宫粉羊蹄甲炭疽病病原鉴定及其药剂筛选

[目的]分离并鉴定引起宫粉羊蹄甲炭疽病的病原菌,筛选出适宜的防治药剂,为宫粉羊蹄甲炭疽病的识别和防治提供理论依据.[方法]采用组织块分离法分离宫粉羊蹄甲炭疽病的病原菌,通过针刺回接法确定其致病菌;采用形态学和分子生物学相结合的方法及柯赫氏法则对宫粉羊蹄甲炭疽病的病原菌进行鉴定;采用菌丝生长速率法测定9种不同杀菌剂对宫粉羊蹄甲炭疽病菌的室内毒力,根据抑制中浓度(EC50)选出抑制效果最好的杀菌剂.[结果]通过形态学观察和ITS序列分析,确定引起宫粉羊蹄甲炭疽病的病原为胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides);不同杀菌剂对宫粉羊蹄甲炭疽病菌的抑制效果明显不同,其中98.4%多菌灵、98%溴菌腈和97%吡唑醚菌酯的抑制作用最强,EC50分别为0.071、0.083和0.095 mg/mL;97%嘧霉胺和81%氨基寡糖素的抑制作用较弱,EC50均大于4.000 mg/mL,而95%啶酰菌胺在高浓度时表现出微弱的抑制作用,低浓度时反而促进宫粉羊蹄甲炭疽病菌生长.[结论]引起宫粉羊蹄甲炭疽病的病原菌为胶孢炭疽菌(C.gloeosporioides);98.4%多菌灵、98%溴菌腈和97%吡唑醚菌酯对宫粉羊蹄甲炭疽病菌菌丝生长具有较强的抑制作用,可作为防治宫粉羊蹄甲炭疽病的化学杀菌剂使用.     

观赏凤梨叶斑病病原鉴定及其防治药剂筛选

[目的]为了明确引起观赏凤梨叶斑病的病原和选择有效的药剂进行防治。[方法]采集具有典型症状的病害标本,根据柯赫氏法则分离病原物,并观察病原物形态特征;同时,分别测试了5种供试杀菌剂在2种不同浓度下对病原菌的抑菌作用。[结果]结果表明,半知菌亚门的炭疽菌(Colletotrichum sp.)和弯孢霉(Curvularia sp.)均能够引起观赏凤梨叶斑病。70%甲基托布津可湿性粉剂和50%施保功可湿性粉剂可有效地抑制炭疽菌菌丝的生长;而80%大生可湿性粉剂和50%施保功可湿性粉剂则可有效抑制弯孢霉菌丝的生长。[结论]要同时防治炭疽菌和弯孢霉导致的凤梨叶斑病,应该选用50%施保功可湿性粉剂。     

多穗柯炭疽病病原鉴定及其不同杀菌剂的 室内毒力测定

[目的]分离鉴定多穗柯炭疽病病原,并筛选出最佳防治药剂,为多穗柯炭疽病的识别和防治提供理论依据.[方法]采用组织块分离法分离多穗柯炭疽病病原菌,通过柯赫氏法则确定致病菌,结合形态学和分子生物学对多穗柯炭疽病病原菌进行鉴定;采用菌丝生长速率法测定8种不同杀菌剂对多穗柯炭疽病菌的室内毒力,根据供试杀菌剂的半数有效浓度(EC50)筛选出最佳的防治药剂.[结果]引起多穗柯炭疽病的病原为暹罗炭疽菌(Colletotrichum si-amense);不同杀菌剂对多穗柯炭疽病菌菌丝生长的抑制效果存在一定差异,其中98.4%多菌灵的抑菌效果最强,所有供试浓度对多穗柯炭疽病菌的抑制率均为100.00%;其次是97%吡唑醚菌酯和98%福美双,EC50分别为0.04和0.05 mg/mL.[结论]多穗柯为暹罗炭疽菌的新寄主.98.4%多菌灵、97%吡唑醚菌酯和98%福美双可作为防治多穗柯炭疽病的化学杀菌剂.     

