马铃薯变性淀粉在食品应用中的研究进展

通过介绍几种代表性的马铃薯变性淀粉及主要特性,阐述其在果蔬、肉制品、发酵面制品和非发酵面制品中的应用,并展望马铃薯变性淀粉的发展前景。     

马铃薯变性淀粉对速冻水饺品质影响的研究

以金苑饺子粉为原料,韭菜和大肉为饺子馅主料,以变性马铃薯淀粉为面皮改良剂,考察了不同氧化度(取代度)和添加量的变性淀粉对速冻水饺冻裂率与食用品质的影响。研究结果表明,加入变性马铃薯淀粉后,速冻水饺的食用品质较未加时明显提高,氧化马铃薯淀粉的加入量为2%时产品的冻裂率最低;在实验范围内,醋酸淀粉的取代度越高,其品质也越好。     

大米淀粉的提取及其在食品工业中的应用

大米淀粉是一种重要的谷物淀粉,它是大米中最主要的成分,含量高达80%左右,并且大米淀粉以其独特的物理化学性质广泛应用于食品、纺织等行业。简要概述了大米淀粉的提取方法,介绍了大米淀粉和大米变性淀粉的性质及其应用现状。     

微波技术在变性淀粉研究中的应用现状

介绍了微波改性淀粉的原理,综述了近年来微波技术在变性淀粉研究中的应用现状。     

不同纬度环境对马铃薯淀粉含量及淀粉品质的影响

将8个马铃薯品种分别种植在不同纬度的生态区,收获后分析纬度生态因子对淀粉含量和淀粉粘度指标影响.结果表明,马铃薯淀粉含量变化总趋势为东北和西北地区较高、华北地区较低.在40°06'N～48°04'N范围内淀粉含量随纬度升高逐渐增加.在同纬度地区,淀粉含量随海拔的升高而增加.淀粉粘度随纬度变化趋势与淀粉含量基本一致.     

黄原胶协同干热变性处理对马铃薯淀粉特性的影响

本试验在马铃薯淀粉中添加黄原胶后进行干热变性处理,研究变性后马铃薯淀粉的特性变化。结果表明,马铃薯淀粉经黄原胶协同干热变性处理后,起始糊化温度下降显著(P0.05),峰值黏度、谷值黏度和最终黏度均显著上升(P0.05);衰减值和回生值均显著减小(P0.05),表明变性后马铃薯淀粉热稳定性提高且不易回生;冻融稳定性和高温持水能力显著提高(P0.05),但溶解度、膨胀度及透明度都显著降低(P0.05)。由此可见,黄原胶协同干热变性对马铃薯淀粉的特性有显著影响。     

酶水解法测定马铃薯中的淀粉含量

马铃薯中淀粉经淀粉酶水解成糖后,测定其还原糖并确定淀粉的含量,回收率为97.3%-101.4%,标准偏差为：0.31%。     

马铃薯高淀粉品种的选育

１９８２￣１９９０年的系统研究表明，选择淀粉含量在１６．５％以上的马铃薯普通栽培种和新型栽培种杂交，可以筛选出淀粉含量达２０％以上的高淀粉品种，通过对４种６００多组相关数据的测定，证实了从实生苗当代就进行高淀粉单株筛选的可靠性。     

双变性玉米淀粉的应用研究

对双变性玉米淀粉在饮料、豆奶、果酱及面制品的模拟加工中的应用进行了实验。结果表明,双变性玉米淀粉在抗老化、乳化、抗凝胶、节油、成膜方面具有明显的应用效果,从而为开发新的食品添加剂提供一些参考。     

臭氧处理解决马铃薯淀粉微生物超标问题的研究

用臭氧对不同品种马铃薯淀粉处理,以探讨其对马铃薯淀粉中微生物的杀灭作用及对马铃薯淀粉品质的影响。试验表明,臭氧对马铃薯淀粉具有显著的杀菌作用,菌落总数比对照组减少60%,经臭氧处理后,不同品种马铃薯淀粉在白度、电导率、pH值、糊化温度等主要特性上没有显著影响,但臭氧体积浓度过高时,马铃薯淀粉的峰值黏度下降,其中臭氧体积分数控制在50×10-6以内,对马铃薯淀粉表面只产生极微弱的氧化作用,不影响淀粉内在品质变化。     

Molecular markers for cytoplasm in potato: male sterility and contribution of different plastid-mitochondrial configurations to starch production

Distinct parental cytoplasms were combined in symmetric tetraploid hybrids of potato by somatic cell fusion. This allowed, in the presence of nearly isogenic nuclear genomes, to estimate the contribution of mitochondrial (mt) and chloroplast (cp) genomes to starch content. Analysis of mt-cp configurations in the complete gene pool of german potato cultivars [2n=4x], in a reciprocal dihaploid population [2n=2x],in di-haploid fusion parents [2n=2x] and in their respective hybrids [2n=4x] made visible the effects of different cytoplasmic backgrounds and mitochondrial subgenomic rearrangements. Genotypes identified by markers as cytoplasm Wγ were associated with cytoplasmic male sterility. Evaluation of cytoplasmic types leads to the conclusion, that in starch content the ‘wild type’ cytoplasms Wα and Wγ have a significant advantage to other cytoplasmic types(Tβ, Wδ, Sε).This results from the experiments with a reciprocal population, 180 di-haploids, and from cultivar comparisons. In hybrids an interaction between starch content and different mt-cp combinations could be found. In general the highest field performance, measured in starch content and yield was associated with such cytoplasmic configurations which appeared to a high frequency within a population, when the segregation process was completed. This fact is explained by a selection advantage of clones with optimized organellar segregation already during in vitro phase. PCR markers for cytoplasm differentiation are actualized on a website, http://www.flg.tum.de/pbpz/mm/mt/hybrid.html This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

甘薯综合加工研究

本文在介绍甘薯营养保健功能基础上,简述了甘薯的综合加工技术,并对未来的研究开发重点进行了展望。     

不同施钾量条件下甘薯块根形成的内源激素变化及其与块根数量的关系

In order to explore the changes of endogenous hormones on storage root formation and its relationship with storage root number under different potassium application rates of sweet potato root, sweet potato varieties ‘Yanshu 25’ and ‘Beijing 553’ with significant differences in storage root number were used as experimental materials, potassium oxide (K₂O) was used as fertilizer, and four potassium fertilizer gradients of 0 (K0), 120 (K2), 240 (K3), and 360 kg hm^-2 (K4) were set. The effects of different potassium application rates on the contents of endogenous hormones, the activity of related metabolic enzymes, the number of storage root and root evenness in swelling roots of sweet potato during root formation and harvest stage were studied. Compared with the treatment without potassium fertilizer (K0), the application of potassium fertilizer decreased the enzyme activities of indoleacetic acid oxidase (IAAO) and peroxidase (POD), increased the content of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), increased the content of zeatin riboside (ZR) and decreased the content of gibberellins (GA₃). Potassium application enhanced the activity of primary cambium and promoted the differentiation from adventitious root to storage root by regulating the content of endogenous hormones in swelling roots of sweet potato. Compared with the control, the application of potash fertilizer significantly increased the number and weight of storage roots per plant and root yield of ‘Yanshu 25’ and ‘Beijing 553’. The number of storage roots per plant of ‘Yanshu 25’ and ‘Beijing 553’ increased by 3.16%-25.40% and 3.85%-33.11%, respectively, and the yield increased by 4.22%-17.31% and 3.94%-18.45%, respectively. Compared with the potassium application treatments of the two varieties, the K2 treatment had the highest storage roots number per plant, the highest weight and yield of storage roots, with the best root evenness.     

不同酸碱处理方式提取红薯淀粉的比较研究

采取酸处理和酸碱共用处理两种工艺提取红薯中的淀粉,得到的最佳工艺条件是:料液比为1∶3,浆料pH值为5,浸泡时间为2h,酸处理工艺比酸碱共用处理工艺的淀粉提取率高1.65%。     

春马铃薯间套两茬燕麦生产研究

为研究农业中,粮食生产与牧草发展争地矛盾的实际问题,本论文利用马铃薯和燕麦为实验材料设置了三个处理：马铃薯净作、燕麦净作和马铃薯燕麦间作。结果表明：马铃薯和燕麦间作有利于马铃薯出苗和前期营养生长;马铃薯间套两茬燕麦的经济产量达43450.4kghm-2,比净作马铃薯增加经济产量28.07%;但间作显著降低了马铃薯块茎产量和商品薯率,间作马铃薯块茎产量仅是净作的32.38%。本研究结果初步表明：马铃薯间套两茬燕麦,一茬收获籽实,一茬收割牧草,这种缓解粮食与牧草生产争地矛盾的粮草间作模式是可行的。     

