氯虫苯甲酰胺在水稻及稻田环境中的残留动态

采用田间试验方法,研究了氯虫苯甲酰胺在稻田水、土壤和水稻植株中的消解动态,测定了氯虫苯甲酰胺在水稻和土壤中的最终残留量。稻田水和土壤样品采用丙酮提取,水稻样品用乙腈溶液浸泡提取,经玻璃层析柱净化,HPLC紫外分析测定。结果表明,稻田水、土壤、水稻植株、谷壳、糙米中氯虫苯甲酰胺添加浓度为0.005~1.0mg/kg时,平均回收率为85.06%~95.83%,变异系数在2.08%~5.77%之间。方法的最低检测浓度为:稻田水0.005mg/kg,土壤0.01mg/kg,水稻植株0.02mg/kg,谷壳0.02mg/kg,糙米0.01mg/kg。氯虫苯甲酰胺在稻田水、土壤和水稻植株中的消解动态均符合一级动力学方程,半衰期分别为3.1~5.0d、6.6~9.0d、8.0~9.9d。以33.86g/hm2和50.80g/hm2间隔14d施用氯虫苯甲酰胺2次和3次,末次施药21d后氯虫苯甲酰胺的最高残留量为:土壤0.217mg/kg,水稻植株0.879mg/kg,谷壳0.389mg/kg,糙米0.018mg/kg。氯虫苯甲酰胺在糙米中的残留量低于我国和食品法典委员会(CAC)及欧盟的最大残留限量(MRL)标准。     

己唑醇在水稻上的残留和消解动态研究

研究了己唑醇在水稻植株、稻田水、土壤、稻壳、糙米中的残留及消解动态。己唑醇的最小检出量分别为2.5×10-11g,在稻田水中的最低检出浓度为1.25×10-3mg/L,在水稻植株、土壤、稻壳和糙米中的最低检出浓度为6.25×10-3mg/kg。湖南长沙和贵州贵阳两地残留消解动态实验结果表明,己唑醇在植株中的半衰期分别为7.44、7.07 d。最终残留实验表明,己唑醇按推荐剂量360g（a.i.）/hm2,分别施药2、3次,在距最后1次施药后的第28d或水稻收获,收获的糙米中己唑醇的残留量均未超过欧盟规定大米中MRL值0.02mg/kg。     

乙基多杀菌素在稻田水、土壤和水稻植株中的残留及消解动态

采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)方法,研究了乙基多杀菌素中2种主要组分(XDE-175-J和XDE-175-L)在稻田水、土壤和水稻植株中的残留分析及消解动态。土壤和植株样品采用乙腈提取,乙二胺-N-丙基硅烷(PSA)净化;田水样品用0.1%甲酸溶液和乙腈稀释;UPLC-MS/MS分析。结果表明:XDE-175-J和XDE-175-L在田水、土壤和植株中的检出限(LOD)分别为2.5×10-4mg/L和5.0×10-4、0.001 mg/kg,定量限(LOQ)分别为0.001 mg/L和0.002、0.005 mg/kg。当添加水平为0.001~0.5 mg/kg(L)时,乙基多杀菌素在田水、土壤和水稻植株中的平均回收率为83%~102%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.9%~6.2%。消解动态试验结果表明:6%乙基多杀菌素悬浮剂(SC)按1.5倍推荐使用高剂量(有效成分40.5 g/hm2)于水稻拔节期施药1次,乙基多杀菌素在田水、土壤及水稻植株中的消解动态规律均符合一级动力学方程,半衰期分别为0.35、6.8和1.1 d;施药21 d后,其在水稻植株和田水中的消解率均在95%以上,在土壤中的消解率为86.1%;属易消解型农药。     

