陇东半干旱地区冬季积温变化特征及对冬小麦的响应

为了解陇东半干旱地区环县冬季积温变化特征及其对冬小麦的影响,通过Mann-Kendell统计检验法、Pearson相关分析法等手段对冬季积温以及冬小麦发育期资料进行分析研究。结果表明：（1）冬季积温在近36年的变化过程中呈现出逐年上升趋势;Mann-Kendall突变检验发现,1990年为冬季积温突变的年份;Morlet小波变换分析得到在30~35年上冬季积温呈现出最为显著的周期变化规律;（2）通过对冬小麦发育期特征分析,发现冬小麦除了在分蘖期表现为推迟的状况,其他播种、出苗、三叶、越冬等发育期均表现为提前的变化特征;对冬小麦发育期与积温进行相关分析,相关系数均为负相关,表明大多数发育期提前1~5天;在冬季积温偏高的年份,冬小麦各发育期普遍提前4~14天;（3）对冬小麦物候间隔期的特征进行分析发现：冬小麦在播种—出苗、播种—分蘖、播种—越冬、播种—返青以及播种—抽穗期,间隔时间呈现出延长的变化特征;在播种—三叶、播种—起身、播种—拔节、播种—开花、播种—成熟期,间隔时间呈现出缩短的变化特征。     

Winter hardiness in Turkish populations of cocksfoot,Dactylis glomerata L.

Summary Over a six-year period, Turkish populations of cocksfoot were investigated in the field at Sapporo, Japan, as to winter hardiness. After the first winter, only populations from the mild Marmara, Aegean and Mediterranean regions were badly damaged. As the differential plant survival among geographical groups widened with the elapsing of years, we were able to rank the groups in descending order of relative hardiness from Eastern Anatolia, through the Black Sea, Central Plateau, Marmara and Aegean regions, to the Mediterranean region. This order was maintained throughout the experimental period.Winter temperatures prevailing in the locality of origin was the most important determinant of winter survival of the populations. The growth pattern in autumn and whether plants continued to grow through the winter or were enforced to winter dormancy, were related to differential survival between maritime and mountainous populations. On the other hand, this simple relationship is complicated by introgression. The subspecies distribution in the coastal region is related to a higher level of survival in the populations from the Black Sea region, where the continental type of cocksfoot occurs, than in the populations from the other maritime regions, where introgression has occurred from Daetylis glomerata subsp. hispanica with poor winter hardiness.Present address: Tropical Agriculture Research Center, Okinawa Branch, Ishigaki 907-01, Japan.     

西藏青稞冬春性鉴定及抽穗期多样性与稳定性分析

为提高青稞种质资源的利用效率并筛选优异杂交亲本,分别在西藏林芝和拉萨两地的春播和秋播环境下对1605份青稞种质资源进行冬春性鉴定和抽穗期多样性分析。设拉萨春播2个播期,即正常春播I和晚10 d春播II,以2个播期的抽穗期变化作为冬春性区别依据。结果表明,96.2%的西藏青稞地方品种为春性,在西藏3个生态区均有分布,冬性品种仅有3.8%,且主要分布在以林芝为主的藏东南生态区;抽穗期的Shannon-Wiener's多样性分析表明,春播条件下抽穗期多样性高于秋播,拉萨春播条件下抽穗期多样性最高,林芝春播次之,林芝秋播最低;在相同环境下,地方品种的多样性高于育成品种;在环境稳定性分析中, 368份春性地方品种和21份育成品种在不同环境中抽穗期较为稳定,其中康青3号在两地所有参试品种中抽穗期稳定性最高。本研究为全面理解西藏青稞资源的冬春性、抽穗期多样性和环境稳定性提供了参考,为广适应性青稞品种培育筛选出环境稳定性佳的亲本材料。     

The frequency of natural cross-fertilisation in sequential sowings of winter barley

Summary Estimations of random mating frequency were computed for a series of sequential autumn sowings of populations of winter barley. The estimations were by means of the maximum likelihood scoring method and three varieties, each carrying a recessive genetic marker, provided three independent estimations for each population. High levels of out-crossing were found in sowings made early in September, and a trend towards absence of out-crossing in populations sown in late November was evident. Although fluctuations in this trend could be accounted for by fluctuations in meteorological factors, a more profound underlying effect was evident in that the three marker varieties behaved similarly, though to different degrees. It is postulated that the principle effect of sowing date, as it affects out-crossing, is upon the development of the flowering apex, and that environmental conditions at flowering time merely modify flowering behaviour.     

