水稻低温胁迫不同时间的代谢物谱图分析

苗期低温严重影响水稻幼苗生长, 分析低温胁迫下幼苗体内代谢物变化特征有助于解析水稻应对胁迫的生理机制。采用气质谱联用仪(GC-MS)技术系统分析水稻品种IR64遭遇不同时间段低温后代谢物图谱的变化特征。结果表明, 草酸、戊糖酸-1,4-内酯、海藻糖及水杨酸参与了水稻低温胁迫早期应激性反应; 在低温胁迫过程中, 水稻植株主要通过苯丙氨酸、脯氨酸、谷氨酸、丝氨酸、苏氨酸、天门冬氨酸、缬氨酸、木糖醇、尿囊素和鼠李糖等含量的提高维持细胞渗透平衡。代谢物动态分析发现参与低温胁迫反应及胁迫恢复后进程的主要代谢物不同。研究结果为全面系统剖析水稻耐冷胁迫的分子生理机制打下了基础。     

向日葵菌核病生防放线菌的分离筛选及拮抗作用的初探

根据微生物间的拮抗作用,试从病地土壤中分离拮抗放线菌,探索利用放线菌对向日葵菌核病进行生物防治的途径。从内蒙古呼和浩特市、巴彦淖尔、包头等地所采集的土壤中分离出38个放线菌菌株,经过平板拮抗作用初测,有8个菌株(F-1、F-3、F-6、F-8、F-11、F-15、F-21、F-25)对向日葵核盘菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)有拮抗作用。选出其中2个作用最明显的菌株(F-6、F-8),观察其在平板对峙培养中对向日葵核盘菌的抑制作用及其代谢产物对向日葵核盘菌的作用。结果表明:F-6、F-8菌株及其代谢产物对向日葵核盘菌均有明显的抑菌作用。同时,对F-6、F-8两菌株的培养性状和形态特征进行了初步观察。     

茶树莽草酸代谢途径相关基因研究进展

莽草酸生物合成是连接植物初生代谢和次生代谢的关键节点。目前,莽草酸合成代谢途径关键基因的克隆、功能验证及表达调控的研究取得了一定成果,对调控茶树生长发育、提高茶叶产量和品质等研究均有重要意义。为此,本综述就莽草酸代谢途径与茶叶产量品质形成的相关性、相关调控基因研究进展,以及其他植物中该途径相关基因研究进展等进行了总结,以期为茶树遗传育种基础理论及高效育种技术的研发等提供参考。     

多胺对甜瓜幼苗抗冷性的影响机理研究

本文研究了外源多胺对在低温胁迫下甜瓜幼苗体内DNA、RNA、可溶性蛋白质、超氧物歧化酶(SOD)及细胞质膜透性的影响.结果表明,多胺处理的甜瓜幼苗在低温(2±1℃)下处理10h后,RNA和DNA含量明显增多,蛋白质的图谱发生显著变化,SOD活性增强,细胞膜的破损渗漏较少,尤以0.4mmol的腐胺处理最为显著.多胺与核酸的相互作用调节了植物体内的代谢过程,与膜的相互作用增强了机体的抗冷性.     

Metabolite content of harvested Micro-Tom tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) fruit is altered by chilling and protective heat-shock treatments as shown by GC-MS metabolic profiling

The primary aim of this study was to identify metabolites associated with chilling tolerance that was engendered by a heat-shock treatment of tomato fruit pericarp (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Micro-Tom). Harvested mature-green fruit were immersed in 20 or 40 °C water for 7 min (‘Heat-Shock’) and then stored at 2.5 °C for 0 or 14 d (‘Chilled’). A reduction in chilling injury symptoms (i.e., slow or abnormal ripening, increased ion leakage, and increased respiration following chilling) was used to select this heat-shock treatment as optimal. Using GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry) metabolite profiling, 363 analytes were detected in fruit pericarp of which 65 are identified metabolites. Principal Component Analysis of these data led to distinct groups among the samples based on their treatments; ‘Chilled’ and ‘Chilled + Heat-Shocked’ fruit were markedly different from each other, while the ‘Non-Chilled Control’ and ‘Heat-Shocked’ fruit were similar and grouped closer to the ‘Chilled + Heat-Shocked’ fruit. These results indicate that the heat treatment provided protection from chilling in part by altering levels of fruit metabolites. The levels of arabinose, fructose-6-phosphate, valine and shikimic acid appear to be associated with this heat-shock induced chilling tolerance since their levels were altered in the ‘Chilled’ samples (p < 0.05), relative to the control and the heat-shocked protected fruit. We also describe the metabolites we identified that could be further studied as being indicative of incipient chilling injury in mature-green tomato fruit.     

