大肠杆菌yqhD基因的克隆与表达

以大肠杆菌E scherich ia coli K-12基因组DNA为模板,利用PCR技术扩增得到假定的氧化还原酶(pu tative ox idoreductase)基因yqhD,将它连接到克隆质粒pGEM-3zf(+)上,得到重组质粒pGEM-yqhD,对此重组质粒进行序列测定,对其DNA序列分析表明,yqhD基因全长为1 164 bp。再将yqhD基因插入表达载体pSE 380,构建成重组子pSE 380-yqhD,并在E.coli BL 21中获得表达。研究表明,以1,3-丙二醇为底物时,基因工程菌在30°C下,以1.0 mm o l/L IPTG诱导12 h的酶活力达到3.13 U/mL,比对照菌株提高4.4倍。     

含有His 5基因用于酵母人工染色体重组筛选的置换型载体的构建

人工酵母染色体(YAC)可以克隆和分析大片段的染色体DNA,并且可以分离那些在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)中不可能得到的序列。实验将His5基因插入到一个Ura3基因的中间,构建了一个新的质粒pLRH33,从而打断了Ura3基因使之不能表达。利用His5基因两端各留下的部分Ura3基因片段,同源重组到YAC臂上原有的Ura3基因中,使重组后的YAC的标记性状从Rra^ His^-变成了His^ Ura^ 。用质粒pLRH33的5．5kb线性片段以一定比例和需要重组到YAC上的目的基因pBAC300的50kb片段相混合,同时作酵母菌转化,在His^-Ura^ 培养基上得到大量带His5基因的阳性克隆。在检测的1200个克隆中,有250个目的基因阳性克隆,占受检克隆的22．5％。表明质粒pLRH33可以有效地用作YAC重组的筛选标记：     

表达伪狂犬病毒gC糖蛋白基因重组腺病毒的构建及其免疫效果

通过双酶切将伪狂犬病毒(Pseudorabies virus,PRV)Fa株gC囊膜糖蛋白基因片段亚克隆到5型腺病毒AdMax系统穿梭质粒pDC316中,得到pDC316-gC。用此质粒与腺病毒DNA辅助质粒pBHGloxΔ E1,3Cre共转染293细胞,包装出重组腺病毒Adv-gC。通过PCR鉴定和病毒空斑纯化,得到纯的高效价Adv-gC病毒液。间接免疫荧光实验证明此重组病毒能表达PRV gC蛋白。该病毒经肌注免疫Balb/c小鼠,能诱导小鼠产生特异的体液和细胞免疫反应。攻毒试验表明,此重组病毒能提供100%的免疫保护。     

睾丸酮丛毛单胞菌活化因子基因的质粒载体构建及表达

提取睾丸酮丛毛单胞菌(Comamonas testosteroni)的基因组DNA，利用PCR扩增activator基因，将扩增产物克隆到pKtac1(含强启动子tac)中，构建重组质粒pKtac1-act1和 pKtac1-act2。经酶切分析和测序，鉴定出正确的重组质粒pKtac1-act1和 pKtac1-act2。将重组质粒转化入大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)HB101中，用酶联免疫分析方法测定细菌总蛋白质中的activator表达量；将pAX1(含3α-HSD/CR基因)分别和重组质粒(pKtac1-act1和pKtac1-act2)一起转化入E. coli HB101中，测定细菌总蛋白质中的3α-HSD/CR和activator的表达量。结果表明：重组质粒能明显提高activator的表达；pAX1与重组质粒共转化的蛋白质粗提物中，activator和3α-HSD/CR的表达量都显著提高。     

农杆菌介导的蓝色基因转化中国水仙

从矮牵牛(Petunia hybrida)花瓣中分离得到编码蓝色基因F3'5'H(类黄酮3',5'羟基化酶)的Hf2基因(1527 bp),从牵牛(Ipomoea nil)花瓣中分离得到dfr基因(二氢黄酮醇4-还原酶,1212 bp),将正向Hf2片段和反向dfr片段连接到pBRLys双元载体质粒上,得到具有Ubi(ubiquitin)组成型启动子的植物表达载体pU-bi-Hf2-dfr.利用冻融法将双价重组质粒pUbi-Hf2一afr导入农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)菌株EHA105中,菌落PCR鉴定农杆菌转化子.以中国水仙(Narcissus tazetta var.chinensis)愈伤组织为材料,进行遗传转化.CTAB法提取130株中国水仙遗传转化再生苗的基因组DNA,进行PCR和PCR-Southem blot检测,获得3株阳性转基因植株.     

不同-10区保守序列的tac启动子表达睾丸酮丛毛单胞菌中的活化因子

提取睾丸酮丛毛单胞菌（Comamonas testosteroni）的基因组DNA,利用PCR扩增活化因子（activator）基因.将扩增产物克隆到pKtac1（含强启动子tac）中,构建含全长activator基因（564bp）的重组质粒pKtac1-act1和含部分activator基因（409bp）的pKtac1-act2.测序结果发现重组质粒pKtac1-act2的tac启动子-10保守区由TATAAT突变为TATGTT.将pKtac1-act1和pKtac1-act2分别进行酶切和连接,获得重组质粒pKtac1-act3（含启动子-10保守区为TATAAT,409 bp的部分activator基因）和pKtac1-act4（含启动子-10保守区为TATGTT,564 bp的全长activator基因）.将4个重组质粒分别转化入宿主菌Escherichia coli HB101中,用酶联免疫分析方法测定细菌总蛋白质中的activator表达量;将pAX1（含3α-hsd/CR基因）分别和4个重组质粒一起转化入宿主菌E.coliHB101中,测定细菌总蛋白质中的3α-hsd/CR和activator的表达量.结果表明：启动子-10保守区为TATAAT的质粒比-10保守区为TATGTT的质粒有更高的转录活性;过量的actvitor表达可能影响质粒pKtac1-act3表达的稳定性;启动子-10区保守序列的下降突变（pKtac1-act2,TATAAT→TATGTT）及tac启动子的丢失（pKtac1-act3,继代培养4次）揭示了宿主菌E. coli HB101的自身防护机制.     

黑曲霉木聚糖酶基因（xynB）的克隆及真核分泌表达

通过RT-PCR方法,以黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)GIM3.452总RNA为模板,克隆出木聚糖酶B(xy-lanase B,xynB)基因的成熟肽编码序列(567 bp),编码188个氨基酸.将其与猪腮腺分泌蛋白(parotid secretoryprotein,PSP)基因的信号肽序列通过重叠延伸PCR(SOE-PCR)得到拼接片段PSxynB,并将其克隆到真核表达载体pcDNA6/HisTMA中,得到重组质粒pcDNA-PSxynB,重组质粒经过酶切、测序鉴定,证实含有目的片段,且构建正确.在脂质体介导下将重组质粒pcDNA-PSxynB转染猪肾细胞(PK15),通过RT-PCR证实其在PK15细胞中表达,并在细胞培养液中测到了木聚糖酶活最高达36.4 IU/mL.     

睾丸酮丛毛单胞菌teiR基因载体构建及在大肠杆菌中的表达

提取睾丸酮丛毛单胞菌(Comamonas testosteroni)基因组DNA,利用PCR扩增teiR基因,将扩增产物克隆到pKtac2(含强启动子tac)和pK18中,构建重组质粒pKtac2-teiR和pKteiR100。将重组质粒分别转化大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)HB101, 提取细菌总蛋白,ELISA测定细菌总蛋白中teiR基因的表达量,结果表明: 含tac强启动子的pKtac2-teiR重组质粒具有更高的转录活性;将p6(含3a-HSD/CR基因)分别和重组质粒(pKtac2-teiR和pKteiR100)共转化大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)HB101, 测定细菌总蛋白中3a-HSD/CR 和teiR基因的表达量,结果表明: 在大肠杆菌中teiR可以明显促进3a-HSD/CR 的表达, pKtac2-teiR与p6共转化后teiR基因的表达量比pKteiR100与p6共转化后teiR基因的表达量高,但是pKtac2-teiR与p6共转化后的3a-HSD/CR的表达量低于pKteiR100与p6共转化后的3a-HSD/CR的表达量。     

