Phylogenetic relationships among five species of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Armeniaca</Emphasis> Scop. (Rosaceae) using microsatellites (SSRs) and capillary electrophoresis

The genus Armeniaca Scop. is well known for its popular cultivated edible fruit trees such as Armeniaca vulgaris Lam. and ornamental flowers such as A. mume Sieb. Another species, A. cathayana Fu et al., one of six important dry fruits (kernel-using apricot), is cultivated for its edible seeds in North China. In the present study, DNA from 70 individuals of Armeniaca, including 38 of A. cathayana, 18 of A. vulgaris, 12 of A. sibirica, 1 of A. dasycarpa and 1 of A. mume, was extracted and analyzed using microsatellites and capillary electrophoresis. For 20 polymorphic loci selected, 339 alleles and 140.7 effective alleles were detected. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 8 to 28, with an average of 16.95 alleles per locus. The observed heterozygosity (Ho) and the expected heterozygosity (He) ranged from 0.427 to 0.971 and from 0.737 to 0.912, respectively. The polymorphism information content varied from 0.708 to 0.905, with an average of 0.827. Based on the genetic similarity among 70 individuals, a UPGMA was used to establish the phylogenetic relationships. The taxonomic positions among five species were clearly revealed, and A. cathayana was more closely related to A. vulgaris than to A. sibirica. The results will provide a scientific basis for research on the taxonomy, germplasm resources and breeding of Armeniaca, especially for A. cathayana.     

Molecular characterization and genetic relationships among most common identified morphotypes of critically endangered rare Moroccan species Argania spinosa (Sapotaceae) using RAPD and SSR markers

? The objective of this work is the molecular characterization of most common identified morphotypes of critically endangered rare Moroccan species Argania spinosa.

? Eighteen RAPD markers and twenty SSR markers have been assayed in 38 argan tree accessions from the three most commonly identified morphotypes: oval, spherical and spindle fruit types.

? A total of 140 polymorphic RAPD bands were detected out of 146 bands. The number of presumed alleles revealed by the SSR analysis ranged from 1 to 5 alleles per locus with a total number of 32 alleles identified. Results demonstrated an extensive genetic variability within the tested argan accessions. RAPDs presented a high level of polymorphism and greater information content than SSRs.

? Our results could indicate that Vitellaria paradoxa is genetically closer to argan than Manilkara huberi. In addition, the correlation between the clustering based on RAPD and SSR markers were in general low. The observed clustering could be better explained according to geographic proximity than morphotype. For this reason the traditional morphological characterization of the argan accessions in morphotypes (according to fruit phenotype) seem not to be in correlation to the real genetic background (genotype) of this specie. The implications of these results in the creation of effective germplasm core collection in argan have been also discussed.

     

Determination of inter- and intra-species genetic relationships among six Eucalyptus species based on inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR)

Eucalyptus is the most economically important hardwood plantation tree cultivated in tropical and subtropical countries. Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were used to evaluate genetic relationships within and between individuals of six Eucalyptus species. A total of 583 loci (265 to 1535 bp) were amplified from 149 individuals belonging to the six Eucalyptus species using seven ISSR primers (two to three nucleotide repeats anchored with one or two nucleotides at the 3' or 5' region). The ISSR fragments indicated significant polymorphism and genetic diversity among the individuals. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis revealed the occurrence of wide genetic diversity among populations of E. tereticornis Sm., E. camaldulensis Dehnh. and E. urophylla S.T. Blake and narrow genetic diversity among populations of E. citriodora Hook. and E. grandis W. Hill ex Maiden. Genetic diversity was high in E. tereticornis Sm. (47.27%) and low in E. citriodora (18.64%). Maximum Nei's genetic identity (0.897) was observed between E. camaldulensis and E. tereticornis species, whereas maximum genetic diversity (0.286) was found between individuals of E. citriodora and E. grandis.     