吡蚜酮在水稻和稻田中的残留降解行为研究

为评价吡蚜酮及其制剂在稻田使用后的生态环境安全性。指导吡蚜酮及其制剂的科学合理使用,借助高效液相色谱分析技术,通过添加回收率试验,研究并建立了吡蚜酮在稻田样品中的残留分析方法,在稻田水体和土壤中残留降解行为。吡蚜酮在稻田水、土壤和水稻植株中的降解半衰期分别为7．34～9．07d、13．35～14．53d、11．2I～11．45d;最小检出浓度为7.5×10^-3mg/kg。最小检出量为3．0×10^-10g;添加回收率达80％以上。     

杀虫单在水稻和稻田土壤、水中的残留分析方法研究

本文通过对水稻和土壤样品用HCl水溶液提取,NaOH溶液调节pH,经石油醚萃取,正己烷定容,气相色谱（GC—ECD）测定水稻和土壤中杀虫单残留,杀虫单的最小检测量为1．0×10^-11g,在稻田土壤、水稻植株、谷壳和糙米中的最低检出浓度为2．5×10^-3mg／kg．在稻田水中的最低检出浓度为5．0×10^-4mg／kg。当添加浓度0．05～5．0mg／kg时,杀虫单在水稻植株、稻田水、糙米、谷壳和稻田土壤中的添加回收率分别为90．2％～99．3％、94．2％～98．7％、92．6％-99．1％、92．7％-99．1％、90．8％～101．2％;变异系数分别为2．2％～11．4％、1．5％-2．2％、43％～6．5％、1．3％～4．9％、2．1％～10．7％。     

吡嘧磺隆在水稻中的残留消解及膳食风险评估

本文建立了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)测定糙米、稻壳、稻田水、土壤和水稻植株中吡嘧磺隆残留的分析方法,并对我国不同人群的膳食暴露风险进行评估。样品经甲酸乙腈提取,超纯水稀释10倍,UPLC-MS/MS检测。结果表明:在添加水平为0.000 5~1mg/kg范围内,吡嘧磺隆在稻田水、土壤、糙米、稻壳和水稻植株中平均回收率为73.7%~113.6%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.5%~12.5%。2014年-2015年北京、安徽和广西田间规范残留试验表明,吡嘧磺隆在水稻植株、土壤和稻田水中的消解符合一级动力学方程,半衰期分别为0.8~2.9d,4.4~5.2d和0.9~5.9d。膳食摄入风险评估显示:我国各类人群的吡嘧磺隆国家估计每日摄入量(NEDI)为0.002 2~0.005 3μg/kg,风险商值(RQ)为5.1×10~(-5)~1.23×10~(-4),表明吡嘧磺隆在糙米中的残留水平不会对人类健康造成不可接受的慢性中毒风险。     

20%高渗乙蒜素乳油在水稻植株、稻米、稻壳、稻田水及土壤中的残留检测及消解动态

研究了20%高渗乙蒜素乳油在水稻植株、稻米、稻壳、稻田水和土壤中的残留分析方法及消解动态。样品采用二氯甲烷提取,液液分配净化,气相色谱(GC-ECD)测定。结果表明:乙蒜素在稻田水样中的平均添加回收率为85.3% ~89.1%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为4.3% ~6.3%;在植株中的平均添加回收率为87.0% ~90.3%,相对标准偏差为2.6% ~4.9%;在土壤中的平均添加回收率为90.3% ~95.4%,相对标准偏差为3.0% ~7.4%。乙蒜素的最小检出量为2.0 ×10-11 g,水样、土样、植株(以及稻米和稻壳) 中乙蒜素的最低检测浓度分别为0.002、0.01、0.02 mg/kg。湖南、天津、浙江、湖北 4地 的残留消解动态试验结果表明: 20%高渗乙蒜素乳油在稻田水样和水稻植株中的半衰期分别是 0.3 ~1.1 d和1.4~2.1 d。至水稻收获时,在稻田土壤、稻米和稻壳中均未检出乙蒜素残留,建议我国对乙蒜素在水稻中的最大允许残留限量(MRL)值可暂定为0.05 mg/kg。     