兜兰炭疽病病原鉴定及其室内防治药剂筛选

[目的]对兜兰炭疽病病原菌进行鉴定,并进行室内防治药剂筛选,为兜兰炭疽病的大田防控提供参考依据.[方法]采集具有典型症状的兜兰炭疽病标本,以组织分离法进行病原物分离培养,通过形态学观察和rDNA-ITS序列分析对兜兰炭疽病病原菌进行鉴定;通过室内温度、光照控制和培养基中不同pH、碳源、氮源的差异试验确定病原菌菌丝生长、产孢量和孢子萌发条件等生物学特性;选用12种杀菌剂进行兜兰炭疽病病原菌室内药效试验,并对筛选出效果理想的药剂进行室内毒力测定.[结果]通过形态学观察和rDNA-ITS序列分析,确定分离获得的兜兰炭疽病病原菌的无性态为半知菌类黑盘孢目刺盘孢属胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides).胶孢炭疽菌菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发温度为9~36℃,最适温度27℃;产孢温度12~36℃,最适温度30℃.胶孢炭疽菌菌丝在55℃下处理20 min死亡,孢子在50℃下处理30 min或55℃下处理20 min死亡.菌丝生长和产孢的pH为2~13,最适为pH 8;分生孢子萌发的pH为2~12,最适为pH 7.连续光照有利于胶孢炭疽菌菌丝生长、产孢及分生孢子萌发.培养基中不同碳源和氮源对菌丝生长、产孢及分生孢子萌发具有显著影响(P<0.05).500 mg/L的恶霉灵、硫磺·甲硫灵、福·福锌和咪鲜胺锰盐4种杀菌剂对胶孢炭疽菌菌丝抑制率和产孢抑制率均达100.00%,其中咪鲜胺锰盐的毒力最强、反应灵敏度最高,半最大效应浓度(EC50)为0.09 mg/L.[结论]引起兜兰炭疽病的病原菌为胶孢炭疽菌(C. gloeosporioides).咪鲜胺锰盐、硫磺·甲硫灵、恶霉灵和福·福锌4种杀菌剂可在室内有效防治兜兰炭疽病,其中以500 mg/L咪鲜胺锰盐的防治效果最佳.     

金钗石斛炭疽病病原鉴定及杀菌剂毒力测定

近年贵州赤水市种植的金钗石斛(Dendrobium nobile Lindl)炭疽病(烟煤病)发生较多,该病害分布广、危害严重。对金钗石斛炭疽病菌的生物学特性、培养性状及形态等研究,初步确定病原菌为胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides),结合ITS序列分析,确定该致病菌为胶孢炭疽菌。杀菌剂室内抑菌试验结果表明多菌灵对其有较好的抑制作用。     

山药炭疽病病原鉴定及其药剂筛选研究

山药炭疽病病株样品10份按照柯赫氏法则分离纯化,测定致病性,并接种到梨和柑桔上,结果表明:引起利川山药炭疽病的病原菌其无性态为胶孢炭疽菌(,Colletotrid umgloeosporiodes)。选用6种杀菌剂对其菌丝生长、孢子萌发和芽伸长作了室内毒力测定,结果表明敌力脱、炭特灵和多菌灵对山药炭疽菌菌丝生长抑制作用最强;多菌灵、炭特灵、异菌脲、速克灵对其分生孢子萌发有强烈的萌发抑制作用,敌力脱和甲基托布津能有效地抑制芽管的伸长。     