'凯特'与'新世纪'杏自交不亲和S-Rnase基因的检测及克隆

近几年来,植物自交不亲和性(self-incompatibility: SI)的分子机理研究取得了很大进展(Sassa et al.,1996; 张绍铃等,2001; Wang et al.,2003),一般SI被分为孢子体型自交不亲和性 (sporophytic SI:SSI)和配子体型自交不亲和性(gametophytic SI:GSI)两大类.     

板栗野生居群与栽培品种间叶绿体微卫星遗传差异初探

对24对epSSR通用引物进行筛选,选用4对呈现多态性的引物对板栗的4个野生居群和9个地方品种群进行遗传分析.结果表明:4个位点在128个样本中扩增等位基因数(Na)平均为3,有效等位基因数(Ne)平均为1.635,期望杂合度(He)平均为0.381,各遗传参数值远低于核基因组对群体研究的相应值.4个等位基因共组合出8种单倍型,既有共享率超过57%的单倍型,也存在特异稀有单倍型,其中陕西汉中与安徽广德板栗天然野生居群,具有较高的单倍型多样性,分别为0.671和0.781,明显高于其他地区,显示两地是板栗的分布及遗传多样性中心.基于cpSSR数据,对板栗地方品种与天然野生居群间的遗传结构、关系及地方品种的起源进行初步探讨.     

Variation in wood properties among five full-sib families of Norway spruce (Picea abies)

Genetic- and environmental variation and correlation patterns were characterized for modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR) and related wood traits: latewood proportion, wood density, spiral grain, microfibril angle and lignin content in five full-sib families of Norway spruce. The families were evaluated on the basis of clearwood specimens from the juvenile -mature wood transition zone of 93 sampled trees at age 30 year from seed. Family-means varied significantly (p < 0.05) for all wood traits studied except lignin content. MOE varied between 7.9–14.1 GPa among trees and 9.4–11.0 GPa among families. MOR varied between 47–87 MPa among trees and 61–71 MPa among families. Families remained significantly different in an analysis of specific MOE (MOE/density) and MOR (MOR/density). Hence, solely relying on wood density as a wood quality trait in tree breeding would not fully yield the potential genetic gain for MOE and MOR. Correlations between wood structural traits and specific MOE and MOR are presented and discussed.     

Response of five tree species to salinity and waterlogging: shoot and root biomass and relationships with leaf and root ion concentrations

Unproductive saline and waterlogged (WT) wastelands could be beneficially transformed into agroforestry systems using trees tolerant to these stresses. We studied the salinity and waterlogging tolerance of five Australian tree species (Acacia salicina, Casuarina glauca, Casuarina obesa, Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Eucalyptus occidentalis) during seedling stage and their relationships with root and leaf ion concentrations. 8-month old plants were exposed for 5 months to five irrigation water salinity treatments (EC values between 2 and 22 dS m^?1) and two waterlogging treatments (drained or WT). The salinity tolerance of the five species was high, although decreased in WT conditions. Irrespective of salinity, the two Casuarina species were more tolerant and the other three species were less tolerant to WT than drained conditions. In all species, salinity and waterlogging increased leaf Cl^? and Na⁺ and decreased leaf Ca²⁺, but not leaf K⁺. Root Cl^? and Na⁺ increased with salinity but not with waterlogging. Salinity tolerance was negatively correlated with Cl^? and Na⁺ leaf accumulation rates per unit increase in salinity. Waterlogging reduced the ability of the seedlings to exclude Cl^? and Na⁺ from the leaves. The two most salt tolerant Casuarina species under both drained and WT conditions showed the highest leaf Cl^? and Na⁺ exclusion and the highest root Cl^? and Na⁺ accumulation, suggesting that sequestration of these toxic ions in their roots was a significant salt-tolerant mechanism. Revegetation of saline and WT wastelands with these tolerant Casuarina species could be profitably used for biomass, biofuel and renewable energy production.     

