High-temperature cubic boron nitride p-N junction diode made at high pressure

A p-n junction diode of cubic boron nitride was made by growing an n-type crystal epitaxially on a p-type seed crystal at a pressure of 55 kilobars and a temperature of about 1700 degrees C. A temperature-difference solvent method was used for the crystal growth, and beryllium and silicon were doped as acceptors and donors, respectively. Formation of the p-n junction was clearly confirmed at 1 bar by rectification characteristics and by existence of a space charge layer of the junction as observed by electron beam induced current measurement. This diode operated at 530 degrees C.     

High carrier mobility in single-crystal plasma-deposited diamond

Room-temperature drift mobilities of 4500 square centimeters per volt second for electrons and 3800 square centimeters per volt second for holes have been measured in high-purity single-crystal diamond grown using a chemical vapor deposition process. The low-field drift mobility values were determined by using the time-of-flight technique on thick, intrinsic, freestanding diamond plates and were verified by current-voltage measurements on p-i junction diodes. The improvement of the electronic properties of single-crystal diamond and the reproducibility of those properties are encouraging for research on, and development of, high-performance diamond electronics.     

高压4H-SiC 肖特基二极管的模拟及研制

结终端技术能提高4H-SiC肖特基势垒二极管器件的耐压性能.利用仿真软件ISE-TCAD10.0对具有结终端扩展JTE保护的4H-SiC SBD器件进行了仿真研究，并依据仿真优化好的参数试制了器件.实验测试结果表明，模拟优化结果与实验测试器件的结果一致性较好，实测此器件的反向电压值达2 000 V，接近理想击穿耐压88%，漏电流数值为0.1 mA/cm.     

Visible Light from Semiconductors: Luminescence from p-n junctions and potential uses of solid state light sources are discussed

Electroluminescence from semiconductor diode light sources can occur as a result of the application of a direct current at a low voltage to a suitably doped crystal containing a p-n junction. In recent years, it has become apparent that in some materials the efficiency of conversion of electric energy to visible light can be appreciably high. Since light-emitting diodes are compatible with the present electronic circuitry, they have many potential applications.     

Melting of diamond

Radiation from a Q-switched YAG laser, focused on the (100) face of a single crystal diamond anvil in a high-pressure diamond cell, caused a portion of the diamond anvil face to melt. Potassium bromide mixed with graphite was under pressure between the anvils when melting occurred. The diamond surface melted at pressures greater than approximately 120 kilobars and graphitized at lower pressures. Evidence for the melting and graphitization of the diamond was obtained by optical and scanning electron microscopy.     

菜地长波紫外线杀虫灯下昆虫多样性研究

采用市售长波紫外线太阳能LED杀虫灯对重庆露地种植模式下菜地趋光性昆虫进行诱捕试验,共捕集昆虫样本35科42种.明确了重庆露地种植模式下菜地长波紫外线灯下趋光性昆虫以鳞翅目Lepidoptera数量最多,其次是双翅目Diptera和鞘翅目Coleoptera,长波紫外线灯下优势种为摇蚊科Chironomidae莲藕潜叶摇蚊Stenochironomus nelumbus及螟蛾科Pyralidae甜菜白带野螟Hymenia recurvalis.从物种数来看,捕集到的昆虫以鞘翅目种类最多,其次是鳞翅目和半翅目Hemiptera.此外,双翅目昆虫优势集中性指数始终维持在较高水平,仅在2017年8月出现明显下降,达到最低值0.590 0.调查期间大部分时段菜地长波紫外线灯下昆虫物种组成达相似水平,其中以2016年8月与9月相似性水平最高,为0.837 8.从相异性指数来看,2016年6月与11月昆虫物种相异性最大,为0.729 7.     

Boundary layer profiles in plasma chemical vapor deposition

A nonlinear optical spectroscopy based on degenerate four-wave mixing has made possible direct measurements of species temperature and concentration profiles through the boundary layer of a reactive plasma at atmospheric pressure. Spectra were obtained for CH and C(2) radicals over a range of conditions including those for the plasma chemical vapor deposition of diamond films. Numerical simulations based on a one-dimensional stagnation-point flow model are in good agreement with the measurements. The CH mole fraction is shown to rise and fall as a function of distance from the substrate, which is compelling experimental evidence for the complex chemistry that is occurring in the plasma boundary layer.     

Clouds of venus: evidence for their nature

The linear polarization of sunlight multiply scattered by the atmosphere, and cloud particles of Venus has been computed and compared with observations over the wavelength range from the ultraviolet to the infrared region. The following properties of the visible cloud layer are derived: the refractive index of the cloud particles is 1.45 +/- 0.02 at a wavelength of 0.55 micron, and there is an indication of a slight decrease in the value from the ultraviolet to the near-infrared region; the mean particle radius is very near 1 micron, and most of the particles are spherical; the cloud layer occurs high in the atmosphere where the pressure is about 50 millibars (equivalent to an altitude of approximately 20 kilometers on the earth). The results for the index of refraction eliminate the possibility that the visible clouds are composed of pure water or ice.     

