澳洲荷斯坦牛在临洮生态条件下适应性观察

2004年,临洮县从澳大利亚共引进澳洲荷斯坦牛1070头.根据测定,澳系荷斯坦牛平均初生重38.5kg,3月龄平均体重115kg,母牛第1胎平均体重602kg,胸围198cm,体斜长158cm,管围18.7cm.305d平均产奶量:第1个泌乳期6 740kg,乳脂率3.38％,乳蛋白率2.93％；第2个泌乳期7015kg,最高达10 600kg;第3个泌乳期7 087kg.2007～2008年,921头牛中305d产奶量达8000kg的占26％;7 000～8 000kg的占41％;6 000～7 000kg的占28％; 6 000kg以下的占5％.平均情期受胎率为64％,总受胎率为91.5％,胎间距418.6d.肢蹄病发病率1.8％,消化道疾病发病率5.1％,乳房炎发病率8.7％,产科疾病发病率4.8％,呼吸系统疾病发病率4.8％.近6年的饲养证明,澳系荷斯坦牛完全适应临洮的气候条件和自然环境,澳系荷斯坦牛的引进对提升临洮奶牛养殖业整体水平、改良临洮奶牛的遗传品质、提高良种奶牛的比例以及牛奶产量和乳品质均具有重要意义.     

陕西省宝鸡市进口澳大利亚荷斯坦奶牛产奶性能调查研究

本文在陕西省千阳县的3个规模奶牛场、3个小区中开展了进口澳大利亚荷斯坦奶牛（澳牛）产奶性能的调查。调查后发现,在标准化奶牛示范场,进口澳牛一胎奶牛的乳脂率、乳蛋白率、高峰奶和305天产奶量均高于本地中国荷斯坦（本地牛）一胎奶牛,澳牛的乳脂率、乳蛋白率、高峰奶、305天产奶量分别为4.09%、3.30%、25.63 kg、6 252.50 kg,分别高出本地牛0.37、0.16个百分点,15.82%和6.35%。进口澳牛和本地牛的体细胞数基本一致。     

进口澳大利亚荷斯坦奶牛肢蹄病防治初探

<正>本文对进口澳大利亚荷斯坦奶牛在我国北方与澳大利亚牧区的环境气候、饲养方式、饲料营养等差异做了对比,分析了进口澳牛常见肢蹄病的发病原因,提出了预防、治疗措施,对指导进口澳牛肢蹄病预防治疗有一定的借鉴意义。2002年,宝鸡得力康乳业有限公司奶牛场进口澳大利亚荷斯坦奶牛150头,开创了宝鸡市进口澳牛的先河。2009年,宝鸡市启动实施"21万头高产奶牛工程",当年现代牧业(宝鸡)有限公司两万头奶     

牛至精油对荷斯坦奶牛乳房炎和腹泻发病率的影响

牛至精油是一种具有强效杀菌抑菌作用的天然植物精油提取物。通过在荷斯坦奶牛全混合日粮(TMR)中添加牛至精油,旨在研究牛至精油对荷斯坦奶牛乳房炎和腹泻发病率的影响。结果表明:饲喂添加牛至精油的TMR牛群比仅饲喂TMR的牛群单个乳区乳房炎发病率降低2%,腹泻发病率降低10%。因此,在TMR中添加牛至精油可有效降低荷斯坦奶牛乳房炎和腹泻的发病率,从而改善荷斯坦奶牛的健康状况。     

娟姗牛和荷斯坦牛主要疾病发病情况对比——以云南鹤庆县为例

[目的]比较娟姗牛和荷斯坦牛在养殖过程中的发病情况。[方法]收集、整理鹤庆县欧亚牧场2021年成年母牛发病率较高的8 种疾病和犊牛发病率较高的3 种疾病的月报表数据,用SPSS软件对试验数据进行统计分析。[结果]娟姗牛酮病、产后瘫痪和前胃弛缓的年平均发病率与荷斯坦牛无显著差异（P>0.05）,真胃移位、子宫炎、胎衣不下、乳房炎和肢蹄病的年平均发病率极显著低于荷斯坦牛（P<0.01）。娟姗牛犊牛肺炎、感冒年平均发病率与荷斯坦牛无显著差异（P>0.05）,而犊牛肺炎年平均发病率显著低于荷斯坦牛（P<0.05）。[结论]同等饲养管理条件下,娟姗牛抗病力较荷斯坦牛强。     

