28种牧草的脂肪酸组成分析研究

对多花黑麦草等28种牧草样品进行了脂肪酸组成的测定,并进行分析比较。结果表明,α-亚麻酸是牧草中含量最高的脂肪酸,占脂肪酸组成的43.78%。多不饱和脂肪酸占牧草脂肪酸组成的54.71%,占不饱和性脂肪酸的95.18%。说明牧草的不饱和性脂肪酸主要是二键以上的多不饱和脂肪酸。禾本科牧草中,多花黑麦草及狼尾草属的牧草α-亚麻酸含量较高,其中多花黑麦草69.9%;象草(N51)67.6%;红象草62.2%;杂交狼尾草61.0%。禾本科与豆科牧草的α-亚麻酸含量差异不显著。     

Relationships between urine pH and electrolyte status in cows fed forages

Data of 20 balance measurements from Holstein dairy cows and urine samples from 24 Japanese Black beef cows were collected to evaluate the relationships between urine pH and electrolyte status in cows fed forages. The ratio of forages in the diet was 70–100% in dairy cows and beef cows were fed Italian ryegrass silage and wheat bran. Mean urine pH in dairy cows was 8.10, ranging from 7.27 to 8.71, and that in beef cows was 7.73, ranging from 7.42 to 8.12. There were positive correlations between urine pH and urinary K contents (P = 0.0012) or K intake (P = 0.019) in dairy cows, although plasma Na, Cl and K had no effect on urine pH. There was a weak negative correlation (P = 0.039) between urine pH and urinary Na content in dairy cows. However, there were no significant correlations between urine pH and urinary Na, Cl and K contents in beef cows. These results indicate that the concentrated urinary K due to the increased K intake may directly enhance urine pH in dairy cows fed mainly forages.     

东非狼尾草入侵对冷季型草坪土壤呼吸及草坪质量的影响

试验以草地早熟禾(Poa pretensis)、多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)和高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)冷季型混播草坪为对象, 研究了东非狼尾草(Pennisetum clandestinum)入侵后, 土壤呼吸速率、草坪品质及地上生物量等方面的变化。结果表明, 东非狼尾草入侵降低了混播草坪白天土壤呼吸速率、土壤温度及土壤含水量, 改变了白天土壤呼吸曲线, 但对最大呼吸强度(3.68 μmol·m-2·s-1)没有显著影响。相关性分析表明, 混播草坪的土壤呼吸速率与温度呈显著正相关, 与土壤含水量呈负相关, 不过土壤呼吸速率与温度的相关性因东非狼尾草入侵发生了改变。另外, 东非狼尾草入侵后, 地上生物量显著提高(P＜0.05), 相反, 叶片叶绿素含量显著降低(P＜0.05)。根据9分制评定结果, 东非狼尾草入侵后, 草坪颜色、草坪质地和草坪均匀性均有降低, 导致草坪品质变劣。     

美洲鲥鱼肌肉营养成分测定及分析

本文对美洲鲥鱼的肌肉营养成分进行了测定分析,结果表明:鱼肉粗蛋白质、粗脂肪含量分别为20.58%和3.68%,18种氨基酸总量为13.33%,其中8种必需氨基酸、4种鲜味氨基酸的含量分别为5.33%和5.15%,必需氨基酸含量占氨基酸总量的39.98%,4种鲜味氨基酸的含量占氨基酸总量的38.63%,低于鸡蛋蛋白质模式。脂肪酸含量丰富,尤其是不饱和脂肪酸含量达到0.23%。无机物含量,特别是Mg、Fe、Zn等微量元素含量也比较丰富。     

阿拉善荒漠草地牧草氨基酸组成特点与营养价值研究

对阿拉善荒漠草地３８种优势牧草氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸、含硫氨基酸、限制性氨基酸含量及必需氨基酸指数（ＥＡＡＩ）的组成特点进行了研究。结果表明,氨基酸总含量为２．４７％～２２．５０％;各科牧草氨基酸总含量顺序为：百合科＞豆科＞蒺藜科＞菊科＞禾本科＞藜科＞蔷薇科＞柽柳科＞蓼科;必需氨基酸含量为０．９７％～８．９２％,同时满足ＥＡＡ／ＮＥＡＡ＞６０％,ＥＡＡ／ＴＡＡ＞４０％ 的牧草有２３种;各科牧草必需氨基酸含量占氨基酸总量比值依次为：蔷薇科＞菊科＞藜科＞豆科＞蓼科＞禾本科＞百合科＞柽柳科＞蒺藜科;含硫氨基酸含量为０．２８％～１．４０％,含硫氨基酸占氨基酸总量比值从高到低依次为柽柳科、藜科、蓼科、豆科、蔷薇科、蒺藜科、禾本科、菊科、百合科;内蒙古白绒山羊限制性氨基酸总含量为０．７０％～３．２２％;３８种牧草的ＥＡＡＩ值,对羊肉为０．９１４～１．０１０,对山羊绒为０．９７６～１．２５０,对山羊毛为０．９５１～１．２１９。阿拉善荒漠草地牧草是当地白绒山羊和绵羊优良的饲料来源,对山羊毛和羊绒的产量和品质有重要的作用。     