红楠炭疽病病原鉴定及其药剂筛选

[目的]为分离和鉴定红楠炭疽病的病原菌,筛选出适宜的防治药剂。[方法]本研究采用组织块分离法分离红楠炭疽病的病原菌,通过针刺回接法确定其致病菌,进一步采用形态学和分子生物学相结合的方法对红楠炭疽病的病原进行鉴定,最后采用菌丝生长速率法测定7种不同的杀菌剂对红楠炭疽病菌的室内毒力,根据EC_(50)值的大小选出抑制效果最好的杀菌剂。[结果]分离并鉴定引起红楠炭疽病的病原为Colletotrichum sp.;不同杀菌剂对红楠炭疽病菌的抑制效果明显不同,其中98.4%多菌灵的抑菌效果最好,不同供试浓度对红楠炭疽病菌的抑制率均为100%;此外97%吡唑醚菌酯和98%福美双也表现出较好的抑制作用,EC_(50)值分别为(19.74±1.79)、(55.92±5.34)μg/mL。[结论]首次确定引起红楠炭疽病的病原为Colletotrichum sp.,并筛选出抑制活性较好的杀菌剂,分别为98.4%多菌灵、97%吡唑醚菌酯和98%福美双。     

威海无花果炭疽病病原鉴定及杀菌剂毒力测定

从2011年山东威海地区的无花果秋果果实黑色病斑上分离到1种炭疽病菌。根据病菌的病原形态、培养特性和致病性,鉴定该病菌为胶孢炭疽菌(Collelotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.)。选用7种杀菌剂进行毒力试验,结果表明,对无花果炭疽菌菌丝生长有较强抑制作用的药剂是氟硅唑、戊唑醇和苯醚甲环唑,其EC50分别为0.0257、0.1830、0.1879μg/mL。     

木薯炭疽病病原鉴定及其生物学特性研究

[目的]分离鉴定木薯炭疽病菌,并进行生物学特性研究。[方法]从我国海南木薯发病叶片上分离到2株木薯炭疽病菌CCGHN01和CCGHN03,通过分生孢子形态观察和ITS序列分析进行鉴定,并进行生物学特性研究。[结果]分生孢子形态观察和ITS序列分析表明2株病原菌为胶孢炭疽菌。生物学特性研究表明,2个菌株生长最适培养基为PSA,最适温度分别是26和30℃,最适pH值为8.0,最适光照条件分别是光暗交替和完全黑暗。2个菌株孢子萌发最适温度分别是28和30℃,致死温度为55℃10min。[结论]该研究为进一步防治木薯炭疽病提供了基础。     

鹤望兰炭疽病菌的生物学特性及杀菌剂的药效研究

鹤望兰(S trelitz ia reg inae)炭疽病病原菌经分离培养、接种试验,鉴定其病原菌为炭疽菌属胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum g loeosp orioid es)。病原菌生长发育的温度在10~35℃,最适温度为25℃。病菌要求较高的湿度,相对湿度90%以上有利于分生孢子萌发。它能有效利用多种碳源,但以葡萄糖、甘露醇为最佳,而甘油、葡萄糖利于产孢;在氮源中,以对磷酸二氢铵、尿素利用为佳,其中磷酸二氢铵最适合病菌产孢,而蛋白胨、硫酸铵不利病菌生长及产孢。室内试验结果表明,50%咪鲜胺,50%多菌灵以及70%甲基硫菌灵500倍、1 000倍、1 500倍液均能有效抑制该病菌的生长。田间试验结果表明,50%咪鲜胺1 000倍液防治效果最好,防效为80.7%,70%甲基硫菌灵1 000倍液防效为71.6%。     

贵阳地区葡萄炭疽病病原菌鉴定及室内杀菌剂筛选

对贵阳开阳县马坝葡萄园内葡萄炭疽病进行病原菌鉴定,葡萄炭疽病病原菌为半知菌亚门炭疽菌属胶孢炭疽菌（Colletotrichum gloeosporioides）。为筛选出高效、低毒、低残留药剂供生产上交替使用,采用生长速率法测定了6种杀菌剂对葡萄炭疽病病菌的室内毒力。结果表明：6种药剂对菌丝生长的抑制效果不同,32%多菌灵WP和25%戊唑醇WP的抑菌作用最强,其EC50值分别为0.025 4μg/m L、0.231 0μg/m L;80%代森锰锌WG的抑菌作用最差,EC50值为231.621 8μg/m L。32%多菌灵WP和25%戊唑醇WP可进一步进行大田试验,具有推广应用的价值。     