A reduction-pyrolysis-catalysis synthesis of diamond

Diamond powder was synthesized through a metallic reduction-pyrolysis-catalysis route with the reaction of carbon tetrachloride and sodium at 700 degreesC, in which the sodium was used as reductant and flux. This temperature is much lower than that of traditional methods. The x-ray powder diffraction patterns showed three strong peaks of diamond. The Raman spectrum showed a sharp peak at 1332 inverse centimeters, which is characteristic of diamond. Although the yield was only 2 percent, this method is a simple means of forming diamond.     

非线性中立型差分方程振动的充分条件

给出了在比较弱的条件下非线性中立型差分方程振动的几个充分条件．即若记（H1）：｜f（x）｜≥c｜x^a｜,（c〉0）;（H2）：∑n=r^∞qn=＋∞,下面4个条件之一成立：①Pn=1,且（H1）和（H2）成立;②pn=1,（H1）成立,且对（H1）中的a,∑n=rn^aqn（∑n=rqi）^a=∞成立;③0〈pn≤1,（H1）、（H2）成立,f（x）非减且（H1）中的a〈1;④1≤pn≤p,（H1）、（H2）成立,k≥m＋1,f（x）非减且（H1）中的a〉1,则非线性中立型差分方程△（xn-pnxn-k）＋qnf（xn-m）=0（n≥r）振动,其中m、n,k∈N,r=max{k,m},△xn=xn＋1-xn,f（x）连续,f（0）=0,且当x≠0时,xf（x）〉0,     

Diamond coating of titanium alloys

A titanium alloy was coated with a thin layer of synthetic diamond by chemical vapor deposition methods, achieving exceptional adhesion. Scientific and technological opportunities exist for the development of diamond-coated metal alloys and for a better understanding of adhesion mechanisms of hard, brittle coatings. An indentation method of wide applicability for measuring the adhesion of such coatings is discussed.     

Reelin promotes peripheral synapse elimination and maturation

Reelin is an extracellular protein that is crucial for layer formation in the embryonic brain. Here, we demonstrate that Reelin functions postnatally to regulate the development of the neuromuscular junction. Reelin is required for motor end-plate maturation and proper nerve-muscle connectivity, and it directly promotes synapse elimination. Unlike layer formation, neuromuscular junction development requires a function of Reelin that is not mediated by Disabled1 or very-low-density lipoprotein receptors and apolipoprotein E receptor 2 receptors but by a distinct mechanism involving its protease activity.     

Polymer light-emitting electrochemical cells

A device configuration for light emission from electroactive polymers is described. In these light-emitting electrochemical cells, a p-n junction diode is created in situ through simultaneous p-type and n-type electrochemical doping on opposite sides of a thin film of conjugated polymer that contains added electrolyte to provide the necessary counterions for doping. Light-emitting devices based on conjugated polymers have been fabricated that operate by the proposed electrochemical oxidation-reduction mechanism. Blue, green, and orange emission have been obtained with turn-on voltages close to the band gap of the emissive material.     

不同用量保水剂对紫花苜蓿比叶面积和光合特征的影响

为保持与高效利用绥化地区有效降水而达到人工苜蓿草地稳产增产的目的,以保水剂不同用量（0、15、30kg.hm-2）研究其用量对紫花苜蓿比叶面积和光合特征的生理响应。结果表明：施用保水剂对紫花苜蓿比叶面积无显著影响,对叶绿素含量和光合特征有显著影响。保水剂施用量为15kg.hm-2时,保水剂能显著提高紫花苜蓿叶片的pn、gs、Tr和WUE,而保水剂施用量为30kg.hm-2时,保水剂显著降低了pn、gs和Tr,但没有影响WUE。紫花苜蓿pn与gs、pn与Tr的相关性以施用量30kg.hm-2处理最强,依次是15kg.hm-2和CK。pn与WUE以施用量15kg.hm-2处理最强,依次是CK和30kg.hm-2处理。因此,加强保水剂在苜蓿产业化生产中的应用性仍需研究。     

Polycrystalline CVD Diamond Films with High Electrical Mobility

Advances in the deposition process have led to dramatic improvements in the electronic properties of polycrystalline diamond films produced by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). It is now possible to produce CVD diamond with properties approaching those of IIa natural diamonds. The combined electron-hole mobility, as measured by transient photoconductivity at low carrier density, is 4000 square centimeters per volt per second at an electric field of 200 volts per centimeter and is comparable to that of the best single-crystal IIa natural diamonds. Carrier lifetimes measured under the same conditions are 150 picoseconds for the CVD diamond and 300 picoseconds for single-crystal diamond. The collection distance at a field of 10 kilovolts per centimeter is 15 micrometers for the CVD diamond as compared to 30 micrometers for natural diamonds. The electrical qualities appear to correlate with the width of the diamond Raman peak. Also, although the collection distance at the highest fields in the films nearly equals the average grain size, there is no evidence of deleterious grain boundary effects.     