烯啶虫胺在水稻和稻田环境中的残留及消解动态

采用高效液相色谱-紫外检测器(HPLC-UVD)测定了烯啶虫胺在稻田水、土壤、水稻植株和糙米样品中的消解动态及最终残留。田水样品用二氯甲烷萃取;土壤样品用水提取后经二氯甲烷萃取;水稻植株和糙米样品依次用水、丙酮提取,提取液经液液萃取及柱层析净化;HPLC-UVD检测。当烯啶虫胺在田水和土壤中的添加水平为0.1~5 mg/L和0.1~5 mg/kg,在植株和糙米中的添加水平为0.2~5 mg/kg时,其平均添加回收率在77.2% ~100.3%之间,相对标准偏差 (RSD)在1.9% ~12.9%之间。烯啶虫胺在稻田水、土壤、植株和糙米中方法的定量限(LOQ)分别为0.1 mg/L和0.1、0.2、0.2 mg/kg,检出限(LOD)分别为0.04 mg/L和0.04、0.08、0.08 mg/kg。温室模拟消解动态试验结果显示,以推荐使用高剂量的20倍(有效成分1 500 g/hm2) 施药,烯啶虫胺在稻田水、土壤以及水稻植株中的消解动态规律均符合一级动力学方程,其半衰期分别为0.58、3.31及2.70 d,消解速率较快。最终残留试验表明,于大田分蘖期按推荐使用高剂量的1.5倍(有效成分112.5 g/hm2)分别施药3次和4次,间隔期为7 d,距最后一次施药7 d后采样,糙米中烯啶虫胺的残留量均低于LOD值(0.08 mg/kg)及日本规定的最大残留限量(MRL)值(0.5 mg/kg)。     

氯氟氰虫酰胺在稻田环境中的残留及消解特性

建立了一种快速、灵敏、可靠的用于分析稻田环境中氯氟氰虫酰胺残留的方法,同时研究了氯氟氰虫酰胺在稻田环境中的消解特性。田间样品经液-液分配及优化的Qu ECh ERS方法提取及净化,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)进行定性、定量分析。结果表明:添加水平分别在0.002~0.5 mg/kg下,氯氟氰虫酰胺在稻田水、土壤以及水稻植株空白样品中的平均添加回收率为70%~101%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=5)为0.7%~9.1%,其在田水、土壤和水稻植株中的最低检测浓度分别为0.002、0.005和0.01 mg/kg。该方法可满足水稻及其环境中氯氟氰虫酰胺残留量的检测要求。消解动态试验结果表明,氯氟氰虫酰胺在稻田水、土壤及水稻植株中的消解过程符合一级动力学方程,消解半衰期分别为4.8~7.7 d、5.2~8.3 d和1.5~15.4 d,属于易消解农药。     

水稻田样品中噻呋酰胺残留检测方法研究

建立了噻呋酰胺在稻田土壤、稻田水、水稻秸秆、水稻绿色植株、谷壳和糙米中的残留检测方法。稻田水中的噻呋酰胺用LC-18固相萃取小柱分离、净化和富集;稻田土壤、水稻秸秆、谷壳和糙米样品采用V(丙酮):V(石油醚)=1:1超声提取,硅胶柱净化;绿色植株样品用石油醚超声提取,硅胶柱净化。提取净化后的所有样品均采用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(GC-ECD)测定。结果表明,噻呋酰胺在0.005～10 mg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数(r)为0.999 1。其方法检出限分别为:稻田水中0.005 mg/L,土壤、水稻秸秆、绿色稻株、谷壳及糙米中均为0.004 mg/kg。 在水样中添加水平为0.05、0.5和1 mg/L及在土壤、秸秆、绿色稻株、谷壳和糙米中添加水平为0.04、0.4和4 mg/kg时,添加回收率均在86.6%～106.2%范围内,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.3%～9.9%。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.