山西省冬小麦主要发育期特征及其影响因素分析

基于山西省13个农业气象观测站23a以上冬小麦主要发育期观测资料,利用线性拟合、相关分析和积分回归等数理统计方法对其基本特征、变化趋势、影响因素及影响敏感期进行了分析。得出以下主要结论：1)从各主要发育期的多年平均情况看,各站之间以播种期差别最小、返青期差别最大;2)南部和中部冬小麦的播种主要与降水有关,东南部则与气温关系密切;3)越冬开始期以及冬后各发育期随纬度、海拔高度而变,纬度愈高、海拔高度愈高,越冬开始期愈早、冬后各发育期愈晚,而且海拔高度的影响比纬度的影响明显;4)从各发育期的变化趋势上看,拔节期和抽穗期表现为提前趋势,尤其是抽穗期的提前趋势明显,其余发育期变化趋势不明显;拔节期和抽穗期的提前趋势与冬前、冬季和春季的降水量以及日照时数关系不大,主要与冬季和春季平均气温有关;5)不同时期的气温波动对冬小麦拔节期和抽穗期的影响不同,南部冬小麦拔节期和抽穗期的气温敏感期分别为3月上旬-3月中旬和4月上旬,气温每升高1℃可使拔节期和抽穗期分别提前0.6d和0.5d;中部冬小麦拔节期和抽穗期的气温敏感期分别为3月下旬-4月中旬和4月下旬－5月中旬,气温每升高1℃可使年拔节期和抽穗期提前0.5－0.8d和1－2d;东南部冬小麦拔节期和抽穗期的气温敏感期为9月下旬和4月下旬－5月上旬,气温每升高1℃可使年拔节期和抽穗期提前0.5d和1d。     

Variation in landraces of durum wheat (T. turgidum L. conv. durum (Desf.) M.K.) from Turkey

Summary Durum wheat is historically an important crop in Turkey. Diverse durum wheat germplasm has been recorded many times in Turkish collections. 812 single plant genotypes from 190 durum wheat populations of 23 provinces in Turkey have been studied for number of days to germination, tillering, shooting, heading, maturity, and yield per plant. Variation in samples for traits studied was large enough and subsamples with different characteristics were identified. Grouping samples into provinces and altitudes of origin have revealed that variation in samples existed for some traits depending on province and altitude of origin. Yield per plant were not correlated with any of the developmental stages: but developmental stages were correlated with each other in varying magnitudes. Variation in yield per plant was not explained as well by developmental stages studied under a dry-cold environment. Further studies on samples needed to explore genetic variation more for other traits of economic importance.     

Differential responses of bread wheat characters to high temperature

Summary Agronomic and yield data were collected from two trials each containing 16 bread wheat genotypes, planted two years under late sowing conditions of high temperature (above 30° C) and one year under a normal sowing time environment. The aim was to study the character response and yield correlations with yield components and other characters under high temperature conditions with full irrigation. The results show that yield, seeds per spike, biomass, and plant height are more thermo-sensitive than spike number per square meter, 1000 kernel weight, and test weight. The grain-filling rate was more temperature-sensitive than days to anthesis and duration of grain-filling. Simple phenotypic correlation analysis indicated that yield was highly and positively correlated with seeds per spike, biomass, and harvest index (HI), independent of seasons and genotypes under high temperatures. The seeds per spike accounted for variation of yield ranging from 35.2 to 78.1%. Effect of earliness on the yield under high temperature was highly dependent on the temperature regime during the heading stage. Grains per spike, biomass, HI, and test weight could be considered potential selection criteria for yield under high temperature. Analysis of yields under normal and late sowing conditions failed to reveal any association between the yield potential in normal sowing date and the performance of varieties under high temperature.     