Strength of diamond

The yield strength of diamond is measured under a pressure of 10 gigapascals at temperatures up to 1550 degrees C by the analysis of x-ray peak shapes on diamond diffraction lines in a powdered sample as a function of pressure and temperature. At room temperature, the diamond crystals exhibit elastic behavior with increasing pressure. Significant ductile deformation is observed only at temperatures above 1000 degrees C at this pressure. The differential yield strength of diamond decreases with temperature from 16 gigapascals at 1100 degrees C to 4 gigapascals at 1550 degrees C. Transmission electron microscopy observations on the recovered sample indicate that the dominant deformation mechanism under high pressure and temperature is crystal plasticity.     

Phosphorus: an elemental catalyst for diamond synthesis and growth

As diamond-producing catalysts, 12 transition metals such as iron, cobalt, and nickel were first reported by General Electric researchers more than 30 years ago. Since then, no additional elemental catalyst has been reported. An investigation of the catalytic action of group V elements is of great interest from the viewpoint of producing an n-type semiconducting diamond crystal. In the present study, diamond was synthesized from graphite in the presence of elemental phosphorus at high pressure and temperature (7.7 gigapascals and 1800 degrees C). Furthermore, single-crystal diamond was grown on a diamond seed crystal.     

Diamonds, Eclogites, and the Oxidation State of the Earth's Mantle

The reaction dolomite + 2 coesite --><-- diopside + 2 diamond + 2O(2) defines the coexistence of diamond and carbonate in mantle eclogites. The oxygen fugacity of this reaction is approximately 1 log unit higher at a given temperature and pressure than the oxygen fugacities of the analogous reactions that govern the stability of diamond in peridotite. This difference allows diamond-bearing eclogite to coexist with peridotite containing carbonate or carbonate + diamond. This potential coexistence of diamond-bearing eclogite and carbonate-bearing peridotite can explain the presence of carbon-free peridotite interlayered with garnet pyroxenites that contain graphitized diamond in the Moroccan Beni Bousera massif at the Earth's surface and the preferential preservation of diamond-bearing eclogitic relative to peridotitic xenoliths in the Roberts Victor kimberlite.     

Losing ground: Farmland preservation,economic utilitarianism,and the erosion of the agrarian ideal

The trajectory of the public discourse on agriculture in the twentieth century presents an interesting pattern:shortly after World War II, the manner in which farming and farmers were discussed underwent a profound shift. This rhetorical change is revealed by comparing the current debate on farmland preservation with a tradition of agricultural discourse that came before, known as agrarianism. While agrarian writers conceived of farming as a rewarding life, a public good, and a source of moral virtue, current writers on farmland preservation speak of farming almost entirely in utilitarian terms describing its productive capacity and its economic returns. Proponents of farmland preservation use essentially the same underlying framework as critics of preservation:n economic utilitarian paradigm that purports to eschew normative values and evaluate land use decisions based on economic criteria only. I argue that, despite their good intentions, farmland preservationists are doomed to piecemeal victories at best, because their arguments, which rely on a utilitarian justification and disregard the agrarian ethic, are inadequate. Without expanding its focus beyond farmland to encompass farming and farmers, the movement risks losing both integrity and effectiveness.Matthew J. Mariola recently received his Masters degree in the Land Resources program at the Gaylord Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison. His research focuses on agrarian philosophy and farmer identity among conventional and organic farmers.The errors of politicians ignorant of agriculture can only rob it of its pleasures, and consign it to contempt and misery.– John Taylor, 1813     

陕西渭北农田土壤盐碱化空间分布及影响因素

为明确陕西省渭北地区农田土壤的盐碱化空间分布和主要影响因素,为区域耕地资源合理利用和低产田改良提供理论支持,以渭河以北、渭北低山及两侧的黄土高原和台塬为研究中心,通过区域调查、田间采样及室内分析,获得渭北0~60cm土层的盐碱化数据及相对应的空间、土壤性质、地下水、作物产量数据,对土壤盐渍化程度的分布状况进行定量评价,结合GIS软件绘制不同土壤层次的盐碱化分布图,结果表明:渭北0~60cm农田土壤盐碱化主要以轻度盐土和非碱化土为主,分别占农田总面积的93.5%和95.4%,各土层盐碱量从上到下逐渐增加,40~60cm土层含盐量达2.06g/kg,含碱量达4.93g/kg。土壤含盐量和碱化度较高区域分布在临渭区、富平县和蒲城县交界区域(卤泊滩周边)及黄河、渭河、洛河交汇的大荔县部分区域(盐池洼周边),韩城市黄河沿岸区域含盐量也较高。渭北农田0~20cm土层含盐量受地下水因素的影响最为明显,贡献率为43.55%,其次为空间因素和土壤因素。20~40cm土层受土壤因素影响最为显著,贡献率达44.14%,空间、地下水、管理因素次之。40~60cm土层较20~40cm土层受土壤因素影响更为显著,贡献率为68.34%,管理、空间、地下水因素次之。