胸膜肺炎放线杆菌毒素ⅠBD基因特异性片段的克隆及表达

以胸膜肺炎放线杆菌（APP）血清1型标准菌株基因组为模板，用PCR扩增ApxⅠ BD基因的特异性片段；对PCR产物纯化回收后与载体pMD18-T进行连接、转化，经酶切和序列分析鉴定后亚克隆到原核表达载体pET28a中，构建重组表达质粒pETIBD；转入大肠埃希氏菌BL21中，以IPTG诱导表达，进行SDS-PAGE电泳。结果，从APP中克隆的ApxⅠ BDDNA序列与已发表序列的同源性为100％，长1447bp，编码482个氨基酸，所表达的融合蛋白相对分子质量约54ku，与预期的大小相符。结果表明，含有ApxⅠBD基因特异性片段的重组表达载体pETⅠBD已成功构建。     

胸膜肺炎放线杆菌外膜脂蛋白的原核表达及免疫原性分析

以猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌(APP)血清1型SC-A株基因组DNA为模板,用PCR扩增外膜脂蛋白(OML)基因特异片段,并克隆于pMD18-T中,经酶切及核苷酸序列分析鉴定后,亚克隆于原核表达载体pET-32 a(+),成功构建了重组表达载体pET-mOML。以此转化大肠埃希氏菌BL21(DE3),IPTG诱导表达,SDS-PAGE鉴定,表达的融合蛋白(TRX-mOML)分子质量约为60 ku,表达产物主要以包涵体形式存在,采取非变性电泳方法对蛋白进行纯化,经ELISA检测,重组OML免疫小鼠可产生较高水平的抗OML抗体,这表明重组OML有较好的免疫原性。     

猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌ApxⅣ毒素基因的克隆与表达

以猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌（APP）血清2型标准菌株基因组DNA为模板,用PCR方法扩增ApxⅣ毒素基因特异片段1.5 kb左右,将PCR产物纯化后与pMD18-T连接并测序,结果该片段的碱基序列与GenBank中标准株序列的同源性为98%。随后将该片段亚克隆到原核表达载体pET-28a（＋）的多克隆位点,经鉴定后得到重组质粒pET-ApxⅣ,将此重组质粒转化到受体菌BL21-DL3中,并用诱导剂乳糖进行诱导表达,5 h后表达达到高峰。经12%SDS-PAGE电泳检测,表达得到的融合蛋白约为61 000。经Western blotting分析,表达蛋白能与APP阳性血清发生特异性反应,而与阴性血清不反应。     

羊布鲁菌陕西分离株OMP19基因的克隆、序列分析及原核表达

对羊布鲁菌(Brucella)陕西分离株OMP19基因进行克隆、序列分析及原核表达。利用GenBank中收录的布鲁菌(KT229642.1)OMP19基因序列,设计合成引物,应用PCR技术扩增OMP19基因,并将OMP19基因连接到原核表达载体pET-28a中,构建重组质粒pET28a-OMP19,转化到BL21感受态细胞进行诱导表达,通过SDS-PAGE和Western blot法分析。结果克隆了羊布鲁菌陕西分离株OMP19全基因序列,核苷酸序列分析表明,陕西分离株OMP19基因与国内外已报道的羊布鲁菌核苷酸同源性超过98%,氨基酸同源性超过98%。OMP19重组菌经诱导表达约为19ku的重组蛋白,该蛋白能与本实验室鉴定保存的阳性血清特异性结合,反应原性良好。为羊布鲁菌陕西分离株分子生物学特性研究提供资料,为进一步进行基因工程疫苗研制及ELISA试剂盒抗体检测提供了基础。     

胸膜肺炎放线杆菌ApxIA毒素蛋白免疫原性分析

为鉴定胸膜肺炎放线杆菌（Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae，APP）ApxIA毒素蛋白N端疏水区和C端Ca^2＋结合区的免疫原性，参照apxIA基因序列（D16582）设计4条引物，用于扩增APP血清10型参考菌株（D13039）基因组DNA中长约3．2kb的apxIA基因及其N端（1．4kb）和C端（1．8kb）基因片段，经克隆测序后分别插入原核表达载体pET-32a中进行表达，表达的融合蛋白大小分别约为125Ku、65Ku和80Ku。表达产物免疫小鼠后的攻毒保护试验结果显示，ApxIA表达蛋白对APP血清10型（D13039）攻毒可提供完全保护，而对APP血清1型（4074）攻毒仅能提供部分保护，与提纯的Apx1毒素蛋白免疫保护效果相当；ApxIA-N端表达蛋白免疫保护活性显著高于ApxIA-C端表达蛋白，提示ApxIA蛋白免疫活性位点多位于N端，在Apx1毒素蛋白的保护性抗原活性中发挥更重要作用。     

牛分支杆菌MPT83基因的表达及重组蛋白的纯化

从牛分支杆菌培养物中抽提总DNA，扩增了MPT83基因，并克隆入pMD-18-T Simple Vector，将测序正确的目的基因插入表达载体pET-32a（＋）中，转化BL21（DE3）宿主菌，IPTG诱导表达，用亲和层析方法对表达蛋白进行了纯化。经测序，构建的克隆质粒pMD-MPT83与Gen-Bank中的序列一致；构建的表达质粒pET-MPT83经PCR和BamHI＋HindⅢ双酶切鉴定构建正确；经SDS-PAGE分析，在约42ku处出现新的蛋白条带，4h后表达量即达到高峰；Westernblotting分析表明，融合蛋白能够被牛分支杆菌阳性血清所识别；纯化的表达蛋白经SDS-PAGE电泳，出现清晰的单一条带。表明MPT83基因原核表达载体构建成功。     

