近50年黑河流域潜在植被的演替及生态环境变化研究

本研究以综合顺序分类法(IOCSG)为基本理论方法,在GIS的支持下,利用黑河流域14个气象站点1961-2010年间50年的气候数据模拟出黑河流域潜在植被的演替过程,在此基础上耦合植被对气候变化的动态响应,分析不同气候条件下黑河流域潜在生态环境的变化。结果表明:1)黑河流域潜在植被类型在逐渐减少,到c时期(1991-2010)时仅有11种植被类型,并且在空间分布上差异性很大,下游额济纳旗地区植被类型非常单一。2)黑河中上游气候暖湿化,潜在植被向暖湿的植被类型发展,但变暖的速度大于变湿的速度,使植被类型不断退化;而下游额济纳旗地区,气候逐渐暖干化,潜在植被向暖干的植被类型发展,荒漠化较为严重。3)随着气候的变化,全流域植被类型逐渐减少,潜在生态环境逐渐恶化,近年来下游额济纳旗地区植被生态环境的严重恶化是气候变化和人为因素共同导致的结果。     

基于RS的石羊河流域植被覆盖度动态监测

采用NOAA和EOS/MODIS遥感影像资料,计算并分析了石羊河流域1997-2006年的植被演变特点.结果表明,自1997年以来石羊河流域的植被盖度发生了非常明显的变化,植被总体上仍然向退化方向发展,生态环境进一步恶化.植被退化主要表现在稀疏植被和茂密植被的大幅减少方面,稀疏植被有向裸地转化的趋势,茂密植被逐渐向适中植被和稀疏植被转化.     

青海湖流域植被物候格局时空动态变化及其与植被退化的关系

本研究利用2000-2014年期间MODIS 16 d合成EVI 数据,选用阈值法模型提取了青海湖流域逐年的植被关键物候期,分析了物候时空动态变化特征及其与植被退化的关系。结果表明,青海湖流域内植被陆续在4月中旬-6月中旬进入返青阶段,8月中旬-10月中旬进入枯黄期,生长季长度在100~150 d之间。植被陆续进入返青期的时间在流域整体空间上呈现由东南向西北延迟的水平地带性变化趋势,多高山分布区域的植被进入返青期时间表现出垂直非地带性特征。植被进入枯黄期的时间与进入返青期早晚的时间在空间格局上相反,生长季长短空间格局与植被进入返青时间早晚的空间格局一致。气候变化趋势下,流域植被物候时空动态变化存在空间异质性,返青期均值年际变化趋势不明显,枯黄期均值提前6.4 d,生长季均值缩短8.9 d。流域内植被物候除受气候因子影响外,与植被退化也有密切关系。植被生长趋于茂盛,返青期呈现延迟趋势;植被生长退化趋势,返青期呈现提前倾向。枯黄期与植被退化的关系较复杂,整体上未表现出明显一致的相关性。植被生长季与植被退化呈现强负相关,即植被生长呈现茂盛趋势的区域,生长季缩短。     

近10年石羊河流域水资源与生态环境遥感监测

在气候变暖的大背景下,石羊河生态环境发生了很大变化。针对流域生态环境的定量监测策略及关键技术,提出石羊河流域尺度的植被覆盖、水库面积、积雪面积等要素因子的快速监测方法,并具体通过实际监测水库蓄水前后面积、植被覆盖时空变化、积雪分布特征,分析石羊河流域生态环境。研究发现：1997-2006年,整个祁连山区域冰川积雪面积呈多波形变化,有线性增加趋势。其中,祁连山东段（石羊河流域上游）和中段积雪面积呈减少趋势,西段呈增加趋势。石羊河流域植被总面积整体上呈持续减少趋势,其中稀疏植被和茂密植被退化最严重,适中植被面积变化不大。红崖山水库面积基本呈增加趋势,最大值出现在2005年,是19.35 km2;最小值出现在2001年,为7.4 km2。     

通天河流域植被动态监测及其对气候因子的响应

通天河是长江源头重要的干流,探讨其植被生长状况及其与气候因子的响应对三江源区生态系统稳定性研究具有重要意义。本文以通天河流域为研究区,采用了广义回归神经网络(General regression neural network, GRNN)计算模型来反演叶面积指数(Leaf area index, LAI)和植被覆盖度(Fractional vegetation cover, FVC)数据,分析LAI和FVC的变化特征及其对气候因子的响应。分析结果表明：通天河流域植被总体呈显著波动增长趋势,LAI,FVC增长速率分别为(1.2×10^-3)·a^-1和(0.9×10^-3)·a^-1;流域内植被明显改善区分布在海拔较低水热条件较好的沟谷地带,但下游人类活动频繁的曲麻莱县和治多县周边地区植被退化明显;流域内植被主要生长在海拔4 000 m以上地区,超过5 200 m植被生长差,覆盖类型以低覆盖为主,中-高覆盖集中在河流下游地区;相较于气温而言,降水是影响该流域植被的主导因素,与植被LAI和FVC呈显著正相关。     