Relationship between cold resistance,heading traits and ear primordia development of wheat cultivars

Summary For breeding early heading wheat cultivars with resistance to frost damage which are well adapted to dry areas of West Asia and North Africa, the relationships between winter hardiness, ear primordia development and heading traits, i.e. veernalization requirement, photoperiodic response and narrow-sense earliness, were assessed using a total of 30 genotypes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in an experiment in Syria. The results of artificial freezing tests indicated that cultivars with good winter hardiness were to be found only in the winter wheat cultivars which required 50 or more days of vernalization treatment. These winter wheat cultivars did not initiate internode elongation without vernalization even at 95 days after planting. Thus their ear primordia were still underground and were protected from frost injury at this stage. Photoperiodic response and narrow-sense earliness were not associated with winter hardiness and earliness of internode elongation, but were related to the number of days to heading after planting. This indicated the possibility for breeding early heading cultivars with winter hardiness and tiller frost avoidance by combining high vernalization requirement, short narrow-sense earliness and neutral response to photoperiod.     

Molecular and comparative mapping for heading date and plant height in oat

Selection of oat genotypes combining earliness and short plant height could stimulate oat cultivation worldwide. However, the mechanisms involved with the genetic control of heading date and plant height traits are not fully understood to date. This study aimed to identify genomic regions controlling heading date and plant height in two hulled by naked oat populations and to compare these genomic regions with that of other grass species. Recombinant inbred lines of each population and their parents were genotyped by a 6 K BeadChip Illumina Infinium array and assessed for heading date and plant height in two sowing dates. The quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting these traits were detected by simple interval mapping. The two oat populations showed different genetic mechanisms controlling heading date. A major QTL was identified in one of the populations, mapped into the ‘Mrg33’ consensus linkage group from the current oat map. Two other QTL were detected into the ‘Mrg02’ and ‘Mrg24’ groups, in the second population. On the other hand, both populations presented the same genomic region controlling plant height. Six SNP markers, mapping on the same linkage group within each population, were associated with the trait, regardless the sowing date, explaining more than 20% of the phenotypic variation. Five of these six markers were mapped into three different linkage groups on the oat consensus map. Genomic regions associated with heading date and plant height in oat seem to be conserved in Oryza sativa L. and Brachypodium distachyon. Our results provide valuable information for marker-assisted selection in oats, allowing selection for earliness and plant height on early segregating generations.     

底墒差异对夏玉米生理特性及产量的影响

研究了底墒差异对夏玉米生理特性及产量的影响。试验结果表明,在夏玉米生育期间极度干旱的条件下,以冬小麦生育期间灌拔节水和抽穗水(各40mm),夏玉米生育期间灌两水(共计100mm)的处理夏玉米产量最高,达7466.58 kg/hm2。而且该处理的叶面积、光合速率、蒸腾速率等生理指标高于其余各处理,气孔阻力和叶温等生理指标则低于其余各处理,以上各生理指标的变化是由于前茬冬小麦不同生育期灌溉而造成的。本试验同时表明,研究作物的水分问题应与特定的种植制度相结合。     

水稻甬优12产量13.5t hm~(–2)以上超高产群体的氮素积累、分配与利用特征

为探明甬优12超高产群体的氮素吸收与积累特征,2013—2014年,对高产(10.5~12.0 t hm–2)、更高产(12.0~13.5 t hm–2)、超高产(13.5 t hm–2)3个产量群体的氮素吸收与积累特征等进行了系统比较研究。结果表明,与高产和更高产群体相比:(1)超高产群体拔节期植株含氮率较低,抽穗期和成熟期植株含氮率高于对照。超高产群体拔节期氮素吸收量较低,抽穗和成熟期氮素吸收量较高。(2)超高产群体播种至拔节期氮素积累量和积累比例低于对照;拔节至抽穗期、抽穗至成熟期植株氮素积累量和积累比例高于对照。播种至拔节期氮素积累量与产量呈极显著线性负相关,拔节至抽穗期、抽穗至成熟期植株氮素积累量与产量呈极显著线性正相关。(3)超高产群体抽穗期和成熟期茎鞘、叶片和穗部氮素吸收量较高,且花后茎鞘氮素转运量和穗部氮素积累量也较高。花后茎鞘氮素转运量与实产呈显著线性正相关;穗部氮素积累量与实产呈极显著线性正相关。(4)甬优12超高产群体氮素吸收利用参数为,籽粒生产率50.8 kg grain kg~(–1)、百千克籽粒吸氮量1.97 kg、氮肥偏生产力42.1 kg kg–1、氮收获指数0.552。本研究表明,与一般高产群体相比,甬优12超高产群体氮素吸收具有拔节前较低、拔节至抽穗期和抽穗至成熟期高的特点;促进花后茎鞘氮素转运量有利于提高水稻产量。甬优12超高产群体百千克籽粒吸氮量2.0 kg左右,其氮素利用效率较低,在其超高产栽培管理中应重视氮素的高效利用。     

