. between sites. For all soil properties tested, the differences among the replicates were smaller than those between the sites or among points indicating that, in the main experiment, all treatments can be sampled following the same pattern. Geostatistical analysis and fitting of an exponential model showed that a spatial structure exists in the biotic soil properties and that the samples are independent beyond separation distances of 25-30 cm. A revised sampling pattern consisting of 11 samples per lysimeter is described.