不同女贞光合和荧光特性比较

以女贞、‘日本金叶女贞’和‘日本银边女贞’为研究对象,对其光合速率和叶绿素快相荧光动力学参数差异及其原因进行了分析.结果表明:三者均表现为阳性植物特征,但金叶和银边女贞的净光合速率(Pn)、表观量子效率和光饱和点皆显著低子女贞,光补偿点皆显著高于女贞,表明金叶和银边女贞的光能利用率显著低于女贞.3(品)种女贞的叶绿素快相荧光动力学曲线均为典型的OJIP曲线,但其荧光动力学参数存在显著差异.金叶女贞的PSⅡ受体侧质体醌库(Sm)容量最小(为女贞和银边女贞的60％～70％),利用光能的效率低;银边女贞PSⅡ反应中心数目(NRC/CSm)最少(为女贞和金叶女贞的40％ ～60％),捕获光能总能力低,最终表现为金叶和银边女贞的光合性能指数(Ics、IABS)均低于女贞.     

Genetic diversity analysis of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) populations using microsatellites and chloroplast sequences

The agricultural landscape of the United States could soon be changed by planting of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) cultivars to meet government-mandated targets for lignocellulosic bioenergy production and consumption. This alteration could affect the genetic structure of wild switchgrass populations, which are native to the eastern half of North America through cultivar introgression. In this study, PCR amplification of microsatellite fragments as well as chloroplast gene-specific markers were utilized to quantify the genetic diversity and structure of five native populations and three agronomic fields (hereafter ‘populations’) planted with switchgrass cultivars. Microsatellite polymorphism across all the switchgrass populations ranged from 91.4 to 100 %. Overall, natural switchgrass populations had significantly higher mean genetic diversity than agronomic switchgrass cultivars (0.262 ± 0.102 and 0.201 ± 0.082 respectively, t test p < 0.008). Natural switchgrass populations had significantly higher total genetic diversity within (H_S) and among (H_T) as compared to agronomic switchgrass cultivars. A clear separation of natural and agronomic switchgrass populations was noted using principal component analysis and STRUCTURE analysis. A grouping pattern similar to that obtained in the microsatellite study was observed when chloroplast nucleotide sequence variation was assessed. In the realm of bioenergy sustainability, our results highlight the need to consider the genetic structure of cultivars for bioenergy when they are grown in proximity to native switchgrass populations.     

Seedlings of five boreal tree species differ in acclimation of net photosynthesis to elevated CO(2) and temperature

Biochemical models of photosynthesis suggest that rising temperatures will increase rates of net carbon dioxide assimilation and enhance plant responses to increasing atmospheric concentrations of CO(2). We tested this hypothesis by evaluating acclimation and ontogenetic drift in net photosynthesis in seedlings of five boreal tree species grown at 370 and 580 &mgr;mol mol(-1) CO(2) in combination with day/night temperatures of 18/12, 21/15, 24/18, 27/21, and 30/24 degrees C. Leaf-area-based rates of net photosynthesis increased between 13 and 36% among species in plants grown and measured in elevated CO(2) compared to ambient CO(2). These CO(2)-induced increases in net photosynthesis were greater for slower-growing Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P., Pinus banksiana Lamb., and Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch than for faster-growing Populus tremuloides Michx. and Betula papyrifera Marsh., paralleling longer-term growth differences between CO(2) treatments. Measures at common CO(2) concentrations revealed that net photosynthesis was down-regulated in plants grown at elevated CO(2). In situ leaf gas exchange rates varied minimally across temperature treatments and, contrary to predictions, increasing growth temperatures did not enhance the response of net photosynthesis to elevated CO(2) in four of the five species. Overall, the species exhibited declines in specific leaf area and leaf nitrogen concentration, and increases in total nonstructural carbohydrates in response to CO(2) enrichment. Consequently, the elevated CO(2) treatment enhanced rates of net photosynthesis much more when expressed on a leaf area basis (25%) than when expressed on a leaf mass basis (10%). In all species, rates of leaf net CO(2) exchange exhibited modest declines with increasing plant size through ontogeny. Among the conifers, enhancements of photosynthetic rates in elevated CO(2) were sustained through time across a wide range of plant sizes. In contrast, for Populus tremuloides and B. papyrifera, mass-based photosynthetic rates did not differ between CO(2) treatments. Overall, net photosynthetic rates were highly correlated with relative growth rate as it varied among species and treatment combinations through time. We conclude that interspecific variation may be a more important determinant of photosynthetic response to CO(2) than temperature.     