春玉米群体库特性的研究

在不同密度、施氮量处理下,研究了春玉米两种株型品种的群体库特性及其在产量形成中和。其结果表明：春玉米果穗花丝数品种间差异显著,栽培措施影响较小。群体花丝数与种植密度密切相关,在适宜的密度范围内,随密度的增大而增多。适呈施用氮肥可提高受精结实率和双穗率,有利于扩大库容。群体总粒数是构成产量的主要因素,且与花粒期群体干物质积累量呈显著正相关。子粒体积与子粒灌浆速率、干物重呈极显著正相关,且随密度、施氮     

Metabolic characterization of tomato fruit during preharvest development, ripening, and postharvest shelf-life

Tomato is an important crop in terms of its economic and nutritional value. Tomato fruit quality is a function of metabolite content, which is prone to physiological changes related to fruit development and ripening. The aim of this work was to use a metabolomic approach to characterize compositional changes (sugars, acids and amino acids) of tomato during preharvest fruit development, ripening, and postharvest shelf-life. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to identify both polar and volatile metabolites that were involved in fruit development and ripening. Characteristic metabolites for the various fruit developmental stages were identified. Mannose, citramalic, gluconic and keto-l-gulonic acids were shown to be strongly correlated to final postharvest stages. During on-vine ripening, an increase was observed for the major hexoses, glucose and fructose, cell wall components such as galacturonic acid, and for amino acids such as aspartic, glutamic acid and methionine. Major changes were also observed at the level of the TCA cycle, showing a decrease in malic and fumaric acids, and accumulation of citric acid.     

植物响应低温胁迫转录组测序研究进展

低温胁迫是限制植物生长发育和地理分布最主要的环境因子之一,影响植物细胞膜系统、抗氧化系统、光合作用、次生代谢等诸多方面,对农业生产和发展有严重影响。因此,揭示作物在冷胁迫下的生理及分子机制是十分必要的,这有助于培育耐寒作物品种,从而减少生产损失,扩大作物种植面积,具有重要的生产价值和经济效益。目前,基于RNA-seq技术进行植物低温胁迫分子机制深度解析在拟南芥、水稻、油菜、茶树、小麦、烟草、高粱等重要作物上得到了发展应用。本研究综述了近年来植物在低温胁迫或低温适应过程中的转录组学研究现状,以期为高通量测序技术在植物抗性研究方面提供方法借鉴和理论基础。     

GPV感染扰动雏鹅系统互作网络的研究

为了解GPV(Goose parvovirus)侵染的病理学致病机理,探究GPV感染扰动雏鹅动态代谢网络平衡系统,对GPV感染雏鹅血液中的蛋白质、代谢酶活性及其同工酶结构和功能等进行生化分析。结果显示,GPV感染雏鹅的血液中,蛋白酶、Est、POD、SOD、ALP、ADH、Amy、CAT、GPT、LDH活性分别提高约41%/63%,30%/53%,50%/14%,36%/73%,156%/142%,1005%/22%,36%/26%,13%/51%,60%/244%,289%/139%;Ig G、IgM含量分别降低约50%,40%;蛋白质含量增长约50%,GPV感染雏鹅的血浆Est、SOD、ADH、Amy同工酶分别新增2,2,1,3条酶谱带,Est同工酶消减2条慢区谱带;血细胞Est、POD、SOD、Amy同工酶分别新增1,2,1,2条酶谱带;血液中CAT、LDH、GPT、ALP同工酶分别出现7,1,3,3条酶带变异,血细胞CAT、ADH同工酶分别缺少快区和慢、快区酶带,ALP同工酶在血浆与血细胞方面分别缺少慢区和快区酶带。同时显示重链59 kDa蛋白带是CK组IgM/G的共同特征,感染组Ig G还缺失258,36 kDa蛋白带;血浆与血细胞分别新增加131,86,43,33 kDa和144,104,58,53 kDa蛋白。血浆消减1条慢区酶蛋白,血细胞增加2条慢区酶蛋白。提示GPV感染应激与寄主蛋白质、蛋白酶及同工酶基因表达的协同作用,通过独特的扰动宿主动态平衡代谢网络直接或间接调控细胞易感性能。     

