干旱对树木叶片性状及抗旱生理的影响

干旱是树木生长过程中一种常见的逆境。树木为了适应干旱,在叶形态及解剖结构、叶片内含物质、渗透调节及酶调节等方面产生一系列生理变化,以保持渗透势的平衡和清除自由基,避免或者减轻细胞受到伤害。文中综述了干旱对树木叶片形态及解剖特性、比叶面积及叶面积指数、叶片气孔调节及光合生理、叶片内含物质、抗旱生理和叶片脱落及衰老等方面的影响。未来的研究热点是在大尺度上长期研究叶性状和抗旱生理的关系,对叶片性状及其环境进行协同研究,强化常见树木的主要栽培品种和珍稀树种的叶片抗旱研究,通过基因工程和分子育种技术筛选抗旱品种。     

几种常用的树木叶面积测量方法比较

以随机采集的6种延安市区绿化植物(白蜡、刺槐、紫丁香、五角枫、银杏和月季)新鲜叶片为材料,分别用激光叶面积仪、AutoCAD和ENVI进行测量。通过统计比较发现,激光叶面积仪测量结果平均偏大,精度最低;AutoCAD与ENVI在测量结果上差异不显著,但在精度上AutoCAD高于ENVI。AutoCAD测量叶片面积的平均耗时为139.6 s,是ENVI方法的3~4倍。通过AutoCAD测量方法测定以上6种树木叶片的长度、宽度和叶面积,并拟合出6种树木的叶面积线性方程,相关系数与决定系数均达到极显著水平。经过验证,这6个叶面积线性方程均是可靠的,可以用于延安市这6种植物叶片面积的测量和叶面积衍生指标的估算。     

基于数字图像处理的桉树叶面积分析

本文以桉树叶为材料,以Sigmascan和Photoshop软件为例,详细介绍了基于数字图像处理法分析叶面积过程,与现行的常规方法测量结果进行了比较,结果表明数字图像处理法操作简捷、测定结果精确、且省时省力;进一步对不同影响因子(像素、图像处理和选择阈值)对数字图像法测定值影响进行了分析讨论,为树木叶面积测量以及叶片图像处理集成软件的开发提供参考。     

15种优良阔叶树种生态学特性研究——叶面积指数,叶片生物量及滞水 …

通过对双江林场造林的１５种优良阔叶树用直接点数法及叶面积法和称重法,测定了它们的叶面积指数、叶片生物量和滞水量,并对各树种的叶面积指数、叶片生物量和滞水量进行了排序。初步指出了叶面积指数、叶片生物量与树种的耐荫性及生长量的关系,通过对滞水量的分析,初步指出了滞水量与树种叶片结构和树冠结构间的关系及对水土保持的作用。     

15种优良阔叶树种生态学特性研究——叶面积指数、叶片生物量及滞水量的研究

通过对双江林场造林的 15种优良阔叶树用直接点数法及叶面积法和称重法 ,测定了它们的叶面积指数、叶片生物量和滞水量 ,并对各树种的叶面积指数、叶片生物量和滞水量进行了排序。初步指出了叶面积指数、叶片生物量与树种的耐荫性及生长量的关系 ,通过对滞水量的分析 ,初步指出了滞水量与树种叶片结构和树冠结构间的关系及对水土保持的作用。     

板栗叶面积测算方法的探讨

通过对板栗4个品种叶片长度、宽度、叶长宽和叶面积之间的相关分析，建立了数学关系式。经实际检验得知：回归方程法只用于单一品种，测定叶面积迅速准确；板栗叶面积公式法则适于所有板栗品种的叶面积估算，具有较高的精度。     

民勤荒漠沙枣树分形特征

以甘肃民勤荒漠成年沙枣树为研究对象,对不同径阶的标准木进行了全株破坏性取样。直接测量了树木的总生物量(含根、茎、枝、叶)、树冠形状、叶面积。并运用分形理论和方法,研究了叶片、树冠、整株树木的分形特征及其与生物学、生态学、环境、生长势的联系。结果表明:1)叶片周界分维数DLp均值=1.048。DLp与叶片圆度Rd呈反相关。叶片面积分维数DLa均值=1.337。DLa与叶片圆度Rd成正比。DLa反映了被调查的民勤沙枣的品种属性、栽培性质、生态学特性;2)树冠空间曲面分维数D(S-L)均值=2.304。树冠体积分维数D(V-L)均值=2.308。D(S-L)与树冠叶面积饱和值K2呈正相关。生长中庸的林木,D(S-L)≈2.2~2.3,与此相对应的K2≈0.6~0.7。D(S-L)与树冠垂直投影面的叶面积指数LAI值呈正相关。分维数D(S-L)平均值对应的LAI≈3。在一定范围内,D(S-L)随树木生长势的上升而增大,随立地条件的改善而增大。树冠分维数反映了树木的生长势和立地条件的优劣;3)整株树木分维数D(Wt-L)均值=2.410,D(Wt-L)的值映射出沙枣的中旱生植物、阳性植物、高光合植物特征。     