Inheritance of resistance to two Septoria tritici isolates in spring and winter bread wheat cultivars

Summary All possible crosses (including reciprocals) were made among four winter bread (Aurora, Bezostaya 1, Kavkaz, and Trakia) and two Israeli spring wheat cultivars (spring x winter diallel), and among two South American spring wheats (Colotana and Klein Titan) with the same Israeli cultivars (spring x spring diallel) to study the inheritance of resistance to septoria tritici blotch. Parents, F₁, F₂ and backcrosses were grown in two separated blocks in the field over two years. One block was inoculated with isolate ISR398A1 and another with ISR8036. Each plant was assessed for plant height (cm), days to heading (from emergence or transplanting), and percent pycnidia coverage on the four uppermost leaves. Plant height and maturity had insignificant effects on pycnidia coverage. No cytoplasmic effects could be detected. In the spring x winter diallel general combining ability (GCA) was the major component of variation. Significant specific combining ability (SCA) was present in all cases. Partial dominance was operative in populations inoculated with ISR398A1. Resistance in the winter wheats was controlled by a small number of genes (usually two). The four winter wheats derive their resistance to ISR398A1 from their common parent Bezostaya 1 which lacks the 1B/1R wheat-rye translocation. Their resistance is readily overcome by ISR8036. Inheritance of the South American wheats can be explained by additive effects, with a small number of genes of recessive mode affecting resistance to both isolates. Breeding strategies that favor additive, and additive x dominance gene action should be pursued.     

苗期调控对晚播小麦产量及氮素利用的影响

针对冬小麦因播期推迟造成产量损失的问题,以2个不同分蘖能力的冬小麦品种中麦8号和航麦501为供试材料,研究苗期覆膜和补施氮肥对晚播小麦产量及氮素利用的影响。试验设置3个播期：10月5日适期播种（S0,对照）、10月15日适当晚播（S1）和10月25日过晚播（S2）。结果表明：随着播期推迟,小麦产量逐渐降低。晚播条件下,苗期覆膜和补施氮肥可调控冬小麦产量构成因素、农艺性状、茎蘖生长、成穗率以及氮素的吸收利用。综合而言,晚播条件下,覆膜和补施氮肥有利于提高小麦穗长、总小穗数及冬前群体数量;同时,覆膜可显著提高2个品种晚播条件下的分蘖成穗率和过晚播条件下的植株氮素积累量（PNA）及氮肥偏生产力（PFP）,增幅分别为46.4%~89.1%、12.7%~26.5%和19.5%~20.1%;补施氮肥在过晚播条件下有利于成穗率的提高,增幅为18.5%~34.7%。2种调控措施均有利于增加晚播小麦产量,增幅达1.4%~19.5%。但不同分蘖力的小麦对2种调控措施的响应存在差异。综合考虑产量及氮素利用等各方面因素,在晚播条件下,相比于补施氮肥,苗期覆膜更有利于提高晚播小麦产量,弥补晚播造成的产量损失,但在实际操作和节约生产成本方面,前者优于后者。     

Dactylis glomerata genetic resources: Allozyme frequencies and performance of two subspecies on an acid sandy loam with summer drought

Several morphological and agronomical traits and four independent isozyme loci (PGI1-2, TO1, GOT1 and AcPH) were determined on 20 natural tetraploid populations of Dactylis glomerata subsp. marina and on 7 diploid populations of subsp. izcoi from Galicia (Spain), grown as spaced plants on a sloping, acid sandy loam with summer drought and no fertilization. Diploid izcoi established quicker, had better winter and spring growth, higher summer disease resistance and yield in the first year, but less persistence under these conditions and less variability. There was no winter or summer dormancy in either subspecies. Heading date was positively correlated with summer disease resistance. Allozyme frequencies were not related to geographic distribution, but persistence was correlated with the percentage of heterozygous loci. There was genetic overlap between the two subspecies, suggesting natural gene flow through tetraploid izcoi. Leaf epidermal papillosity in marina was not correlated with regrowth after a dry summer, but early heading and WSC content were related to that regrowth. PGI1-2 and TO1 frequencies of 20 additional Galician izcoi populations (10 diploids and 10 tetraploids) are also presented. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