Metabolic Engineering of Carotenoid Synthesis: Development of a Production System with Nicotiana glauca and Improvement of the Nutritional Value of Potato

Carotenoid pigments are of commercial interest as animal feed and play an important role in human metabolism. β-Carotene is important as provitamin A and lutein and zeaxanthin have to be constantly integrated into the macula lutea in the central retina of the eye to prevent age-dependent macular degeneration. Diets rich in carotenoids prevent the onset of certain chronic diseases and certain types of cancer.     

Metabolic Engineering of Carotenoid Synthesis： Development of a Production System with Nicotiana glauca and Improvement of the Nutritional Value of Potato

Carotenoid pigments are of commercial interest as animal feed and play an important role in human metabolism. β-Carotene is important as provitamin A and lutein and zeaxanthin have to be constantly integrated     

冷型小麦的表观特征及其和代谢功能的关联

冷型 小麦 是一 种冠 层温 度持 续偏 低的 小麦, 于８０ 年代 后期 发现 。此 种类 型小 麦的 叶片功能期 较长,时 间距较短 ,麦芒转 黄速 度 较慢 。上 述表 观特 征 和内 部代 谢 功能 有着 密 不可 分 的关系,表现 在蛋白 质氮含量 、气孔传 导、蒸腾速 率、过氧 化氢酶 活性、丙二 醛含 量和 净光 合率 等方 面均较优越 。根据冠 层温度 和表观特 征可较准 确地识 别具有良 好代谢 功能的冷 型小麦材 料。     

应用半矮生基因sd－1选育矮秆大库容量水稻新品系研究

用大穗高秆品种Ａｋｅｎｏｈｏｓｈｉ与半矮生粳型系统ＳＣ－ＴＮ１杂交后代Ｆ５的６个品系及其亲本为材料，比较分析了品系与亲本遗传性状的表现及其联系。结果表明，通过改善ｓｄ－１基因的遗传背景，使半矮生性及优良株型的特性与大库容量相结合是可能的，能够从中培育出有更高产量潜力的新品系     

荧光假单胞菌工程菌株的构建及对黄瓜枯萎病的防治效果

采用基因工程的方法，将含有2，4-DAPG基因的质粒pMON5122导入到野生型荧光假单胞菌株中，探索了不同热激时间、不同CaCl2浓度和荧光假单胞菌的不同生长时期对转化子形成的影响；研究了荧光假单胞菌工程菌株对黄瓜枯萎病的防治效果。结果表明，荧光假单胞菌生长到OD约0．53时，用0．025mol／L CaCl2处理细胞，热激3～4min，转化频率最高；荧光假单胞工程菌株对黄瓜枯萎病的盆栽防治效果达到75．0％，并且能够提高黄瓜出苗率。     

两系稻结实期胚乳和茎鞘非结构碳水化合物代谢活性的研究

选用不同类型的两系杂交稻, 研究结实期胚乳和茎、鞘非结构碳水化合物的代谢, 及其对灌浆结实的影响. 结果表明: 胚乳中ATPase和Q酶活性与灌浆结实密切相关; 胚乳中低含量可溶性糖表明了淀粉合成迅速. 茎鞘中高含量的可溶性糖是茎鞘碳水化合物代谢活跃的特征; 其可溶性糖含量与淀粉酶降解淀粉的活性显著相关; 茎鞘在由临时库     

作物杂种优势的生理生化研究进展

杂种优势是生物界的一种普遍现象，可以大幅度提高作物产量和改良作物品质，具有巨大的商用价值。基因必须通过DNA→mRNA→蛋白质才能对最终性状起作用。通过从DNA结构、基因表达、生理生化代谢、核质基因组互作等方面的综述，总结了国内外杂种优势遗传机理的研究成果。     