两个热带树种（柚木和印度实竹）叶面积指数估测异速生长方程

通过破坏性抽样、相片网格法和落叶采受器法,获得了印度Shoolpaneshwar野生动物禁猎区内生长的柚木和印度实竹叶面积指数。建立了一个异速生长方程来决定两个树种的叶面积指数。结果表明,异速生长方程获得的叶面积指数与破坏性抽样、相片网格法和落叶采受器法评估得到的指数值相近;2种测定方式下,柚木的均方根误差分别是0.90和1.15,印度实竹的均方根误差分别为0.38和0.46。估计的和计算获得的叶面积指数值匹配性较好,说明用建立的方程计算得到的2个树种叶面积指数的准确性较好。总之,冠幅伸展是一个估计树木叶面积较好的且敏感的参数。本文所提出的方程可以用作估计热带柚木和印度实竹叶面积指数。图4表1参22。     

大花蕙兰叶面积测算方法的探讨

通过对大花蕙兰4个品种叶片长、宽与叶面积之间的相关分析，建立了它们之间不同的方程。由相关系数分析及实际检验得知：二元幂函数具有较高的精度，为此建立了适于所有大花蕙兰品种的估算叶面积的二元幂函数通用方程，用该法测算叶面积迅速准确。     

石楠叶片面积和叶脉性状之间的关系

叶片面积和叶脉性状是重要的叶片功能性状,它们之间的相互关系能够反映叶片生物量在支撑结构成本和光合收益之间的投资权衡以及植物对环境的适应能力。本研究以石楠为材料,通过化学处理去除表皮和叶肉,使用扫描仪获取叶脉的完整图像,再使用LEAF GUI和R软件处理叶脉图像获得所需数据。采用幂函数构建叶片面积和叶脉性状之间的相互关系,经对数转换进而获得线性模型;采用最小二乘法拟合获得线性模型的参数。结果显示：石楠叶片中脉长度的平方与叶面积约呈正比关系,总叶脉长度、总叶脉面积均和叶面积呈正比关系,总网眼面积和叶面积约呈正比关系,平均网眼面积和网眼个数在“对数-对数”尺度上呈现出弱的反向线性相关性,平均网眼面积和网眼密度(即单位叶面积上的网眼数量)在“对数-对数”尺度上呈现出强的反向线性相关性。可得结论：叶片面积与总叶脉性状(总叶脉长度、总叶脉面积、总网眼面积)之间存在显著的正比关系;中脉长度与叶面积之间呈现出显著的异速生长关系(接近1/2次方的幂函数关系);平均网眼面积与叶面积无关,但和网眼密度反向相关。换言之,网眼密度和叶片大小无关,意味着植物叶片单位面积的光合能力与叶片大小无关;而平均气孔大小(正...     

A photographic gap fraction method for estimating leaf area of isolated trees: Assessment with 3D digitized plants

A method for computing leaf area of isolated trees from perspective photographs was developed. The method is based on gap fraction inversion. Photographs are discretized into picture zones where gap fraction is computed from image processing. Canopy volume and leaf area density associated with each picture zone are computed from geometrical considerations and inversion of gap fraction equations. Total leaf area and the vertical profile of leaf area are computed from the product of associated volume and its density. The method has been implemented in software called Tree Analyser, written in C++. The method has been tested by comparison with direct estimation of leaf area of three-dimensional (3D) digitized trees of walnut, peach, mango, olive and rubber. Estimated leaf area was sensitive to picture discretization, individual leaf size and leaf inclination distribution. Optimal size of picture discretization was 17 times projected leaf size. Total leaf area was estimated by using a set of eight photographs taken around the tree in the main horizontal directions: deviation ranged from -11% in peach tree to +5% in rubber tree. The method allows fast and nondestructive monitoring of leaf area of individual tree canopies. The next version of the method will include the estimation of 3D leaf area distribution within the canopy.     

木榄林生物量和生产力的研究*

本文利用Monsi分层切割法，对平均年龄为20年的木榄林不同径阶立木地上部分进行生物量测定，并按立木平均营养面积测定地下部分生物量。用相关生长测定法和平均木法换算成全林和立木稆器官的生物量。测定了叶面积，并算出叶面积指数，用以评定林分生产力。分析了木榄的平均和连年净生产量的动态变化以及净同化率随年龄的变化趋势。为合理经营和利用木缆林提供依据。     

Water Use of Tree Lines: Importance of Leaf Area and Micrometeorology in Sub-Humid Kenya

In this research the relative importance of leaf area and microclimatic factors in determining water use of tree lines was examined in sub-humid Western Kenya. Measurements of tree water-use by a heat-balance technique, leaf area, bulk air saturation deficit, daily radiation, and soil water content were done in an experiment with tree lines within crop fields. The tree species were Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden, Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. and Cedrella serrata Royle, grown to produce poles on a phosphorus-fixing Oxisol/Ferralsol with (+P) or without (−P) phosphorus application. Doubling the leaf area of Cedrella and Grevillea doubled water use in a leaf area (LA) range of 1–11 m² per tree. The response of Eucalyptus water use (W) to increases in leaf area was slightly less marked, with W = LAⁿ, n<1. Transpiration rate per unit leaf area (Tr) was the other important determinant of water use, being affected by both tree species and phosphorus fertilization. A doubling of the saturation deficit (SD) halved the water use of all trees except for Cedrella +P, in which water use increased. A direct effect of soil water content on water use was only found in Grevillea -P, with a small increase (60%) as available water increased from 1.4 to 8.9% above wilting point (32%). This low direct response to soil water content is probably due to the extensive tree-root systems and the deep clayey soils supplying sufficient water to meet the evaporative demand. Indirect responses to soil water content via decreases in leaf area occurred in the dry season. The results showed that water use of tree lines was more determined by leaf area and transpiration rate per unit leaf area than by micro meteorological factors. The linear response of tree water use to leaf area, over a wide range leaf areas, is a specific characteristic of tree line configurations and distinguished them from forest stands. In tree lines light interception and canopy conductance increase with leaf area much more than a similar leaf area increase would have caused in a closed forest canopy.     

An estimate of the photosynthetic production of individual trees in a Chamaecyparis obtusa plantation

A Weibull function was used to model the vertical distribution of leaf area of individual trees in a 25-year-old Chamaecyparis obtusa (Siebold & Zucc.) Endl. plantation. The parameter representing the shape of the leaf distribution was independent of tree size. A scale parameter tended to decrease with tree size suggesting a critical minimum height for retention of foliage by trees. On the basis of leaf distribution, the photosynthetic production of individual trees was estimated from the canopy photosynthetic production, which was determined from a model of canopy photosynthesis. The data indicated that the photosynthesis of a tree was proportional to the corresponding tree weight to the power of 1.84. Furthermore, the photosynthetic production varied as the 3/2nd power of total leaf area of the tree. Thus, it was concluded that the photosynthetic production per unit of leaf area, that is, the mean photosynthetic activity of a tree, is proportional to the stem girth at clear length, or the square root of the leaf area of the tree.     

单木叶面积预测模型

通过建立单木胸径和树冠长度与单木叶重量的相关模型和叶重量与叶面积的相关模型,推导出单木叶面积与单木胸径和树冠长度的经验回归方程,同时采用人工神经网络方法进行马尾松单木叶面积的预测研究,并与回归方程进行对比分析,人工神经网络模型的拟合结果优于经验回归方程的拟合结果。     

元宝枫叶数量变化对生长的影响

摘除整株叶片的1 3、2 3、3 3叶量对元宝枫生长影响的研究表明:不同采叶量和采摘时间显著影响着元宝枫的株高、地径、叶面积和叶生物量干质量,而对冠幅影响不显著。随着采叶量的增加,对元宝枫的影响显著加强;采叶时间的影响依次是6月>4月>8月。4月采叶3 3显著抑制株高、地径、叶面积和叶生物量干质量增长;6月采摘对株高和地径的生长影响显著,但对叶面积和叶生物量干质量的影响不大。     

The crown shape of an evergreen oak,Quercus glauca, in a hardwood community

The spatial pattern of the crown spread ofQuercus glauca in a hardwood community was investigated in order to consider the effect of the patterns on its survival in a secondary hardwood community. The shape of a crown was defined by the spatial spread of the leaves (PCM crown), and by the spread of their branches (elliptic cylinder crown). The stem volume growth rate of a tree was strongly correlated with the corresponding total leaf area, which was then significantly correlated with the defined crown volume. This indicated that the stem volume growth depended on the crown volume as well as the total leaf area. An increase in leaf area was largely attained by the spatial volume of the crown, not by an increase in the leaf area density. The leaves inside the crown began to spread horizontally relative to the crown size as the total leaf area and tree size increased. On the other hand, for the crowns representing the branch spread, the crown shape (crown width/depth ratio) did not differ by internal leaf area and tree size. Such a spatial pattern was likely to be adaptive for a species that dominates at a mid-stage of secondary sere.     