山体库贮藏马铃薯淀粉、还原糖含量及淀粉酶活性的变化

为探讨甘肃省民乐县山体库贮藏对马铃薯品质的影响。对9个马铃薯品种不同贮藏时期淀粉、还原糖含量以及淀粉酶活性进行分析测定。结果表明：随着贮藏期的延长,大多数品种的淀粉含量表现为升→降→升→降,还原糖含量表现为升→降,淀粉酶活性表现为升→降→升→降;2月份是一个临界贮藏时期,淀粉含量降低到最低（12.68%~22.47%）,还原糖含量达到最高点（0.43%~2.41%）,淀粉酶活性降低到最低点（0.43~0.87 mg/(g? min)）。山体库有利于马铃薯的贮藏;‘青薯6号’和‘同薯23号’适合做菜用型品种,‘大西洋’、‘夏波蒂’和‘LK-99’适合做生产加工型品种,为了保证品质,最佳的加工时间在次年2月之前完成;淀粉酶活性和淀粉含量之间存在负相关,与还原糖之间存在正相关,淀粉含量和还原糖含量之间存在负相关,淀粉含量和还原糖含量之间处于动态平衡状态。     

马铃薯SSR引物的开发、特征分析及在彩色马铃薯材料中的扩增研究

彩色马铃薯较普通栽培马铃薯具有更丰富的营养物质,特别是富含抗氧化物质花青素,是近年来育种家研究的焦点。迄今为止开发的马铃薯SSR引物数量有限,特别是彩薯相关的SSR引物。本研究基于马铃薯全基因组序列利用MISA软件对SSR位点进行了分析。研究发现,在马铃薯全基因组序列中共获得218,997个SSR位点,平均3.39 kb出现一个SSR位点。单核苷酸是主要重复类型,占总SSR的62.05%,其次是二核苷酸和三核苷酸,所占比例为22.39%和13.11%。6种核苷酸类型的重复次数分布在5～746次,以5～10次为主,占总SSR的60.9%。在检测到的全部SSR中,共获得215种基元类型,除六核苷酸重复类型外,其他5种核苷酸重复类型的优势基元均以含有A/T-的基序为主。SSR基序长度主要分布在12～20bp之间,占全部SSR的43.19%。通过Primer5共设计出100对SSR引物,利用彩薯双亲的DNA初步筛选出48对可以扩增出条带的引物,有效扩增率达48%。进一步验证引物的有效性,随机选择F2群体的6个单株进行PCR扩增,筛选出条带清晰稳定,多态性较高的引物26对,平均多态性比率为72....     

Effect of dosage at the soft starch (h) locus on starch granule volume in maize

Larger particle volume is beneficial for many aspects of maize starch processing, and may improve the performance of some starch attributes. Of the numerous endosperm carbohydrate mutants, the soft starch (h) mutant appears to have the greatest influence on starch particle volume. The objective of this study was to determine the gene dosage effect upon starch particle volume at the h locus. Two inbreds, B37 and Oh43, were studied in 1992 and 1993, and their hybrid B37 × Oh43 was studied in 1993. Appropriate crosses were made to establish four endosperm genotypes ++/+, ++/h, hh/+ and hh/h. Starch was extracted from mature kernels collected for each endosperm genotype and analysed for particle volume. The source of variation attributable to fitting two straight regression lines on number of h alleles was highly significant (P < 0.01) in all experiments, resulting in a horizontal‐line relationship among the three normal genotypes (++/+,++/h and hh/+) at 14.452 μm³3 and a regression line of slope 1.622 μm³ passing from hh+ to hh/h. There is no dosage effect of starch particle volume at the h locus; complete recessiveness of the h allele for starch particle volume is the same as the visual phenotypic observation of soft starch.     

Genetic effects of the soft starch (h) and background loci on volume of starch granules in five inbreds of maize

Larger particle volume is beneficial for many aspects of maize starch processing, and may improve the performance of some starch attributes. This study focused on the soft starch (h) locus to identify its potentially influential role in starch particle volume distribution. The objectives were to study the genetic expression of starch particle volume of the h locus in different genetic backgrounds and the gene action conditioning starch particle volume of other loci in both normal‐starch and h‐starch backgrounds. Forty‐five populations (five intra‐inbred F_1s, 10 hybrid F_1s 10 F_2s, 10 BC₁F_1s to h/h parent, and 10 BC₁ to h:h conversion of normal parent) were planted in 1993 at two locations and in 1995 at one location. Selfed heterozygotes (±/h) in all generations provided intra‐ear comparisons of normal and h starch, and F₃ and BC₁F₂ generations provided inter‐ear comparisons. Significant differences were found between normal and h:h genotypes in all intra‐ear and inter‐ear comparisons. In all cases, general combining ability effects were highly significant, suggesting the presence of additive gene effects. Generation mean analysis of normal and h:h starch materials yielded similar results, indicating the predominance of additive and some dominance effects for other loci on starch particle volume. These results indicate the usefulness of the soft starch gene and additional genetic variation among inbreds in the improvement of starch particle volume for increased starch recovery in wet milling.