Diallel analysis of four resistance components to Septoria tritici in six crosses of wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Four resistance components, i.e. incubation period, latent period, maturation period and pycnidial coverage, were studied in a diallel cross of four wheat cultivars differing in susceptibility to Septoria tritici. Inoculations and evaluations were carried out at the fourth leaf stage for two years. A combined ANOVA for both years exhibited a significant interaction between crosses and years for maturation period. A separate ANOVA for each year was done for this trait. The combined ANOVA showed that crosses were significantly different for incubation, latent period and pycnidial coverage. Cross effects were also significant for maturation period in each year for the separate ANOVA. Year effects were significant for latent period and maturation period. General combining ability (GCA) was significant and preponderant for incubation period, latent period and pycnidial coverage. For maturation period, the separated ANOVA showed the significance of the GCA for both years. Specific combining ability (SCA) was significant for incubation and pycnidial coverage and for maturation in one year. The preponderance of the additive genetic variance for all traits indicates the possibility of selecting for them in order to obtain improved cultivars. Incubation period was inherited independently of maturation period and pycnidial coverage, indicating that combinations of some of those characters may lead to more effective and durable resistance.     

含正确木聚糖酶基因转化子的活性筛选

基因工程中,人们很难有效地筛选到带有正确基因的转化子。本文将木聚糖酶基因与pET20b重组,转化BL21(DE3) 大肠杆菌,选取10个转化子,放入0.5ml LB培养基过夜培养,补加9.5ml培养基2.5h后诱导,收集并冻融裂解细胞,检测酶活性,7个转化子酶活性接近或高于阳性对照菌落,认定为阳性转化子,经DNA测序证明基因序列正确。与以往检测基因不同,本研究直接检测转化子酶活性,筛掉不能表达活性酶的突变基因,称为活性筛选方法;其次,用冻融裂解细胞方法简化裂解过程,便于自动化高通量操作;最后,比较初筛酶活性,筛选高酶活转化子。这个过程只要2-3天,具有快速简便特点。     

盆栽观赏甘薯品种资源的筛选与应用

通过对1087份国家甘薯品种资源的调查、鉴定与评价,筛选出盆栽观赏甘薯品种资源10份,其中包括观叶甘薯品种资源4份,观花甘薯品种资源3份,观赏药用甘薯品种资源1份,观赏菜用甘薯品种资源2份。发掘了甘薯品种资源的观赏价值,创新了甘薯品种资源的利用途径,为农民增收提供了一个新的经济增长点,也丰富了中国甘薯育种的优、异、稀、特等资源材料。     

Genetic analysis of yield and related traits in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in dryland and irrigated environments

The definition of a suitable breeding strategy in drought-prone environments is an important task for sunflower breeders. To achieve this task, reliable information on heritability and gene effects on yield and related traits under these conditions is necessary. Thirty six sunflower hybrids were produced by factorial cross of six male-sterile and six restorer lines. Parents and their hybrids were evaluated in eight environments. Six environments consisted of two adjacent trials in the experimental area, the first under irrigation and the second under dryland conditions, during 1987, 1988 and 1992. The other environments were: one early planting trial in dryland conditions, conducted during 1987, and a winter trial planted in January during 1988. Estimates of female variance (σ_f) were significant for seeds per head, seed weight, head sterile center, days to blooming and oil content. Female × male interactions (σ² _fm) were significant for all characters except harvest index and index of susceptibility to drought. Estimates of narrow sense heritabilities, calculated with information from analyses combined across environments, were 0.65 for yield, 0.80 for seeds per head, 0.84 for seed weight, 0.81 for head diameter, 0.60 for sterile head center, 0.72 for oil content, 0.61 for harvest index, 0.72 for biomass, 0.94 for days to bloom, and 0.42 for drought susceptibility index. Heritability estimates for individual environments showed more variation for yield than for other traits. Estimates for heritability of canopy temperature were high (0.68–0.79). Rainfed yield was positively correlated with yield components and negatively correlated with canopy temperature and susceptibility index. It is concluded that an efficient breeding strategy for sunflower under moderate drought-stressed conditions is the simultaneous selection for seed yield in both rainfed and irrigated environments together with selection for canopy temperature and stem diameter. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.