暖冷年对选择小麦越冬性和抽穗期的影响

为选育强冬性、冬冷年正常成熟的小麦新品种,解决小麦生产上经常出现的冻害及其导致的小麦迟熟问题,对河北科技师范学院2008-2009年度（冬暖年）、2009-2010年度（冬冷年）冬小麦杂种高代材料的枯死度、分蘖节入土深度、抽穗期进行了比较研究。研究表明：分蘖节入土深度与越冬死亡率的相关系数为-0.6185,呈极显著差异;枯死度与越冬死亡率的相关系数为0.1635,差异不显著,分蘖节入土深度选择方法优于枯死度选择法,尤其是冬暖年枯死度选择法可靠性较差。冬冷年对小麦抽穗期带来不同程度的滞后,2008-2009年度（冬暖年）与2009-2010年度（冬冷年）比较,2009-2010年度小麦的抽穗期推迟了7天~14天,与冬暖年形成显著的差值。分析表明：其差值越大的材料,温光反应往往越敏感,差值越小,温光反应往往越迟钝。该研究认为利用分蘖节入土深度及冬暖年、冬冷年抽穗期的差值作为选择指标,选育强冬性、温光反应迟钝的小麦品种是可行的。     

高温对一季晚稻结实率与产量的影响及其防御技术

为了寻找湖南省主推一季晚稻品种最佳播种期,避开水稻幼穗分化的减数分裂期与抽穗期的高温热害,通过分期播种,研究不同时期的气温对一季晚稻品种幼穗分化的减数分裂、抽穗灌浆结实及产量的影响,同时调查了湖南省大面积生产的高温热害。研究与调查结果表明：在湘中地区,生育期相对较长的一季晚稻品种最佳播种期是5月20日左右,生育期相对较短的一季晚稻品种最佳播种期是5月30日左右,最安全的幼穗分化的减数分裂期是8月13日后,最安全的抽穗灌浆期则是8月下旬。     

气候变化背景下江苏省冬小麦发育期对冬季积温的响应

利用江苏省35 个气象台站1960—2010 年的冬季积温资料和9 个农业气象观测站的冬小麦主要发育期资料,利用曼-肯德尔(Mann-Kendall)法、线性倾向估计和相关分析等数理统计方法,分析江苏省冬季积温的时空分规律、冬小麦主要发育期的基本特征和变化趋势及冬季积温对冬小麦各主要发育期的影响。结果表明：气候变暖背景下,（1）淮北地区自20世纪90年代初、淮河以南地区自20世纪90年代中期起的冬季积温呈显著增加的趋势;（2）从主要发育期特征来看,淮河以南地区播种—拔节期及以后各发育期长度较淮北地区更短;冬小麦播种—拔节期长度的各地差距最大,播种—孕穗、抽穗、开花、乳熟和成熟期长度的差别逐渐缩小,且淮河以南地区各站点播种—孕穗、抽穗、开花、乳熟和成熟期长度的差距较淮北地区小;（3）从主要发育期长度的年际变化趋势来看,近30 年来,播种—拔节期长度明显缩短,拔节—成熟期长度则显著延长,且产量形成的关键期——开花—乳熟期长度随时间也明显延长;（4）随着冬季积温的增加,播种—越冬、拔节—成熟、开花—乳熟期长度显著延长,越冬—拔节、播种—拔节期的长度与冬季积温线性负相关。分析冬季积温对冬小麦各发育期的影响,为进一步掌握其发育期变化的规律提供依据,对更好地指导冬小麦的生产管理具有重要的指导意义。     

Development and Yield Formation of Autumn- and Spring-sown Faba Beans in Northern Germany as Affected by Seasons, Sowing Dates and Varieties