牛nanog基原核表达载体构建及其在大肠杆菌中的表达

从6周龄的胎牛(Bos taurus)原始生殖嵴中提取总RNA,通过RT-PCR扩增nanog基因,将其克隆到PMD-18T载体,然后再亚克隆到pGEX-KG表达载体上,获得原核表达质粒pGEx-KG-nanog,限制性内切酶分析和DNA测序证明所插入片段为牛nanog基因编码序列.重组质粒转化大肠杆菌JM109(Escherichia coli),在不同的培养温度(25、30和37℃)和不同浓度的IPTG(0.10、0.25、0.50、1.00和2.00mmol/L)诱导下均获得了表达,结果表明,培养温度和IPTG浓度对GST-Nanog融合蛋白在大肠杆菌中的表达影响甚微;经Western blot检测证实该蛋白约60kD,并具有GST抗原活性,证实目的蛋白为Nanog蛋白.     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（PRRSV） BJ-4株ORF2基因的原核表达

通过PCR方法从重组质粒pGEM-ORF2扩增得到缺失N端疏水序列的基因片段dORF2(deleting ORF2)。将dORF2克隆至原核高效表达载体pGEX-4T-2，在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)BL21细胞中成功地表达了猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)重组蛋白GST-dORF2，表达量为22％。Westem-blot结果表明重组蛋白可被谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)抗体识别。表达的重组蛋白为进一步研究PRRSV次要结构蛋白的结构和功能奠定了基础。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.     

Genetic similarities among Spanisch populations of Agropyron, Elymus and Thinopyrum, using PCR-based markers

Arbitrary oligonucleotides were used as primers to amplifygenomic DNA of 48 wild Spanish populations of Agropyroncristatum, Elymus hispanicus,E. caninus,E. repens,Thinopyrum curvifolium, Th.junceum and Th.intermedium. Genetic diversity was analysedusing nineteen primers. The number of amplified products ranged from8 to 18 per primer and a total of 240 markers were scored. Differentlevels of intraspecific genetic diversity were found, the allogamousspecies E. repens andTh. intermedium being themost variable. Jaccard's similarity coefficients for internalmeasure within and between populations were used to produce a clusterdiagram. The results demonstrate differences in the degree ofsimilarity between taxonomic units. Interpopulational variability andinterspecific genomic relationships of these species arediscussed.     

Mycorrhizae,biocides, and biocontrol. 4. Response of a mixed culture of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and host plant to three fungicides

The effects of three commonly used fungicides on the colonization and sporulation by a mixture of three arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi consisting of Glomus etunicatum (Becker & Gerd.), Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe, and Gigaspora rosea (Nicol. & Schenck) in symbiosis with pea plants and the resulting response of the host-plant were examined. Benomyl, PCNB, and captan were applied as soil drenches at a rate of 20 mg active ingredient kg^-1 soil 2 weeks after transplanting pea seedlings in a silty clay-loam soil containing the mixed inocula of AM fungi (AM plants). Effects of fungicides were compared to untreated plants that were inoculated with fungi (AM control). The effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on plant growth was also examined by including nonmycorrhizal, non-fungicide-treated plants (non-AM control). Fungicides or inoculation with AM fungi had only a small effect on the final shoot weights of pea plants, but had greater effects on root length and seed yield. AM control plants had higher seed yields and lower root lengths than the corresponding non-AM plants, and the fungicide-treated AM plants had intermediate yields and root lengths. Seed N and P contents were likewise highest in AM control plants, lowest in non-AM plants, and intermediate in fungicide-treated AM plants. All three fungicides depressed the proportion (%) of root length colonized by AM fungi, but these differences did not translate to reductions in the total root length that was colonized, since roots were longer in the fungicide-treated AM plants. Pea plants apparently compensated for the reduction in AM-fungal metabolism due to fungicides by increasing root growth. Fungicides affected the population of the three fungi as determined by sporulation at the final harvest. Captan significantly reduced the number, relative abundance, and relative volume of G. rosea spores in the final population relative to the controls. The relative volume of G. etunicatum spores was greater in all the fungicide-treated soils, while G. mosseae relative volumes were only greater in the captan-treated soil. These findings show that fungicides can alter the species composition of an AM-fungal community. The results also show that AM fungi can increase seed yield without enhancing the vegetative shoot growth of host plants.