20种植物提取物对芒果炭疽病菌的抑制作用研究

[目的]筛选对芒果炭疽病菌具有抑制作用的植物资源,为开发植物源杀菌剂提供理论依据。[方法]以20种植物为材料,用80%无水乙醇提取其中的生物活性物质,测定不同植物提取物对芒果炭疽病菌的抑菌活性。[结果]20种植物提取物对芒果炭疽病菌菌丝生长均有一定的抑制作用,提取物随着浓度的降低,抑菌作用逐渐下降。在供试质量浓度为100mg/ml时,丁香、藿香、肉桂、石菖蒲、五味子、黄连、大黄和虎杖8种提取物对芒果炭疽病菌的抑制效果最好（抑制率100.0%）,其次是高良姜、黄柏、黄芩、益智和阳春砂,抑制率均达到了80.0%以上;在浓度为25mg/ml时,丁香、藿香和肉桂提取物对芒果炭疽病菌的抑制作用最好（抑制率100.0%）,其次是石菖蒲,抑制率为81.0%;对采后芒果进行接种炭疽菌试验结果表明,丁香和藿香提取物处理显著抑制了芒果果实病斑直径的扩展。[结论]丁香和藿香提取物对芒果炭疽病菌的抑菌活性最强。     

干燥方法对蘼芜中阿魏酸含量的影响

[目的]研究干燥方法对蘼芜中阿魏酸含量的影响。[方法]采用高效液相色谱法测定不同干燥方法处理的蘼芜中阿魏酸的含量。[结果]阿魏酸在进样量0.011 48～0.114 8μg/ml浓度范围内,与峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为100.1%,RSD为1.18%(n=9);采用晒后烘干法干燥的蘼芜中阿魏酸的含量为0.005 4%,RSD为1.55%;采用自然阴干法干燥的蘼芜中阿魏酸的含量为0.008 0%,RSD为1.80%;采用晒后烘干法干燥的蘼芜中阿魏酸的含量为0.010 5%,RSD为1.07%。结果表明,3种干燥方法中,以晒后烘干处理的蘼芜中阿魏酸的含量最高。[结论]蘼芜的最佳干燥方法为晒后烘干法。     

苍耳提取液与植物内生真菌抗菌活性研究(英文)

[Objective] The study was aimed to provide theoretical foundation for developing a new fungicide with high activity,low toxicity and low residua.[Method] Based on the plant growth rate and inhibition zone methods,the antifungal activity of extracts of every organ of Xanthium sibiricum,the fermentation liquid of endophytic fungi MC4-23,and the extract of mycelium were tested with six kinds of pathogenic fungi and three kinds of pathogenic bacteria respectively.[Result] The extract of every organ of Xanthium sibiricum,the fermentation liquid of endophyic fungi MC4-23,and the extract of mycelium all had antifungal activities.The acetone extracts of Xanthium sibiricum had stronger antifungal activities than the ethanol extracts of Xanthium sibiricum.The extracts of leaf have the strongest antifungal activities against fungi and bacteria.The inhibition rates of the six pathogenic fungi were all above 47.8%,and the inhibition diameters of the three pathogenic bacteria were all above 0.5 centimeter.The fermentation liquid of endophytic fungi also had strong activities against the fungi and bacteria.The inhibition rates of the six pathogenic fungi were all above 68.1%.The extracts of root of Xanthium sibiricum and the mycelium of endophytic fungi were all had antifungal activities.[Conclusion] Xanthium sibiricum and endophyic fungi MC4-23 had great value of development and utilization.     