Contributions of foliage distribution and leaf functions to light interception, transpiration and photosynthetic capacities in two apple cultivars at branch and tree scales

Both the spatial distribution of leaves and leaf functions affect the light interception, transpiration and photosynthetic capacities of trees, but their relative contributions have rarely been investigated. We assessed these contributions at the branch and tree scales in two apple cultivars (Malus x domestica Borkh. 'Fuji' and 'Braeburn') with contrasting architectures, by estimating their branch and tree capacities and comparing them with outputs from a radiation absorption, transpiration and photosynthesis (RATP) functional-structural plant model (FSPM). The structures of three 8-year-old trees of each cultivar were digitized to obtain 3-D representations of foliage geometry. Within-tree foliage distribution was compared with shoot demography, number of leaves per shoot and mean individual leaf area. We estimated branch and tree light interception from silhouette to total leaf area ratios (STAR), transpiration from sap flux measurements and net photosynthetic rates by the branch bag method. Based on a set of parameters we previously established for both cultivars, the outputs of the RATP model were tested against STAR values, sap fluxes and photosynthetic measurements. The RATP model was then used to virtually switch foliage distribution or leaf functions (stomatal and photosynthetic properties), or both, between cultivars and to evaluate the effects on branch and tree light interception, transpiration and photosynthetic capacities in each cultivar. 'Fuji' trees had a higher proportion of leaf area borne on long shoots, fewer leaves per unit shoot length and a larger individual leaf area than 'Braeburn' trees. This resulted in a lower leaf area density and, consequently, a higher STAR in 'Fuji' than in 'Braeburn' at both branch and tree scales. Transpiration and photosynthetic rates were significantly higher in 'Fuji' than in 'Braeburn'. Branch heterogeneity was greater in 'Braeburn' than in 'Fuji'. An analysis of the virtual switches of foliage distribution or leaf function showed that differences in leaf spatial distribution and functions had additive effects that accounted for the lower transpiration and photosynthetic rates of branches and trees of 'Braeburn' compared with 'Fuji'. Leaf distribution had a more important role at the branch scale than at the tree scale, but the leaf function effect exceeded the leaf distribution effect at both scales. Our study demonstrated the potential of FSPM to disentangle physiological differences between cultivars through in silico scenarios.     

湖南主要经济林树种滞留PM2.5等颗粒污染物能力研究

以湖南省7种常见经济林树种为研究对象,研究其在单位叶面积上对空气中PM2.5等颗粒物的滞留量,为揭示湖南省主要经济林树种降低空气中PM2.5等颗粒污染物能力提供科学依据。结果表明:不同树种单位叶面积吸附PM2.5的量各不相同,主要受其叶表微结构、枝叶密集度、叶质地、叶面倾角等因素的影响。各树种单位叶面积吸附PM2.5量由大到小排序依次为板栗(0.144μg/cm~2)、柑橘(0.038μg/cm~2)、油茶(0.034μg/cm~2)、花椒(0.03μg/cm~2)、枣(0.029μg/cm~2)、杜仲(0.023μg/cm~2)、光皮树(0.019μg/cm~2)。各树种单位叶面积吸附TSP、PM1、PM10量大小排序规律基本相同。板栗单位叶面积吸附TSP、PM1、PM10量最大,分别达到1.088、0.04、0.47μg/cm~2,光皮树单位叶面积吸附的TSP、PM1、PM10量最小,分别为0.119、0.006、0.048μg/cm~2。就叶习性而言,单位叶面积吸附的TSP、PM1、PM10、PM2.5量表现为常绿树种大于落叶树种。     

青岛市行道树的美景度评价

采用SBE法对青岛市各主要道路的行道树景观进行评价。结果表明:学生组与全部受测者之间的SBEs高度正相关,显示利用学生进行景观评估的结果可以代表广大市民的偏好;影响市民对行道树景观偏好的主要因素包括:树冠面积、树种、背景、是否开花、树形及枝叶密度,其中树冠面积、开花与否影响最大。