A new species,first report of a male and new distributional records for five species of Oligosita Walker(Hymenoptera:Trichogrammatidae) from China

Seven species of the genus Oligosita, a wellknown cosmopolitan genus of the family Trichogrammatidae that comprise egg parasitoids of coleopteran, hemipteran, lepidopteran and thysanopteran insects, are reviewed. Oligosita xinyangensis sp. nov.(Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) is described in detail and illustrated;the male of O. nigroflagellaris Lin is reported for the first time. New distributional data are provided for O. japonica Yashiro, O. mediterranea Nowicki, O. pallida Kryger, O. polioptera Lin and O. shibuyae Ishii from China, and a key to all the Chinese species of the genus is given.     

胶蚧属7种紫胶虫的支序系统学分析

用支序分析方法讨论了7种紫胶虫之间的系统发育关系,选择肛突长度、膊背高度等22个形态性状,进行支序分析,得出7种紫胶虫系统发育关系图.结果显示:中华紫胶虫的形态较为特殊,与其它6种差异较大,最先从群体中分化出来,是最原始的种类;其它6种紫胶虫稳定地分化为两大支系:信德紫胶虫与紫胶蚧构成一个支系,二者在外部形态结构上有许多相似的地方,形成紧密的姐妹群关系,主要分布在印度次大陆热带地区,属于较原始的种类;在另一支系中,尼泊尔紫胶虫首先分化出来,也属于比较原始的种类;普萨紫胶虫紧随其后分化出来;田紫胶虫与云南紫胶虫最后分化出来,是最进化的物种,同时它们在形态结构上相似,形成姐妹群关系,这4种紫胶虫主要分布在欧亚板块的热带、亚热带地区.紫胶虫的外部形态与其地理分布及生境有着密切的关系.     

Genetic relationships among genetically distinct forms of Melampsora larici‐epitea and related species based on AFLP data

Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) was used to study genetic relationship among leaf rust fungi (Melampsora spp.) occurring on Salix species in short‐rotation coppice. Special interest was paid to a newly identified rust fungus found on S. viminalis in southern Sweden, morphologically similar to M. larici‐epitea but with a distinct DNA profile. Genetic distances among 40 Melampsora isolates collected from S. viminalis, S. dasyclados, S. viminalis x dasyclados, S. daphnoides, S. acutifolia and M. larici‐populina were calculated based on 101 AFLP markers. Neighbour‐joining analysis revealed the presence of six clusters, which corresponded exactly to predefined groups, namely three formae speciales of M. larici‐epitea, a stem‐infecting form of Melampsora on S. viminalis, the newly identified Melampsora on S. viminalis and a group consisting of two isolates from the poplar rust M. larici‐populina. All six clusters were well supported by bootstrap analysis (84 to 100% support). The newly identified Melampsora on S. viminalis was indicated to be genetically separated from M. larici‐epitea as well as from the stem‐infecting form of Melampsora.     

Analysis of the relationships among O(3) uptake, conductance, and photosynthesis in needles of Pinus ponderosa

We studied the effects of O(3) uptake on conductance (g(wv)) and photosynthesis (A) in needles of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) seedlings exposed for 70 days to one of three O(3) regimes-Low-O(3) (0.1 micro mol mol(-1) daily peak), High-O(3) (0.2 micro mol mol(-1) daily peak), and Low/High-O(3) (alternating 2 days Low-O(3) and 2 days High-O(3)). Seedlings exposed to charcoal-filtered air served as controls. Total O(3) exposures, expressed as ppm-h (the sum of the average hourly concentration in ppm ( micro mol mol(-1)) over the exposure period), were 77, 135, 105 and 4 for the Low-O(3), High-O(3), Low/High-O(3) and control treatments, respectively. Conductance (g(wv)) declined to about 60% of the value in control seedlings by Day 6 in seedlings in the High-O(3) treatment and by Day 37 in seedlings in the Low/High-O(3) treatment, but g(wv) did not decline at all in seedlings in the Low-O(3) treatment. At the end of the 70-day experiment, cumulative O(3) uptake, calculated from measured g(wv) values and assuming an internal O(3) concentration of zero, was 12.2, 13.5, and 14.7 mmol m(-2) for seedlings in the Low-O(3), Low/High-O(3), and High-O(3) treatments, respectively; however, O(3) uptake was reduced by 0, 24, and 36%, respectively, from that expected if there had been no decline in g(wv). With increasing total O(3) exposure, A declined, but the reduction was not strictly cumulative, i.e., A measured on Days 49 and 70 was similar for a given treatment even though both total O(3) exposure and uptake had increased. At the end of the experiment, A at near saturating CO(2) (1000 micro mol mol(-1)) and saturating photosynthetic photon flux density was reduced by about 25, 40 and 50% in seedlings in the Low-O(3), Low/High-O(3) and High-O(3) treatments, respectively, compared to the control seedlings. The ratio of internal to external CO(2) concentrations, an indicator of relative change in stomatal limitation of A, did not change over time and did not differ among treatments, suggesting that A and g(wv) decreased in parallel. After 40-60 days without O(3), A of seedlings in all O(3) treatments was not significantly different. Our data indicate that O(3)-induced stomatal closure was a result of reduced A and that decreased g(wv) reduced O(3) uptake to a rate that needles of ponderosa pine could tolerate without exhibiting further reductions in gas exchange capacity.     

Growth and fuelwood properties of five tree and shrub species in the Sahelian and Sudanian ecozones of Mali: relationships with mean annual rainfall and geographical coordinates

In the Sahelian and Sudanian ecozones of West Africa, the rainy season lasts only 3–4 months per year, there are steep rainfall gradients with latitude and longitude, the climate is becoming increasingly hotter and drier with more variable rainfall, some fuelwood species are disappearing locally, demand for fuelwood is increasing, and we expect that fuelwood production will be increasingly limited to drier sites in the future. We need a methodology, therefore, to identify the best species for fuelwood production in drier sites. We used a methodology that could be used to identify the best fuelwood species for drier and wetter sites in regions where there are steep rainfall gradients. We investigated variation in growth and fuelwood properties of five species (Balanites aegyptiaca, Combretum glutinosum, Guiera senegalensis, Piliostigma reticulatum, Ziziphus mauritiana) along rainfall gradients. Growth parameters (tree height, stem diameter under bark, mean ring width) and fuelwood properties (basic density, volatile matter, fixed carbon, ash content, moisture content, gross calorific value, gross calorific value per cubic meter, fuel value index) were adjusted for tree age. For each species, linear regressions were used to determine the effects of mean annual rainfall and geographical coordinates, which were correlated with rainfall, on tree growth and fuelwood properties; and the effects of tree growth on fuelwood properties in lower, intermediate and higher rainfall zones. Geographical coordinates explained more variation than rainfall, and relationships with rainfall differed among species. Larger trees had wood with higher basic density, fixed carbon, ash content, moisture content, gross calorific value and/or gross calorific value per cubic meter, but lower volatile matter and/or fuel value index. Relationships between growth and fuelwood properties were not significant in all species and rainfall zones. Based on this study, we recommend producing fuelwood of C. glutinosum and G. senegalensis.     

陕北白于山山区仁用杏引种观测与评价

杏属(Armeniaca)树种具有良好的抗寒抗旱能力,具有一定的经济价值和水土保持功能,在干旱半干旱暖温带地区广泛分布(普崇连等,1989;吕增仁,1990;楚燕杰等,1994;张鹏等,1996;刘培植等,1998;1999;张加延等,2001;李炳仁等,2002;刘慧,2002)。20世纪90年代初国家科技扶贫团、陕西省科委和陕北建委从河北涿鹿一带引入龙王帽、一窝蜂等仁用杏(A.vulgaris×A.sibirica)的优良品种,在白于山山区实施了“百万亩高效生态型仁用杏基地建设项目”。为了配合该基地的建设,掌握仁用杏的生长状况,分析仁用杏的生态适应性,为生产提出建议,从1993—2003年,在…     