尼洋河流域植被特征时空变化及其对水热的响应

尼洋河作为工布江达县的"母亲河"，探究流域植被变化特征及其与水热的关系对生态建设具有重要意义。本研究以尼洋河流域为研究区，采用了广义回归神经网络（General regression neural network，GRNN）计算模型来反演叶面积指数（Leaf area index，LAI）和植被覆盖度（Fractional vegetation cover，FVC）数据集，分析LAI和FVC的时空变化特征及其对水热因子的响应。结果表明：2001-2019年以来，尼洋河流域植被总体呈现轻微改善趋势，植被集中生长于河流两岸并以常绿针叶林为主，远离河流的高海拔区域植被生长状况不佳，随海拔高度的升高LAI和FVC均趋近零值；流域植被覆盖类型分为极低、低、中和高覆盖四种，且覆盖类型以中、极低覆盖为主，中覆盖类型主要分布在河流周围，极低覆盖类型集中于远离河流的高海拔区域，且覆盖面积逐年呈现下降趋势，相反河流两岸的高覆盖类型区域面积出现扩张；相对于气温而言，流域内植被对降水的响应更为敏感，过多的降水对植被生长存在一定抑制作用。     

青海湖流域植被覆盖时空变化特征及驱动力分析

【目的】探索青海湖流域植被动态变化格局及其对气候变化和人类活动的响应。【方法】采用趋势分析、多元回归残差分析、偏相关分析等方法,以MOD13Q1遥感数据和气象数据为基础,分析2001-2019年流域植被覆盖时空变化特征及其驱动力。【结果】(1)2001-2019年青海湖流域植被覆盖度(FVC)增长率为2.1%/10 a,呈显著波动上升趋势(P<0.05),FVC改善面积约为1.21×10⁴ km²,占总面积的48.77%;(2)气候变化和人类活动对植被覆盖变化的贡献率分别为57.83%和41.52%;(3)降水和温度与FVC变化呈显著正相关的面积占比分别为7.93%和4.15%。【结论】近19 a年青海湖流域FVC整体改善显著,显著改善区域主要分布于流域西部和青海湖北岸区域;气候变化是流域FVC变化的主导因素,但人类活动对局地FVC变化具有显著的抑制作用;降水对流域FVC变化的影响力更高,局地FVC变化对温度响应更强烈。     

基于PSR模型的青海湖流域生态环境保护效果评价

由于受人类活动与自然环境变化等综合因素的影响,青海湖流域内生态环境的调节和自我恢复能力大幅下降,流域生态安全问题严重。本研究利用2002-2010年的MODIS NDVI产品、青海湖流域气象数据、流域社会数据构建了"压力-状态-响应(PSR)"模型,对青海湖流域生态环境保护效果进行评价研究。在此基础上,利用层次分析法分析了青海湖流域自然资源和社会资源数据,结果显示:1)2002-2008年,青海湖流域生态环境保护形势严峻,植被退化面积是植被恢复面积的2倍以上。2008-2010年,环境治理工程实施之后,恶化形势有所缓解,恶化面积减少至与植被恢复面积持平。2)实施治理工程之后,青海湖流域的生态环境有所好转,但是局部地区生态环境仍处于退化状态,甚至有恶化趋势。天峻县和共和县分别有3 415.36和2 324.57km2地区出现警戒状态,分别占当地陆地面积的25%和38%。较严重的是,海晏县有284.98km2地区的生态安全处于重度危险状态,占当地陆地面积的18%,剩余地区都处于轻度危险状态。根据青海湖流域生态环境安全指数评价研究,提出了减缓生态环境恶化的可行性措施和改进环境治理规划的建议。     

黄土丘陵区流域主要植被类型养分循环特征

以黄土丘陵沟壑区典型小流域纸坊沟流域为例,系统研究流域在植被稳定恢复期1种乔木、4种灌木和9种草地植被类型的养分循环平衡特征。结果表明,乔灌植被类型的叶片养分含量明显高于当年的新生枝条,新生枝条则明显高于枝干;乔木植被类型的生物量、氮磷养分累积量明显高于灌木植被类型,灌木植被类型则高于草地植被类型;乔木的氮养分循环速率是0.789,灌木为0.742,草地为1.000;乔木P2O5循环速率是0.881,灌木为0.758,草地为1.000。乔木的氮养分年盈余量是333.0 kg/km2,灌木为508.5 kg/km2,草地为597.0 kg/km2;乔木的P2O5年盈余量是333.0 kg/km2,灌木为423.0 kg/km2,草地为531.0 kg/km2。     

2000～2021年青海湖流域土地荒漠化时空变化分析

为定量评估青海湖流域生态环境的时空分布及动态变化，基于2000～2021年的MODIS影像数据，对青海湖流域的NDVI时空变化、气候成因进行了定量分析；同时利用NDVI格点数据开展了青海湖流域荒漠化评估及分析。结果表明，青海湖流域植被覆盖度由西向东逐渐递增，其西北部集中了大部分低、中低覆盖区，中部集中了大部分中高覆盖区，东北部集中了大部分高覆盖区。近22 a来，青海湖流域NDVI整体趋好，植被覆盖状况得到显著改善。但结果同时显示出青海湖流域局部地区仍存在荒漠化，面积为2 247 km²(截止2021年)，占整个流域的8.86%，以轻度荒漠化为主。重度荒漠化区域位于沙岛地区，轻度和中度荒漠化区域主要位于天峻地区。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein