Newcastle disease in pheasants (Phasianus colchicus): a review

Newcastle disease (ND) is regarded throughout the world as one of the most important diseases of poultry, not only due to the serious disease and high flock mortality that may result from some ND virus (NDV) infections, but also through the economic impact that may ensue due to trading restrictions and embargoes placed on areas and countries where outbreaks have occurred. All ages of pheasants are purported to be highly susceptible to infection with NDV, but clinical signs and mortality levels in infected birds vary considerably. This article reviews the available literature relating to infections in pheasants, describing the clinical presentation of the disease and the epidemiological role these hosts may have in the spread of ND.     

A retrospective study of Newcastle disease in Kenya

Tropical Animal Health and Production - Newcastle disease (ND) is a major constraint to Kenya’s poultry production, which is comprised of approximately 80% indigenous chickens (ICs; caged and...     

Exotic Newcastle disease

Exotic Newcastle disease (END) is a virulent strain of avian paramyxovirus-1. This virus has devastated the poultry industry in many countries. As a result, strict international regulations are in place to control the movement of exotic birds, poultry, and poultry products to prevent the introduction of this disease into countries where it has been eradicated. When END is introduced to a naı̈ve, unvaccinated population of poultry, mortality may reach 100%. Signs in chickens will depend on the strain of END involved. However, this disease should be suspected in any outbreak of disease in poultry where there is high mortality and respiratory, gastrointestinal and/or central nervous system signs are observed. In the most recent END outbreak in the United States, many birds had edematous heads, cyanosis, and diphtheritic lesions of the trachea, oral cavity, and esophagus. Signs in companion birds are variable and often nonspecific. Practitioners, however, should suspect this disease in parrots, particularly Amazon parrots, if the sick bird is of questionable origin and over the course of the disease develops signs related to the central nervous system. Efforts to keep END out of the United States have been largely successful; however, on repeated occasions in the last 30 years, END has entered the United States through the illegal transport of fighting chickens and psittacine birds. In two cases, END has made it into commercial poultry operations, resulting in the slaughter of millions of birds and a significant economic impact to poultry and exotic bird producers. Education about this disease, strict biosecurity measures, and continued vigilance will be necessary to prevent future outbreaks of END.     

Newcastle disease.

Since 1926, there have been three epizootics of ND. The latter two have been directly linked with psittacine species and Racing Pigeons. The modern poultry industry is extremely vulnerable to the effects of NDV, once it gains entry to any facet of the industry. Consequently considerable expense and effort are expended to keep the virus at bay. The main threat continues to come from psittacine species and racing pigeons. The considerable international trade in these birds, together with rapid air transport, can allow virulent NDV to gain entry to a country while exotic birds are incubating the disease. It is hoped that quarantine barriers and requirements will prevent the virus from entering a country, but smuggling continues and constitutes the biggest risk. Domestic avian pets are also vulnerable to the virus. It is hoped that new in vitro testing procedures, such as monoclonal antibody and oligonucleotide fingerprinting techniques, may be used to identify rapidly and characterize emergent virulent strains, so that appropriate measures may be taken to prevent infection of commercial poultry and domestic pets.     

Protective immunity against Newcastle disease: the role of antibodies specific to Newcastle disease virus polypeptides

Studies were performed to determine if passive immunization with hyperimmune sera generated to specific Newcastle disease virus (NDV) proteins conferred protection against virus challenge. Six groups of 3-wk-old chickens were passively immunized with antiserum against either hemagglutinin-neuraminidase/fusion, (HN/F) protein, nucleoprotein/phosphoprotein (NP/P), Matrix (M) protein, a mixture of all NDV proteins (ALL), intact ultraviolet-inactivated NDV (UVNDV), or negative sera. Blood samples were collected 2 days postimmunization, and the birds were challenged with Texas GB strain of NDV. Antibody titers were detected from those recipient birds that had received the antisera against the HN/F, ALL, or UVNDV by a hemagglutination inhibition test, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and a virus neutralization test. Antibodies were detected only by the ELISA from the birds that had received antisera against NP/P and M protein. Antibody titers in the recipient birds dropped by two dilutions (log2) after 2 days postinjection. Birds passively immunized with antisera against HN/F, ALL, and UVNDV were protected from challenge, whereas chickens passively immunized with antisera against NP/P and M protein and specific-pathogen-free sera developed clinical signs of Newcastle disease. The challenge virus was recovered from the tracheas of all passively immunized groups. The presence of neutralizing antibodies to NDV provided protection from clinical disease but was unable to prevent virus shedding from the trachea.     

蛋鸡新城疫免疫失败并发大肠杆菌病的诊疗

我县某蛋鸡饲养户存栏青年待产蛋鸡7500余只,曾于75日龄肌注接种新城疫Ⅰ系疫苗,在今年1月103日龄时接连发生死亡,之前经过诊疗十余天无效后送诊,我们诊断为蛋鸡新城疫并发火肠杆菌感染.     

Equine orbital disease: A review

The purpose of this review is to discuss orbital disease in horses and how it pertains to the unique anatomy as well as the clinical presentation, diagnostics and aetiologies of orbital disease in this species.     

鸵鸟1型副粘病毒感染的诊治

近年来，我国养殖业的多元化趋势逐渐带动了鸵鸟业的发展。鸵鸟1型副粘病毒感染(又称“鸵鸟新城疫”)是目前威胁鸵鸟养殖业的最为重要的疾病之一，在许多国家被列为法定预防的传染病。该病一旦发生将造成较大的经济损失，并严重影响养殖者的信心。笔者就该病的诊断与治疗方法总结如下。     

Newcastle disease vaccination: A comparison of vaccines and routes of administration in Pakistan

Twelve-day-old chickens were vaccinated once with different Newcastle disease (ND) vaccines ( F, La Sota and Mukteswar) by two different routes (intraocular and drinking water). Chickens from a seventh group were uninoculated controls. At weekly intervals for 7 weeks after vaccination, 20 chickens from each vaccinated group and 20 chickens from the control group were examined for the production of haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibodies and for protection as assessed after challenge with velogenic, viscerotropic ND virus.

La Sota ND vaccine used intraocularly ranked the best and Mukteswar vaccine by the drinking water route the worst for their HI antibody titres prior to challenge. Differences between the treatments in protection were examined. For all three vaccines intraocular vaccine produced higher protection than drinking water vaccine. An inverse relationship between prechallenge and postchallenge HI titres was also recorded.