Modelling the spatial distribution of snake species in northwestern Tunisia using maximum entropy(Maxent) and Geographic Information System(GIS)

We used GIS and maximum entropy to predict the potential distribution of six snake species belong to three families in Kroumiria(Northwestern Tunisia): Natricidae(Natrix maura and Natrix astreptophora), Colubridae(Hemorrhois hippocrepis, Coronella girondica and Macroprotodon mauritanicus), and Lamprophiidae(Malpolon insignitus). The suitable habitat for each species was modelled using the maximum entropy algorithm, combining presence field data(collected during 16 years:2000–2015) with a set of seven environmental variables(mean annual precipitation, elevation, slope gradient,aspect, distance to watercourses, land surface temperature and normalized Differential Vegetation Index. The relative importance of these environmental variables was evaluated by jackknife tests and the predictive power of our models was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic. The main explicative variables of the species distribution were distance from streams and elevation, with contributions ranging from 60 to 77 and from 10 to 25%,respectively. Our study provided the first habitat suitability models for snakes in Kroumiria and this information can be used by conservation biologists and land managers concerned with preserving snakes in Kroumiria.     

Multiallelic and multilocus simple sequence repeats(SSRs) to assess the genetic diversity of a Salix spp. germplasm collection

Salix L.(willow) is the largest genus of the family Salicaceae and plays an important role in riparian habitats,wetlands and in shrub tundra.Due to the different implications for the species belonging to this family,it is fundamental to identify molecular tools characterizing relevant clones.A set of six multilocus and multiallelic simple sequence repeat(SSRs) markers are presented,leading to390 polymorphic fragments considered as single dominant markers and able to discriminate successfully 92 S.alba L.from 24 Salix spp.The polymorphic fragments have been used to perform genetic diversity studies,and to investigate population structures and cluster analysis in a germplasm collection.The results highlight the capability of the six SSRs to be powerful genetic resources in applied forestry research,both to distinguish S.alba clones from Salix spp.and to perform genetic population studies for breeding programs.     

The infestation of Vicia faba L. (Fabaceae) by Aphis fabae (Scop.) (Homoptera: Aphididae) under the influence of Lamiaceae (Ocimum basilicum L. and Satureja hortensis L.)

Abtract The system Vicia faba–Aphis fabae fabae was studied under the influence of Ocimum basilicum (basil) and Satureja hortensis, in a wind tunnel, in the greenhouse and in field experiments. In the wind tunnel at 20°C both Lamiaceae were deterrent for A. fabae, and S. hortensis proved to be more deterrent than O. basilicum. In experiments in the greenhouse at low temperatures (average minimum 14.6°C, average maximum 24.1°C), A. fabae colonised first and significantly more intense Vicia fabae (field beans) not surrounded by O. basilicum or S. hortensis. At high temperatures (average minimum 18.0°C, average maximum 38.5°C) this relation was inverted: Vicia faba surrounded by the two Lamiaceae were preferred for colonisation (Ocimum basilicum significantly). It showed that pots with Lamiaceae were no obstacle for the aphids to reach Vicia faba. In strip cropping in the field, the repellent effect of Ocimum basilicum proved to be stronger than of Satureja hortensis. In 2002 there was observed only a tendency of lower aphid attack of field beans intercropped with Lamiaceae, while in 2004 and 2005 the infestation of Vicia faba by Aphis fabae was significantly lower in plots intercropped with basil. In plots with Satureja hortensis as intercrop, Vicia faba were significantly lower infested, after 3 weeks. The differences between the results of the wind tunnel/greenhouse at low temperatures, and the field experiments concerning the deterrence by Satureja hortensis cannot be explained. But basing on our results with Ocimum basilicum and those published by other authors, it is recommended to follow up intercropping, after a sincere analysis in every case, in favour of agronomists.