高寒地区栽培牧草产量及其营养价值研究

通过３年牧草引种栽培试验,间比淘汰,优选出无芒雀麦、老芒麦、甘肃红豆草、甘农１号杂花苜蓿４生极强的优良牧草。经过其产量蜡和营养价值进一步研究,结果表明,牧草的疸和营养价值逐年增高,生产性能稳定,第５御产昔日一达３万ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２是高寒地区建立人工草地的优良牧草。     

干燥方法对几种牧草营养价值和体外消化率的影响

研究了不同干燥方法对盛世紫花苜蓿、环峡南苜蓿、特高多花黑麦草营养价值和体外消化率的影响,结果表明:喷化学干燥剂和压扁茎秆结合喷化学干燥剂使两种豆科牧草茎叶干燥速度趋于一致,缩短了干燥时间,减少了营养物质损失,从而提高了干草的质量;喷化学干燥剂在缩短特高多花黑麦草干燥时间上无效,但在提高其体外消化率上效果显著;与自然晒干和阴干相比,压扁茎秆,喷化学干燥剂及两者结合使用有效提高了牧草的体外消化率。     

3种冷季型草坪草混播初期适宜比例初探

在大田条件下研究了草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis)、多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)和紫羊茅(Festuca rubra)不同混播比例组合对草坪综合质量的影响, 以期为北方地区草地早熟禾、多年生黑麦草和紫羊茅混播建植草坪提供实践依据。结果表明, 草地早熟禾、多年生黑麦草和紫羊茅混播建植草坪, 在多年生黑麦草比例为20%不变的情况下, 建坪初期, 草地早熟禾比例越小或紫羊茅比例越大, 则草坪密度越大, 质地越优, 草坪颜色越绿, 地下植物量越小, 地上植物量呈先减小后增大的趋势。综合各种草坪质量评价指标, 3种冷季性草坪草混播最佳比例为, 草地早熟禾:多年生黑麦草:紫羊茅=1:2:7。     

遮阴对冷季型草坪草叶绿素含量和生物量的影响

为了综合评价冷季型草坪草种的耐荫能力,选取4种冷季型草坪草的5个品种,研究了0%、37%、63%、81%和96%5个梯度的遮阴处理对叶绿素a含量与生物量的影响。结果表明:在中低遮阴强度下,叶绿素a随着遮阴时间的延长呈正相关,在高遮阴强度下,则随着时间的延长呈负相关;单株干重、单株苗数在低遮阴强度下均呈正相关,在高遮阴强度下,各草种均呈负相关,但草种间下降的速率不一致;单株成穗数对遮阴反应最为明显,其中,润草1号在94.6%遮阴处理仍然有少量成穗,艾德王在80.1%时成穗为零,其他品种均有少量成穗。     

高原鼢鼠营养成分及价值研究

高原鼢鼠(Myospalax baileyi)鼠肉历来有被人们食用的习惯,但其营养价值究竟如何,经对西藏八宿县带回的高原鼢鼠样品进行分析、测试,结果表明,高原鼢鼠肉具有较高的营养价值。主要表现在：高原鼢鼠肉中蛋白质含量高,达26.34/100g,脂肪含量低,12．14g／100g;具有人体所必需的各种矿物质元素如钙、磷、铁、钾、锂、锶等,且含量适中;含有各种主要的脂溶性维生素,VA、VE、VD、VB,VB2等：组成人体蛋白质的20种氨基酸中已测出有18种,其中人体所必需的8种氨基酸全部含有。     

牧草的营养品质及其评价

我国天然草场面积约4亿hm2,其中可以利用的2.8亿hm2,年生物产量3亿t,载畜量3.6亿头(只)(董世魁等,2002)。因此,牧草作为农业和畜牧业的重要生产资料,对畜牧业的发展具有十分重要的作用。1主要的牧草品种牧草有两种含义:广义的“牧草”是指一切可供饲用的细茎草木植物;狭义的“牧草”是指栽培的豆科和禾本科植物牧草。我国主要栽培的牧草有:1)豆科牧草,如紫花苜蓿和三叶草等;2)禾本科牧草,如黑麦草、扁穗牛鞭草和象草等。我国已开展了大量的牧草选育工作,包括野生牧草的调查搜集、牧草新品种的选育和国外牧草引进栽培试验等。20世纪80年代,我…     