Preliminary Studies on Antifungal Activity of Xanthium sibiricum and the Endophytic Fungi

[Objective] The study was aimed to provide theoretical foundation for developing a new fungicide with high activity,low toxicity and low residua.[Method] Based on the plant growth rate and inhibition zone methods,the antifungal activity of extracts of every organ of Xanthium sibiricum,the fermentation liquid of endophytic fungi MC4-23,and the extract of mycelium were tested with six kinds of pathogenic fungi and three kinds of pathogenic bacteria respectively.[Result] The extract of every organ of Xanthium sibiricum,the fermentation liquid of endophyic fungi MC4-23,and the extract of mycelium all had antifungal activities.The acetone extracts of Xanthium sibiricum had stronger antifungal activities than the ethanol extracts of Xanthium sibiricum.The extracts of leaf have the strongest antifungal activities against fungi and bacteria.The inhibition rates of the six pathogenic fungi were all above 47.8%,and the inhibition diameters of the three pathogenic bacteria were all above 0.5 centimeter.The fermentation liquid of endophytic fungi also had strong activities against the fungi and bacteria.The inhibition rates of the six pathogenic fungi were all above 68.1%.The extracts of root of Xanthium sibiricum and the mycelium of endophytic fungi were all had antifungal activities.[Conclusion] Xanthium sibiricum and endophyic fungi MC4-23 had great value of development and utilization.     

营养成分对辣椒炭疽病菌生物学特性的影响

[目的]探讨营养成分对辣椒炭疽菌生物学特性的影响。[方法]对从辣椒炭疽病发病病株上获得的2种炭疽病菌株进行了分离和鉴定,并采用十字交叉法和血球计数板法研究了营养成分(碳源、氮源)对辣椒炭疽菌生物学特性(菌丝生长、产孢量及菌丝干重)的影响。[结果]黑点炭疽菌菌丝生长和产孢的最适碳源分别为麦芽糖和淀粉;红色炭疽菌菌丝生长的最适碳源为果糖和葡萄糖,产孢的最适碳源为山梨糖。2种辣椒炭疽菌菌丝生长的最适氮源为牛肉膏和蛋白胨,产孢的最适氮源为酵母。[结论]为有效防治辣椒炭疽病提供了理论依据。     

适用于川芎的ISSR-PCR反应体系的建立及优化

[目的]建立和优化适合川芎的ISSR-PCR反应体系。[方法]以川芎叶片为材料,利用改良CTAB法提取了叶片基因组DNA,利用单因素试验分析了DNA模板、Mg2＋、dNTP、引物和TaqDNA聚合酶的浓度对ISSR-PCR反应的影响,对适合川芎的ISSR-PCR反应条件进行了优化。[结果]适合川芎的ISSR-PCR反应体系为25.0μl,其中含2.5μl 10×TaqDNA聚合酶缓冲液、2.1 mmol/LMgC l2、300μmol/L dNTP、0.4μmol/L引物、1.0 UTaqDNA聚合酶和20～40 ng模板DNA。[结论]为进一步对全国17个不同分布区的川芎资源进行遗传多样性研究奠定了基础。     

苍耳提取液与植物内生真菌抗菌活性研究(英文)

[Objective] The study was aimed to provide theoretical foundation for developing a new fungicide with high activity,low toxicity and low residua.[Method] Based on the plant growth rate and inhibition zone methods,the antifungal activity of extracts of every organ of Xanthium sibiricum,the fermentation liquid of endophytic fungi MC4-23,and the extract of mycelium were tested with six kinds of pathogenic fungi and three kinds of pathogenic bacteria respectively.[Result] The extract of every organ of Xanthium sibiricum,the fermentation liquid of endophyic fungi MC4-23,and the extract of mycelium all had antifungal activities.The acetone extracts of Xanthium sibiricum had stronger antifungal activities than the ethanol extracts of Xanthium sibiricum.The extracts of leaf have the strongest antifungal activities against fungi and bacteria.The inhibition rates of the six pathogenic fungi were all above 47.8%,and the inhibition diameters of the three pathogenic bacteria were all above 0.5 centimeter.The fermentation liquid of endophytic fungi also had strong activities against the fungi and bacteria.The inhibition rates of the six pathogenic fungi were all above 68.1%.The extracts of root of Xanthium sibiricum and the mycelium of endophytic fungi were all had antifungal activities.[Conclusion] Xanthium sibiricum and endophyic fungi MC4-23 had great value of development and utilization.