Field trials were conducted with autumn- and spring-sown faba beans in Northern Germany during four seasons to examine the expected preceding development of autumn-sown plants, its possible transformation into a higher yield potential and its dependence on sowing dates and varieties. Height, appearance of leaves, inflorescences, mature flowers, potential and actual pot set was rated weekly, and flower initiation and tillering occasionally. Comparison was made for one winter type sown in autumn and spring, and between 6 winter types and 3 spring types, in two seasons each.
Development of autumn-sown plants significantly preceded that of spring-sown in each year, regardless of the plant material used. The mean advance, diminished considerably with time due to prolonged developmental phases in autumn-sown plants which, however, did not improve vegetative, generative or reproductive potentials of main tillers. Potentials formed by the six winter types, interacted strongly with the seasons, at least in part due to changing plant densities. Thus, only a very few traits appeared typical: a short stature with few leaves for Avrissot and the opposite for Bourdon , a high number of ripening pods for Avrissot and a low number for Banner . Early compared to late sowing in autumn increased the number of leaves, and in one year even the number of mature flowers and ripening pods per tiller, but values of early sowing never exceeded those of spring sowing. Enhancement of tiller formation by early compared to late sowing diminished after spring; nevertheless about two reproductive tillers per plant in autumn-sown stands always led to a higher density of tillers than in spring-sown.     

灌溉和种植模式对冬小麦播前土壤含水量的消耗及水分利用效率的影响

为探讨华北平原地区冬小麦节水栽培的生产措施,2004-2006年,以冬小麦品种8049为试验材料,在大田4种灌溉条件下,研究了等行距平作、宽窄行平作、沟播和垄作4种种植模式对播前土壤含水量消耗及冬小麦耗水量、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,与等行距平作相比,另3种模式增加了播前土壤含水量的消耗,其耗水量显著提高,尤以沟播模式30 cm以下播前土壤含水量的消耗最为明显。和等行距平作相比,在灌拔节水+抽穗水和灌拔节水+抽穗水+灌浆水条件下,沟播模式显著提高冬小麦产量;而垄作模式的产量没有显著提高。在灌拔节水或灌拔节水+抽穗水条件下,沟播种植模式的水分利用效率显著高于其他3种种植模式。在本试验条件下,沟播种植结合灌拔节水或灌拔节水+抽穗水是一种值得推广的节水种植模式。     

四川盆地东南部气象因子对杂交中稻产量的影响

为了探明四川盆地东南部气象因子对杂交中稻产量的影响, 并提出相应的丰产技术对策。2015年和2016年, 以2个杂交中稻品种II优602和旌优127为材料, 在5个播种期和高氮低密与低氮高密2种栽培方式下, 研究了四川盆地东南部气象因子对杂交中稻产量的影响。结果表明, 随着播种期推迟, 平均全生育期从148.13 d逐渐缩短到123.25 d, 缩短了14.77%; 气象因子对水稻全生育期的影响主要在营养生长期, 生殖生长期受其影响较小。年度间、栽培方式间、品种间稻谷产量差异均不显著; 随着播种期推迟, 稻谷产量呈下降趋势, 从3月5日的8507.76 kg hm^-2下降到5月24日的6251.01 kg hm^-2, 降低了26.53%。播种-移栽、移栽-拔节、营养生长的日数和全生育期日数分别与穗粒数和产量呈极显著正相关。气象因子对产量的影响在不同年份和不同品种间的表现不一致: 优质稻旌优127 2015年的结实率、千粒重和产量分别与齐穗-成熟的日平均气温呈极显著正相关, 分别与拔节-齐穗的日照时数呈显著负相关; 2016年的穗粒数、产量分别与播种—移栽日最高气温、移栽—拔节的日平均气温呈极显著负相关。高产品种II优602, 2015年的有效穗、千粒重和产量分别与移栽—拔节的降雨量呈显著或极显著负相关, 2016年的穗粒数和产量分别与移栽-拔节的日最高气温呈显著或极显著负相关, 结实率、千粒重和产量分别与拔节-齐穗的日平均相对湿度呈显著正相关。生产上一季中稻模式的最佳播种期在3月5日至3月25日, 而中稻-再生稻模式则在3月5日至3月25日期间尽可能早播, 以利于提高再生稻安全齐穗保证率。