杂交高粱主要穗部性状与籽粒品质性状的关系

为明确杂交高粱(Sorghum bicolor)主要穗部性状与籽粒品质的关系,以58个杂交组合为材料,应用相关分析和灰色关联度分析方法对杂交高粱群体的穗长、穗轴长、一级枝梗数、二级枝梗数、穗粒数、千粒重、穗粒重等主要穗部性状和粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗淀粉、支链淀粉、单宁含量等籽粒品质性状进行了分析。结果表明,相关分析和灰色关联度分析的主要穗部性状之间的关系结果一致,穗部性状与穗粒重相关联的顺序是千粒重穗粒数二级枝梗数一级枝梗数穗长穗轴长。两种分析方法在分析穗部性状与品质性状之间的关系存在一定差异。关联度分析表明,各穗部性状对单宁含量关联度较小,穗长、穗轴长、穗粒数这3个性状对各品质性状的关联度较大。而相关分析表明,粗脂肪含量与穗长和穗轴长呈极显著负相关(P0.01);粗淀粉含量与穗粒数呈显著负相关(P0.05),与千粒重呈显著正相关(P0.05);支链淀粉含量与穗长和穗粒数呈显著负相关(P0.05);单宁含量与一级枝梗数和二级枝梗数呈极显著负相关(P0.01),与千粒重呈显著负相关(P0.05)。相关分析结果比灰色关联度分析结果准确,其结果可为选育高产、优质杂交高粱新品种提供理论依据。     

冷季型草坪草在环渤海旱碱区的适应性评价

针对环渤海低平原区较复杂的环境条件、恶劣的立地条件及目前草坪建植中存在的引种盲目、失败率高、寿命短等问题，通过对引进的4个草种37个品种的生育期、抗逆性、坪用价值等进行综合评价，结果表明：高羊茅为最适合的草种，草地早熟禾较适合，多年生黑麦草不适宜单播，可和高羊茅以适当的比例混播，紫羊茅不适宜在该区种植。筛选出最优良的高羊茅品种为皇后、贝克，草地早熟禾为亨特、普通、兰神、奖品。     

Relationships between work organisation and size of dairy farms: a case study based in Vietnam

In Vietnam, livestock farming policy is designed to develop milk production to increase the country's dairy self-sufficiency. However, workload is one of the main constraints limiting the potential for increasing production and herd sizes on family-run farms. The aim of this paper was to explore the relationships connecting work organisation forms and durations to herd sizes in order to understand the impacts of rationalising work by increasing herd numbers. A work organisation survey was carried on 19 dairy farmers in two regions of northern Vietnam. Statistical analysis was run to identify relationships between herd size, work organisation forms and work durations. A cluster analysis was used to establish a typology. The results show that the volume of routine work is higher in large herds but is also more efficient. Farmers running large herds lighten their family workload by mechanising routine tasks and by employing permanent contract workers. The paper concludes on a set of guidance strategies to help dairy farms develop their activity, such as hiring farm labour and mechanising farm tasks.     

小五台亚高山草甸植物地上生物量及其营养成分研究

亚高山草甸的地上生物量产出及营养状况对于草场的季节性放牧具有重要意义。通过调查及分析发现：1) 小五台的亚高山草甸的地上生物量产出总体来说是随着海拔的升高而增加,并且与物种多样性有很好的相关关系,其形成主要受近地面温度及土壤养分条件的影响。2) CCA (典范对应分析)排序结果表明,对小五台植物营养成分含量影响较大的环境因子是温度、太阳辐射和土壤养分及水分含量。3)从牧场利用的角度来看,草甸植物的纤维和热值含量高,海拔增加植物中粗蛋白的含量也随之增加,体现出高寒植物的特点;就放牧而言,阴坡的植物营养要好于其他坡向,但草甸中豆科植物相对缺乏,需要适当补充。     

Fractionation of fiber and crude protein in fresh forages during the spring growth

The composition of the fiber and CP of alfalfa, bromegrass, and endophyte-free and -infected tall fescue forages was compared during the spring growth from vegetative to reproductive stages. Forages were sampled from April 27 to June 6 in 1994, and from April 27 to June 11 in 1995, with 11 and 12 harvest dates, respectively. Total dietary fiber (TDF) was fractionated into insoluble and soluble fiber (SF). The CP of the forages was fractionated into nonprotein N (A), soluble CP (B1), insoluble CP that was soluble in neutral detergent (B2), CP insoluble in neutral detergent but soluble in acid detergent (B3), and CP insoluble in acid detergent (C). Effects of year, forage species, and harvest dates (day as a covariable) were included in the model. Across harvest dates, alfalfa (A) had lower (P < .01) TDF and higher (P < .01) SF concentrations than grasses (GR) (A: 49.9 and 14.4% and GR: 60.4 and 4.5% [OM basis] for TDF and SF, respectively). Alfalfa had higher (P < .01) CP (20.6% DM) than GR (15.3%). The rate of decrease in CP (% DM) across days was higher (P < .01) for bromegrass (-.4%/d) than for the other forages (-.29%/d). Fraction A (% of CP) was not different (P = .24) among forages (22.5%), but B1 was higher (P < .01) in A (17.1%) than in GR (13.2%). The B2 fraction (% of CP) was higher (P < .01) in A compared with GR (51.6 vs 45.9%, respectively). Alfalfa had lower (P < .01) B3 (3.0% of CP) than bromegrass (18.6%) and tall fescue (13.2%). Fraction C was not different (P = .23) among forages (3.8%). Fractions A, B1, and C (% of CP) did not change (P > .05) across days for all forages. Fraction B2 (% of CP) decreased across days in A (-.21%/d) but was not affected in GR. Fraction B3 (% of CP) increased (P < .05) in A (.1%/d), decreased in endophyte-infected tall fescue (-.20%/d), and did not change (P > .05) in the other forages. Crude protein and fiber composition were affected more by forage species than by maturity. The CP and NDF concentrations were more affected by maturity. Insoluble fractions but not soluble fractions of CP were affected by maturity.     

Canine ocular gliomas: a retrospective study

Objective The purpose of this paper is to classify glial tumors observed in the canine retina and optic nerve, describe the histopathological features and provide prognostic information on these neoplasms. Methods The database of the Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin (COPLOW) was searched to collect canine glioma cases. Clinical and follow-up information was gathered from submission forms and an extensive follow-up survey. Slides were reviewed to describe the histopathological characteristics of the neoplasm and classify them. Immunohistochemistry for Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) was performed in all cases. Results 18 canine glioma cases were found in the COPLOW database. There was no breed or gender predilection. The mean age was 9.33 ± 3.67 years. Follow-up information was available for 12 dogs, 8 of which were dead at the time of most recent contact, with a survival time ranging from 0 days (globes received after euthanasia) up to 20 months post-enucleation. In 6 of the 8 dogs that had died during this stud), tumor extended to the margin where the optic nerve had been sectioned. Light microscopic examination of the optic nerve of the affected eyes of four dogs that were still alive during this study revealed no tumor at this surgical margin. One neoplasm was classified as low-grade astrocytoma, 5 tumors as medium-grade astrocytoma, 11 tumors as high grade-astrocytoma and 1 tumor as oligodendroglioma. GFAP was positive in all but two tumors. Conclusion Retinal and optic nerve gliomas may be considered as differential diagnoses of intraocular and orbital masses. The metastatic potential appears to be low, but ascending invasion into the ventral aspect of the brain is possible.     

饲用麦类作物的生物量积累和营养品质动态变化规律

为了探究饲用麦类作物生物量积累和营养品质动态变化规律,2016-2018年在华北平原的河北衡水测定了黑麦、冬性饲用小黑麦、冬小麦、粮饲兼用型小黑麦、燕麦、青稞和春性饲用小黑麦7类麦类作物从拔节期至蜡熟期的生长发育进程、生物量和营养成分含量动态变化。结果显示：黑麦、冬性饲用小黑麦、冬小麦和粮饲兼用型小黑麦一般在5月中下旬达到乳熟期,而燕麦、青稞和春性饲用小黑麦一般在6月上旬。7类麦类作物的平均生物量从拔节期的2.72×10³ kg·hm^-2增长到蜡熟期的10.19×10³ kg·hm^-2,其中冬性饲用小黑麦在各个生育期生物量均显著高于其他6类麦类作物（P<0.05）,较其他6类麦类作物平均提高61.4%。7类麦类作物的粗蛋白含量随着生育期进程逐渐降低,淀粉含量逐渐升高,酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维含量在开花期前逐渐升高,开花期后略有下降。采用Milk 2006综合评价7类麦类作物饲用品质显示,冬小麦从孕穗期后饲用品质优于其他6类麦类作物,吨干物质产奶量较其他6类麦类作物平均提高6.9%。综合生物量和饲用品质及生育期,冬性饲用小黑麦拔节期至蜡熟期hm²产奶量均显著高于其他6类麦类作物（P<0.05）,较其他6类麦类作物平均提高46.3%,综合表现好,适于在华北平原大面积推广种植。