荷斯坦奶牛蹄疣病的预防与治疗

正肢蹄病是荷斯坦奶牛的常见病和多发病,对荷斯坦奶牛的健康和生产性能影响较大,是制约荷斯坦奶牛养殖和奶业发展的重要因素。蹄疣病是奶牛蹄部异常疼痛性疾病,发病率为10%～60%,一旦感染,传染性较强,呈群体性爆发。该病季节性较强,夏季为高发季节,密闭牛舍在冬春季节病情会加重。笔者根据荷斯坦奶牛蹄疣病的发病原因和临床症状,结合生产实际,提出了有效的预防办法和治疗方案,以期为     

胚胎移植荷斯坦牛泌乳性能测定

[目的]胚胎移植是荷斯坦牛繁育新技术之一,可缩短育种年限、迅速提高生产性能.[方法]本试验通过对胚胎移植荷斯坦牛泌乳性能的测定,真实表达了实施胚胎移植技术的作用和意义.[结果]表明,在完全相同的饲养管理条件下,试验组7头胚移荷斯坦牛305 d的泌乳量为5593.47 kg,对照组31头非胚移荷斯坦牛305 d的泌乳量为3 599.88 kg,前者泌乳量比后者高1 993.59 kg,提高55.38%(P<0.01).[结论]胚移荷斯坦牛的泌乳性能显著高于非胚移荷斯坦牛.     

产犊季节对荷斯坦牛第一胎泌乳性能的影响

[目的]为了研究不同产犊季节对荷斯坦奶牛第一胎泌乳性能的影响,以便为长江中下游地区荷斯坦奶牛合理安排配种时间提供科学依据。[方法]利用海丰奶牛场有限公司2009年引进2480头澳系进口荷斯坦牛产犊季节及其第一胎泌乳性能的数据,分析不同产犊季节对第一胎泌乳天数、全泌乳期实际产奶量、305d校正奶量、305d脂肪产量和305d蛋白产量的影响。[结果]表明:不同产犊季节对第一胎泌乳天数和全泌乳期产奶量影响极显著(P0.01),显著影响305天脂肪产量(0.01P0.05),春季产犊的奶牛泌乳天数最长(358±10d),而冬季产犊的奶牛泌乳天数最短(299±18d),春季与夏季产犊奶牛的全泌乳期产奶量显著高于秋季、冬季产犊奶牛(P0.05),夏季产犊奶牛305d脂肪产量最高。[结论]综合各产犊季节样本量及相应泌乳性能,认为该场澳系进口荷斯坦牛最适宜产犊季节为夏末秋初,此时泌乳性能最好。该结果对同类地区引进澳系进口荷斯坦牛繁殖与生产管理有借鉴作用。     

澳洲荷斯坦牛在乌鲁木齐的生产表现

本文介绍了澳洲荷斯坦牛在乌鲁木齐的生产表现。采用集约化舍饲圈养,TMR自由采食,合理分群,精细化管理,澳牛1胎305d产奶量达6t以上,2胎达7t以上,乳脂率3.3%,表现了良好的生产性能。证明澳牛完全能适应新疆的气候条件和自然环境。本文还对进一步发挥澳牛的遗传潜力、改进饲养管理、防治产科病和肢蹄病等问题进行了讨论。     

胎次、妊娠天数及月份与奶牛产后疾病相关性探析

研究不同胎次、妊娠天数、围产时间、犊牛初生重及月份与奶牛产后疾病的相关性,为降低奶牛产后疾病发病率提供参考。本文调查了宁夏某场2 975头中国荷斯坦牛不同胎次、妊娠天数及月份等对奶牛产后疾病胎衣不下、乳房炎、子宫炎、蹄病及产后瘫痪的影响程度,并进行相关分析。研究结果表明,随着胎次的增加,奶牛胎衣不下、乳房炎、蹄病和产后瘫痪的发病率逐渐增加,但对子宫炎发病率的影响不明显,其中第6胎奶牛的产后发病率最高。5-7月份奶牛产后疾病的发病率最高。妊娠天数和奶牛进入围产圈时间的增加使得产后疾病的发病率降低。犊牛初生重的增加使得奶牛胎衣不下和产后瘫痪的发病率升高。患胎衣不下导致乳房炎和子宫炎发病率增加,患蹄病导致胎衣不下、乳房炎和子宫炎发病率增加,产后瘫痪导致胎衣不下、乳房炎发病率增加。不同胎次、妊娠天数、产犊月份、围产时间和犊牛初生重对奶牛产后胎衣不下、乳房炎、子宫炎、蹄病和产后瘫痪有一定的影响,且产后疾病间相互影响。     

德国荷斯坦牛与中国荷斯坦牛性能比较

选择德国荷斯坦育成牛95头（12～18月龄），成母牛129头（1-6胎）及中国荷斯坦育成牛111头（12～18月龄）、成母牛164头（1—6胎）；分别测定其体尺、体重及生产性能，并对两国荷斯坦牛体型、生长发育、生产性能和繁殖性能等指标进行比较分析，研究现行饲养管理水平对德国荷斯坦牛性能的影响。结果表明：德国荷斯坦牛早期生长发育快，12月龄体尺、体重极显著地大于中国荷斯坦牛（p〈0．01），德国荷斯坦牛各胎次产乳量、乳脂率均极显著地高于中国荷斯坦牛（p〈0．01），德国荷斯坦牛情期受胎率较中国荷斯坦牛低（p〈0．01），育成牛初配月龄明显晚于中国荷斯坦育成牛（p〈0．05）。产间距德国荷斯坦牛较中国荷斯坦牛略长，但差异不明显（p〉0．05）。     

荷斯坦牛

1荷斯坦牛的起源荷斯坦牛起源于欧洲,这个品种的形成和培育发展主要是在现在的荷兰,更准确地说,是在位于荷兰北部ZuiderZee两边的北荷兰省和弗里斯兰省。其种源可追溯到约2000年前移居欧洲生活在莱茵河三角洲的部落民族带来的黑色巴达维亚牛和白色弗里斯兰牛。经历了好多年的精心培育和选择,荷斯坦牛已成为最适宜丰美草原地区饲养的品种,这一杂交品种已进化为优质高产的黑白花奶牛。2引入美洲随着人们在美洲新大陆定居,这里牛奶的市场需求越来越大,育种人员不得不辗转到荷兰购买荷斯坦牛种。1852年,一名叫温斯罗普的麻省农场主向一位在波士…     

杂交荷斯坦母牛与其纯种在产奶、繁殖及抗病性状上的综合对比

为了提高荷斯坦奶牛的繁殖力,改善乳成分,增加其乳肉综合经济效益,本试验以蒙贝利亚乳肉兼用牛为父本,荷斯坦牛为母本进行杂交。通过构建线性模型、拟合泌乳曲线、计算综合经济效益等对其F1代母牛(69头)与荷斯坦纯种母牛(74头)的产奶性状、繁殖性状、抗乳房炎能力及综合经济效益进行了对比研究。结果如下:在产奶性能方面,蒙荷F1母牛乳脂率(3.59比3.49,P0.05)和乳蛋白率(3.25比3.12)(P0.01)显著高于荷斯坦母牛,而体细胞评分(2.37比2.85,P0.05)显著低于荷斯坦母牛;在饲料转化效率方面,泌乳盛期蒙荷F1母牛ECM/DMI(1.92比1.86,P0.01)极显著高于荷斯坦母牛;在繁殖性能方面,蒙荷F1母牛的初产月龄(25.38比26.33,P0.05)和空怀天数(87.35比107.16,P0.01)显著低于荷斯坦母牛;在综合经济效益方面,蒙荷F1母牛第1胎次泌乳期305d经济效益比荷斯坦母牛提高了4 918.15元。总之,乳肉兼用型的蒙荷杂种牛较荷斯坦母牛具有高乳脂率、高乳蛋白率,抗乳房炎能力强、投产早、空怀期短、综合经济效益高的优点。     

新西兰娟珊奶牛、荷斯坦奶牛与中国荷斯坦奶牛抗氧化指标比较

在相同的饲养管理条件下,在冬、夏两季随机抽取3种牛的血液样品,使用可见光分光光度法、原子吸收与荧光分光光度法,分别对3种牛的抗氧化指标T-SOD、Cu/Zn-SOD、GSH-Px、T-AOC、MDA以及血清微量元素Se、Cu、Zn、Mn进行系统测定与分析。试验结果表明:冬季,引进娟珊奶牛和荷斯坦奶牛的T-SOD、Cu/Zn-SOD、T-AOC、Cu、Zn、Mn均高于中国本地荷斯坦奶牛,差异显著(P<0.05),GSH-Px与本地荷斯坦奶牛比较差异不显著(P>0.05);夏季,引进娟珊奶牛、荷斯坦奶牛、本地荷斯坦奶牛的T-SOD、Cu/Zn-SOD、GSH-Px、Mn、Se差异不显著(P>0.05)。引进娟珊奶牛的T-AOC显著高于荷斯坦奶牛,差异显著(P<0.05);从对相同季节的分析可知,夏季引进娟珊奶牛,其适应性有一定的提高。     

Predicting growth and performance of Holstein steers

Refinements and additions were made to the growing cattle portion of the model of Fox et al. (1988) for predicting growth of Holstein steers. Based on observations of animal weight, DM intake (DMI), ADG, feed per gain (FPG) and diet ME, the modified model was tested on a database that included 299 feeding periods with Holstein steers fed in research trials over a period of 15 yr at Cornell University, the University of Minnesota and the University of Wisconsin. The modified model accounted for 93, 56 and 68% of the variation in DM intake, daily gain and feed required per unit gain, respectively. Averaged over all 299 periods in the database, the error in predicting DM intake, daily gain and feed required per unit gain was 1%, 4% and 2%, respectively. Analysis of residuals indicated that ME level did not influence the difference between predicted and observed values for DMI, ADG and FPG. Residuals analysis indicated that BW did not influence the difference between predicted and observed values for ADG and FPG but DMI of heavier cattle was overpredicted (P less than .01). These results indicated that the 8% increase in DMI for cattle over 318 kg was not warranted for the Holstein steers in this database, which were predominantly less than 15 mo at slaughter. The results of the validation indicate that this model accurately predicted performance of Holstein steers.     

荷斯坦种公牛的饲养与管理技术

荷斯坦种公牛的管理在奶牛育种工作中处于十分关键的地位。文章就荷斯坦种公牛的饲养管理技术要点应注意的问题、管理技术要点、正确使用种公牛等内容进行了详细论述。     

Application of highly differentiated SNPs between Japanese Black and Holstein to a breed assignment test between Japanese Black and F1 (Japanese Black x Holstein) and Holstein

Two taurine breeds, Japanese Black and Holstein, established from geographically distant origins and selected for different uses, beef and dairy, were extensively genotyped using a genome‐wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chip with more than 1000 animals of each breed. The genetic structure was examined by principal component analysis, in which the first principal component clearly separated the two breeds and explained more than 15% of the variance. Highly differentiated SNPs were detected throughout the genome, some of which were clustered within small regions on BTA4 (79.2–79.7 Mb, Btau4.0) and BTA26 (22.2–23.6 Mb). A breed assignment test was developed using 18 highly differentiated SNPs to distinguish Japanese Black from F₁ (Japanese Black × Holstein) and Holstein. The error rate that an F₁ or Holstein animal is misjudged as Japanese Black was expected to be < 0.8%, while the error rate that a Japanese Black animal is misjudged as F₁ or Holstein was expected to be < 0.001%. This test provides a reliable and powerful method to detect breed label falsification in retail beef.     

Nitrogen metabolism and recycling in Holstein heifers

To study the effect of dietary N level on urea kinetics and recycling, four Holstein heifers (267 +/- 3.6 kg) were used in a Youden square design. Isocaloric diets with a N content of 1.44, 1.89, 2.50, 2.97, and 3.40% were fed at approximately 1.8 times maintenance intake. Increasing the N content of the diet increased urinary N excretion (P < 0.001) and N balance (P < 0.01), but did not affect the fecal N excretion (P = 0.21). Increasing the level of dietary N, increased urea production (P < 0.001) and excretion (P < 0.001), but no effect (P = 0.24) could be detected in the amount of N recycled to the gut. Urea recycled with the saliva, however, increased (P < 0.001) both in absolute and relative terms, with increasing dietary N. No difference could be detected on the amount of recycled N that was used for anabolism or returned to the ornithine cycle, but less (P = 0.001) N originating from urea was excreted in feces as dietary N increased. Ruminal ammonia concentration increased (P < 0.001) with increasing N intake, but total tract neutral detergent fiber digestibility was depressed only on the lowest N intake diet. No difference (P = 0.30) was detected in ruminal microbial yield among diets, but more (P < 0.003) N was derived from blood urea at low N intakes, and the efficiency of use of the recycled N decreased (P < 0.001) with increasing levels of dietary N. Adaptive changes to low-N diets were a decrease (P < 0.003) in the renal clearance of urea and an increase (P < 0.001) in the gastrointestinal clearance of urea. Urea transporters were present in the rumen wall of the heifers and differentially expressed depending on dietary N content, but their role in the transfer of urea into the rumen remains uncertain. Different mechanisms of N salvage and recycling were involved when animals were fed low-N diets that ensured a supply of endogenous N to the gastrointestinal tract and, due to the reduced contribution of dietary N, an increased efficiency of the N recycled was observed.     

Brachyury in German Holstein cattle

In 11 German Holstein cattle with black and white or red and white coat colour short tails could be observed. All affected animals were born in different farms. A clinical examination could not reveal further congenital anomalies of other organs. The parents of the affected animals showed no abnormalities of the tail. The pedigree data showed that all short tailed animals were related with each other and this fact provides evidence that brachyury is an inherited congenital anomaly. The coefficients of relationships were between 0.20 and 25%. The pedigree indicated a monogenic or oligogenic autosomal recessive inheritance. Environmental factors causing short tails in these animals were not obvious.