布鲁菌外膜蛋白Omp31原核表达及抗原性分析

克隆羊布鲁菌的外膜蛋白Omp31基因,在大肠埃希菌中表达、纯化,并对Omp31蛋白的抗原性进行分析。以羊布鲁菌的染色体DNA为模板,扩增Omp31基因,双酶切后克隆至pET32a上,在大肠埃希菌ER2566(DE3)中诱导表达,组氨酸结合树脂柱纯化,Western blot鉴定Omp31蛋白的抗原性。将Omp31克隆至载体pET32a,提取的重组质粒经PCR鉴定、双酶切鉴定和测序分析确定目的基因成功插入到了克隆载体中。将重组质粒转化于大肠埃希菌ER2566(DE3)中表达获得HIS融合蛋白,SDS-PAGE分析证明,表达产物为43 ku的融合蛋白。Western blot结果表明,表达的蛋白具有与布鲁菌外膜蛋白相同的抗原性。     

荷包猪SLA-3-HB01基因四聚体前体链的构建及表达

为了构建荷包猪SLA-3-HB01基因四聚体前体链原核表达载体,并获得SLA-3-HB01表达蛋白,试验以SLA-3-HB01/pMD18-T为模板进行PCR扩增四聚体前体链SLA-3-HB01-BSP,并克隆至pMD19-T载体中,经NdeⅠ和XhoⅠ双酶切筛选阳性克隆并测序,目的基因连接至表达载体pET-21a（+）,转化大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）感受态细胞,经IPTG诱导表达,SDS-PAGE检测目的蛋白大小及表达情况,提取包涵体并进行检测。结果显示,PCR成功扩增得到SLA-3-HB01-BSP,大小为896 bp左右。酶切鉴定证实,目的基因成功克隆至pMD19-T载体中,插入片段大小为876 bp,阳性克隆经测序后所获序列与原序列一致,并在3'端带有BSP标签序列。酶切鉴定进一步证实成功构建SLA-3-HB01-BSP/pET-21a（+）重组表达载体,经转化及诱导表达,SDS-PAGE检测显示目的蛋白分子质量在33.5 ku左右。包涵体蛋白分子质量约33.5 ku,与菌体中目的蛋白大小一致,经凝胶成像系统UVP扫描分析,包涵体蛋白纯度接近于90%,符合进行相关结构和功能研究的要求。本研究成功构建了荷包猪SLA-3-HB01基因四聚体前体链的pET-21a（+）重组表达系统,并获得了一定纯度的包涵体蛋白。     

布鲁氏菌Omp19基因的生物信息学分析、克隆表达和ELISA方法的初步建立

为了进一步研究布鲁氏菌外膜蛋白19（outer membrane protein 19,OMP19）的结构与功能,并获得具有反应原性的OMP19重组蛋白,建立布鲁氏菌间接ELISA抗体检测方法,试验通过生物信息学软件对OMP19蛋白进行氨基酸序列分析,经PCR技术克隆Omp19基因,利用无缝克隆技术构建重组表达载体pET-32a-Omp19,将其转化大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）感受态细胞,诱导其表达并纯化,并通过Western blotting和ELISA分析方法分别检测OMP19蛋白的反应原性,以建立基于该蛋白的间接ELISA方法。结果显示,OMP19蛋白N端有19个信号肽序列,二级结构以无规则卷曲为主,且OMP19蛋白含有优势抗原表位,利用PCR技术和无缝克隆技术成功构建了Omp19基因的原核表达载体pET-32a-Omp19,成功诱导表达并纯化了OMP19融合蛋白,大小约为35 ku,与理论值相符,并通过Western blotting和ELISA方法鉴定OMP19的反应原性,结果表明该蛋白具有较好的反应原性,且包被浓度为10 μg/mL,一抗稀释比为1：50,二抗稀释比为1：8 000时,P/N值最大,为2.80。本研究结果为布鲁氏菌病快速诊断方法的建立和新型疫苗的研发奠定了理论基础。     

烟台黑猪SLA-2-YTH原核表达载体的构建及表达

为构建烟台黑猪SLA-2-YTH基因原核表达载体,本研究设计引物PCR扩增SLA-2-YTH胞外区,将其克隆至pMD 19-T Simple 载体,筛选阳性克隆。阳性克隆经酶切后,进一步与表达载体pET-28a(+)连接,转化BL21（Rosseta）感受态细胞并进行诱导表达,SDS-PAGE检测蛋白表达情况。结果显示,SLA-2-YTH胞外区亚克隆大小为834 bp,酶切鉴定证实其成功插入pET-28a（+）表达载体。SDS-PAGE结果显示,SLA-2-YTH基因导入宿主菌后成功表达,蛋白大小约31.0 ku,与预期结果相符,优化后蛋白相对表达量达25%以上。本研究成功构建了烟台黑猪SLA-2-YTH原核表达载体,获得了表达蛋白,为今后进一步的结构和功能研究奠定基础。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein