Stand structure,phenology and litterfall dynamics of a subtropical mangrove <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bruguiera gymnorrhiza</Emphasis>

We evaluated the phenology and litterfall dynamics of the mangrove Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lamk along the Okukubi River, Okinawa Island, Japan. Over 3 years, this species showed the highest litterfall of leaves and stipules in summer and the lowest litterfall in winter. From Kendall’s coefficient of concordance, the monthly changes in leaf, stipule, and branch were strongly and significantly concordant among years. Leaf and stipule litterfall could be governed by monthly maximum wind speed, monthly day length, and monthly mean air temperature. Branch litterfall depended on monthly maximum wind speed and monthly rainfall, and increased exponentially with increasing monthly maximum wind speed. Mean total litterfall was 11.8 Mg ha^?1 yr^?1, with the largest component being leaf litterfall (65.8 %). Annual leaf litterfall per plot was almost constant regardless of the tree density of the plot. Mean leaf longevity was 18 months. Flower and mature propagule litterfall might be influenced by monthly mean air temperature, monthly day length and monthly mean air temperature. The average development periods from flower buds to flowers and flower buds to mature propagules were 1 and 8 months, respectively. Except for leaf and branch, all vegetative and reproductive organ litterfall had clear annual cycles. B. gymnorrhiza showed a positive correlation between leaf production and reproductive organ production.     

冷害环境下遮阴处理对大果榛子萌芽生长的影响

为给大果榛子的规模引种提供参考,以‘龙榛’品种为材料,就叶芽和花芽萌动期其在冷害和不同光照强度条件下的生长状态进行分析。结果表明:枝条直径生长量方面,遮阴处理的平均值为5.26mm,未遮阴处理的平均值为7.91mm,未遮阴处理的大果榛子枝条直径与遮阴处理的存在极显著差异;芽长宽比方面,遮阴处理的平均值为1.61,未遮阴处理的平均值为1.49,2个处理间差异不显著。在遮阴处理下,大果榛子的营养生长(茎粗和叶芽大小)和生殖生长(花芽的萌发)均受到抑制,全光照条件下生长正常。冷害(≥2℃)并未对大果榛子萌发的叶芽和花芽造成低温伤害,光照强度对大果榛子生长影响显著。     

杉木、观光木混交林凋落物能量归还量初步研究(英文)

通过对杉木、观光木混交林及杉木纯林群落凋落物的能量年归还量及能流的季节变化进行研究 ,结果表明 ,混交林凋落物的能流量达 12 .6 4 8× 10 6J·m-2 ,比纯林的高 4 .2 % ;在各目的树种凋落物组成中 ,落叶能流量均占大部分 ;混交林和纯林群落太阳能进入凋落物的转化效率分别为 0 5 6 %和0 5 4 % .混交林和纯林中杉木凋落物能流一年中分别在 3,8和 12月出现 3个高峰 ,其中落叶、落枝、落花和落果能流的月变化与之相似 ,这与杉木的小枝整体凋落方式有关 ;混交林中观光木凋落物能流在1,5和 8月出现高峰 ,其中落叶和落枝能流月变化与之相似 ,但落花能流仅出现在 3～ 5月 ,而落果仅发生在 1月和 3月 .各群落凋落物能流月变化模式与其中杉木凋落物能流变化模式基本一致 .混交林和纯林凋落物能流的季节变化为春季 >冬季 >夏季 >秋季 ,但混交林凋落物能流量季节间变动小于纯林的 .     

Growth and yield of coffee plants in agroforestry and monoculture systems in Minas Gerais, Brazil

This research compared coffee plants (Coffea arabica L.) grown in an agroforestry and monoculture systems. Data were collected during two years, on vegetative growth, reproductive development, nutritional status and yield of coffee, besides monitoring air temperature and the tree growth. All trees in agroforestry system increased in growth, resulting in a reduction in the magnitude of the diurnal temperature variation and also maximum temperature. Coffee plants in agroforestry system had less branch growth and leaf production, more persistent and larger leaves, and presented earlier flowering, with a smaller number of productive nodes and flower buds, leading to smaller berry yield than plants in monoculture system. In both systems, the coffee plants showed adequate leaf nutrient levels, except for P and K. The yield of 2443 kg ha^-1 of coffee from the monoculture was greater than 515 kg ha^-1 of coffee from the agroforestry system.     

广西人心果开花习性研究

对广西人心果开花习性、花粉萌发和传粉方式进行研究,结果表明;人心果1年可开多次花,不同的年份开花期有所变动,花期长。由结果母枝的顶芽形成混合花芽抽生结果枝,两性花,腋生,雌雄同熬,雌蕊和雄蕊在花瓣未展开前已成熟。花在白天开放,结果枝下部的花先开放,再由下到上逐渐开放。花粉在人工培养条件下,其萌发率低,柱头未分泌粘液前和花开放后期花粉萌发率为0．0％,成熟期的花粉萌发率可达5．2％,花刚开放时花粉萌发率最高达10．1％。人心果的传粉方式有2种,一是昆虫传粉,发现花蓟马是主要的传粉媒介;二是靠风的机械作用振落花粉而授粉。花量大,每结果枝平均着花为8朵,但平均落花率高达82．7％。     

白刺枝叶生长对人工模拟降雨的响应

为揭示未来降水增加对荒漠地区植物生长的影响,以甘肃民勤的典型荒漠优势植物白刺为对象,研究白刺枝叶形态在2010年和2011年不同人工模拟降雨处理(增雨量分别为多年平均降水量的+0%、+25%、+50%、+75%、+100%)的变化规律。结果表明:100%增雨处理能够显著促进2010年和2011年白刺当年生枝叶生长;75%增雨处理显著促进2011年白刺当年生枝叶生长,75%增雨处理对6月花枝长度、基部直径、新生叶片和营养枝长度、新生叶片,以及9月花枝成熟叶片和营养枝基部直径、成熟叶片增长量的影响均显著,其值分别为(1.20±0.35)cm、(0.012±0.004)cm、(4.35±2.51)片、(1.65±0.69)cm、(3.20±1.45)片、(2.15±0.69)片、(0.013±0.006)cm、(2.20±1.10)片。2011年白刺当年生花枝和营养枝的长度、基部直径、新生叶片和成熟叶片增长量出现显著差异的阈值均低于2010年,这表明白刺能够通过改变其枝叶形态特性及其数量来适应降雨的变化。     

Carbon Return and Dynamics of Litterfall in Natural Forest and Monoculture Plantation of Castanopsis kawakamii in Subtropical China

The amount of carbon returned through litterfall and its seasonal pattern were studied in a natural forest of Castanopsis kawakamii (NF) and adjacent monoculture plantations of C. kawakamii (CK) and Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) (CF) in Sanming, Fujian Province, China. Mean annual carbon return through total litterfall over 3 years (from 1999 to 2001) was 5.097 t穐m2 in the NF, 4.337 t穐m2 in the CK and 2.502 t穐m2 in the CF respectively. Of the total carbon return in the three forests, leaf contribution accounted for 58.96%, 68.53% and 56.12% and twig 24.41%, 22.34% and 26.18%, respectively. The seasonal patterns of carbon return from total litterfall and leaf-litter were quite similar among the three forests. A peak of carbon input from litterfall in the NF and the CK occurred in spring except for the highest annual C return through branch litter of the NF in summer, while the CF showed the maximum C return in summer. The results of this study demonstrate that the natural forest has a greater C return through litterfall than monoculture plantations, which is beneficial to the increase of soil organic matter storage and the maintenance of soil fertility.     

南亚热带7种林分凋落叶养分含量的年动态变化

2006-05-2007-04对广西凭祥市7种主要林分凋落叶的N,P,K,Ca及Mg含量进行分析.结果表明:林分凋落叶的N,P,K,ca及Mg含量全年月份动态变化趋势较为一致;在林木生长旺盛的高温雨季4-9月,林分凋落叶的N及P养分含量较高,而K的含量较低;在林木生长缓慢或休眠的干旱低温季10月至翌年3月,凋落叶N及P养分的含量较低,而K的含量较高,说明林分凋落叶的N与P含量与林木生长量成正相关,而K与生长量成负相关;Ca随月份的变化较小,但不同林分之间的差异较大;Mg随月份的变化较大;西南桦凋落叶N含量最高(14.44 g·kg-1),火力楠最低(5.11 g·kg-1);次生林凋落叶P含量最高(1.20 g·kg-1),马尾松最低(仅0.53 g·kg-1);K也以次生林最高(5.16 g·kg-1),马尾松最低(1.71 g·kg-1);Ca以杉木最高(达11.10 g·kg-1),马尾松最低(仅3.76g·kg-1);Mg以次生林最高(3.03 g·kg-1),马尾松最低(1.18 g·kg-1);7种林分凋落叶的N,P,K,Ca与Mg的最高与最低含量比值都超过2.     

Competition-density effect of tree organs in Acacia auriculiformis stands

The competition-density (C-D) effects for mean mass for tree, stem, branch and leaf were analyzed in Acacia auriculiformis stands. Mean tree mass-density and mean organ mass-density were well explained by the C-D equation of tree and the C-D equation of tree organ, respectively. An equation describing the relationship between mean leaf area u and density was formulated that fit the u-data well. The relationship between mean tree mass w and the ratio of each organ to mean tree mass (wo/ w) was examined. With increasing w, the stem mass ratio wS/w increased, whereas the branch mass ratio wB/w and the leaf mass ratio wL/w decreased. The yield difference between the lowest-density stand and the high-density stand became greater with stand growth. However, the yield of the mid-density stand was slightly lower than the yield of the high-density stand during the experimental period. To produce the most desirable combination of demanding individual-tree size and relative high stem yield, the mid-density is recommended as proper planting density for future management of A. auriculiformis stands.     

Comparison of litterfall production in three forest types in Jeju Island,South Korea

Litterfall, which is influenced by physical and biological factors, is a major pathway for carbon and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. The purpose of this study was to investigate monthly litterfall production in three forests in Jeju Island differentiated by forest composition and precipitation: Cheongsu(Quercus glauca as the dominant species;low precipitation), Seonheulb(Q. glauca as the dominant species;high precipitation), and Seonheulm(Q. glauca and Pinus thunbergii as the dominant species;high precipitation). Litterfall was collected monthly from April to December 2015 and divided into leaf litter, twig, bark, seeds, and unidentified materials.Seasonal patterns of litterfall production varied across stands according to their species composition. However,the amount of leaf litterfall and total litterfall were comparable among stands, ranging from 362 to 375 g m-2 for leaf litter and 524 g m-2 to 580 g m-2 for total litterfall.Oak leaf litter in May was the highest in all stands, while needle litter was the highest in December in Seonheulm.High twig litterfall in July may be attributable to high rainfall with strong winds and storms during the rainy season. Although forest type and climate factor had no influence on litterfall amounts in this study, the pattern of litterfall production was species dependent, suggesting diverse effects on carbon and nutrient cycling in these forests.     

Research on poplar canker (Aplanobacter populi) in the Netherlands

Five series of inoculation experiments proving the role of bud scale scars, stipule scars and leaf scars in infection of poplar by Aplanobacter populi are described. In addition details are given on the development of the buds and development of the shoots in the clones “Brabantica” and “Candicans”.     

Inter- and intra-annual variations in canopy fine litterfall and carbon and nitrogen inputs to the forest floor in two European coniferous forests

? Context

The amount and chemistry of litterfall have been known to strongly vary among the years with important implications for ecosystem nutrient cycles, but there are few quantitative data describing such variations.

? Aims

We studied the climatic implications on the variation in litterfall and its C and N input to soil in two distinct European coniferous forests.

? Methods

Year-to-year variations in canopy litterfall were measured in a Scots pine stand (Hyytiälä, Finland) over 13 years, and a Douglas fir stand (Speulderbos, The Netherlands) over 3 years.

? Results

Important inter-annual variations in litterfall were observed in Scots pine. Litterfall was mainly driven by leaf senescence; however, premature needle fall was observed in high wind speed and early frost events. The seasonal variation in litterfall was characterized by a maximum in September in Scots pine, and by a biphasic variation pattern in Douglas fir, in May and November. Lower seasonal variations and lower annual average in litterfall N content were observed in Scots pine.

? Conclusion

Significant inter- and intra-annual variations in litterfall and chemistry and between the sites were demonstrated; and it depended on year-to-year differences in climate and extreme weather events.     

Hydraulic architecture correlates with bud organogenesis and primary shoot growth in beech (Fagus sylvatica)

In beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), the number of leaf primordia preformed in the buds determines the length and the type (long versus short) of annual growth units, and thus, branch growth and architecture. We analyzed the correlation between the number of leaf primordia and the hydraulic conductance of the vascular system connected to the buds. Terminal buds of short growth units and axillary buds of long growth units on lower branches of mature trees were examined. Buds with less than four and more than five leaf primordia formed short and long growth units, respectively. Irrespective of the type of growth unit the bud was formed on, the occurrence of a large number of leaf primordia was associated with high xylem hydraulic conductance. Xylem conductance was correlated to the area of the outermost annual ring. These results suggest that organogenesis and primary growth in buds correlates with secondary growth of the growth units and thus with their hydraulic architecture. Possible causal relationships between the variables are discussed.     

普通油茶及其优树生殖生态研究

本文着重研究了普通油茶 (Camellia oleifera Abel)霜降类型及其优良单株生殖器官的形态结构及其生殖过程 ,并对油茶的生殖生态开展了一个周期 (5 78d)的研究。结果表明 ,普通油茶由花芽分化到种子成熟共需 5 0 0 d;花果相会和花粉管萌发快是油茶生殖的两个主要特点 ,油茶的生殖过程包括五个阶段 ;花期或花时不遇是影响油茶授粉乃至落花的重要原因 ,花期阴雨、低温是影响油茶授粉和落花的主要气候因素 ,水分是油脂形成期的主导因子。油茶优良单株的生殖结构比一般油茶单株表现四方面的优势。用油茶优良单株为繁殖材料 ,建立花期、花时、果熟期一致的油茶林分 ,是提高油茶单位面积产量的关键途径 ;提高集约经营度 ,提供良好的生态环境 ,是改造油茶低产林分的有效措施。     

Boundary layer conductance,leaf temperature and transpiration of Abies amabilis branches

We used three methods to measure boundary layer conductance to heat transfer (g(bH)) and water vapor transfer (g(bV)) in foliated branches of Abies amabilis Dougl. ex J. Forbes, a subalpine forest tree that produces clumped shoot morphology on sun-formed branches. Boundary layer conductances estimated in the field from energy balance measurements increased linearly from approximately 10 mm s(-1) at low wind speeds (< 0.1 m s(-1)) to over 150 mm s(-1) at wind speeds of 2.0 m s(-1). Boundary layer conductances measured on shoot models in a wind tunnel were consistently higher than field measurements. The difference between wind tunnel values and field measurements was attributable to variation in path length between the two experimental environments. Boundary layer conductance estimated by subtracting stomatal resistance (r(sV)) measured with a porometer from the total branch vapor phase resistance were unusually small. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated that this method is not suitable for coniferous foliage or when stomatal conductance (g(sV)) is small compared with g(bV). Analysis of the relative magnitudes of g(sV) and g(bV) revealed that, under most conditions, A. amabilis branches are well coupled (i.e., g(sV) is the dominant controller of transpiration). The boundary layer conductance to heat transfer is small enough that leaf temperature can become substantially higher than air temperature when radiation is high and wind speed is low. Over a two-month period, the maximum difference between leaf and air temperatures exceeded 6 degrees C. Leaf temperature exceeded air temperature by more than 2 degrees C on 10% of the daylight hours during this period. Consideration of both the photosynthetic temperature response of A. amabilis foliage as well as the summer air temperature conditions in its habitat suggests that these elevated leaf temperatures do not have a significant impact on carbon gain during the growing season.     

中国亚热带杉木人工林生态系统的小气候及其形成机制(英文)

该文通过位于湖南西部的森林生态系统研究站的长期定位观测 ,研究了杉木人工林成熟林、间伐林和幼林的小气候特征 ,在分析人工林生态系统环境能量的基础上 ,探讨其小气候的形成机制 ,揭示了人工林生态系统在生态恢复后的小气候变化规律 .多年的小气候观测表明 ,与杉木幼林比较 ,杉木成熟林生态系统可将年平均降低 0 4℃ ,月平均气温最大可降低 2 3℃ ;可降低年平均地表温度1 2℃ ,月地表平均温度最大可降低 2 3℃ ;可增加年蒸发散 10 0mm以上 .人工林生态系统环境能量数据分析表明 ,主要通过林冠层调节环境能量数值和分布来改善系统的小气候条件 ,即通过影响潜热、乱流交换热、位能、动能等能量要素 ,降低系统的温度及其变幅     

Masting in Fagus crenata and its influence on the nitrogen content and dry mass of winter buds

In Fagus, full-mast seeding years are invariably followed by at least one non-mast year. Both flower and leaf primordia develop during the summer within the same winter buds. Flower bud initiation occurs when the N content of developing seeds is increasing rapidly. We hypothesized that competition for nitrogen (N) between developing seeds and buds limits flower primordium formation in mast years and, hence, limits seed production in years following mast years. We tested this hypothesis in three Fagus crenata Blume forests at elevations of 550, 900 and 1500 m. Bud N concentration (N con), amount of N per bud (N bud) and dry mass per bud (DM) were compared between a mast year (2005) and the following non-mast year (2006), and between winter buds containing both leaf and flower primoridia (BF), which were formed during the non-mast year, and winter buds containing leaf primordia only (BL), which were formed in both mast and non-mast years. In addition, leaf numbers per shoot corresponding to the analyzed buds were counted, and the effect of masting on litter production was analyzed by quantifying the amounts of litter that fell in the years 2004 to 2007. The dry mass and N content of BF formed in 2006 by trees at both 550 and 1500 m were 2.1-3.4-fold higher than the corresponding amounts in BL, although the numbers of leaves per current-year shoot in 2007 that developed from the two bud types in the same individuals did not differ significantly. These results indicate that more N and carbohydrate are expended in producing BF than in producing BL. The amount of litter from reproductive organs produced in the mast year was similar to the amount of leaf litter at 900 and 1500 m, but three times as much at 550 m. Leaf numbers per shoot were significantly lower at all elevations in the mast year than in the non-mast years (and the amount of leaf litter at 550 and 1500 m tended to be lower in the mast year than in the non-mast years. In conclusion, preferential allocation of resources to seeds in the mast year reduced the availability of resources for flower primordium formation, and this may have accounted for the poor seed production in the following non-mast year.     

Carbon return and dynamics of litterfall in natural forest and monoculture plantation of Castanopsis kawakamii in subtropical China

The amount of carbon returned through litterfall and its seasonal pattern were studied in a natural forest of Castanopsis kawakamii (NF) and adjacent monoculture plantations of C. kawakamii (CK) and Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) (CF) in Sanming, Fujian Province, China. Mean annual carbon return through total litterfall over 3 years (from 1999 to 2001) was 5.097 t·hm⁻² in the NF, 4.337 t·hm⁻² in the CK and 2.502 t·hm⁻² in the CF respectively. Of the total carbon return in the three forests, leaf contribution accounted for 58.96%, 68.53% and 56.12% and twig 24.41%, 22.34% and 26.18%, respectively. The seasonal patterns of carbon return from total litterfall and leaf-litter were quite similar among the three forests. A peak of carbon input from litterfall in the NF and the CK occurred in spring except for the highest annual C return through branch litter of the NF in summer, while the CF showed the maximum C return in summer. The results of this study demonstrate that the natural forest has a greater C return through litterfall than monoculture plantations, which is beneficial to the increase of soil organic matter storage and the maintenance of soil fertility. [Supported by the Teaching and Research Award Program of MOE P.R.C. (TRAPOYT) and the Key Basic Research Project of Fujian Province (2000F004)]     

Field measurements of gas exchange in Avicennia marina and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza

Diurnal gas exchange characteristics were measured simultaneously in two mangrove species, Avicennia marina and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, over 7 d in summer (February–March), to compare their productivity. The study was undertaken in the Beachwood Mangroves Nature Reserve, Durban, South Africa, using fully expanded leaves of young and mature trees at the top of the canopy. Gas exchange was strongly influenced by photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), leaf temperature and the accompanying leaf to air vapour pressure deficit ( w). Carbon dioxide exchange was saturated at a PPFD of about 600 mol m^-2s^-1 in B. gymnorrhiza compared to 800 mol m^-2s^-1 in A. marina. Maximal CO₂ exchange occurred between 12h00 and 14h00 and was consistently greater in A. marina (8.8 mol m^-2s^-1) than in B. gymnorrhiza (5.3 mu;mol m^-2s^-1). Mean internal CO₂ concentrations ( c_i) were 260 l l^-1 in A. marina and 252 l l^-1 in B. gymnorrhiza. Photorespiratory activity was 32% in A. marina and 30% in B. gymnorrhiza. Mean water use efficiency (WUE) was 8.0 mol mmol^-1 in A. marina and 10.6 mol mmol^-1 in B. gymnorrhiza. Diurnal leaf water potentials ranged from –0.8 to –3.5 MPa and were generally lower in A. marina.     

Phenology of Ficus spp.in a tropical dry forest,Mudumalai, south India

The phenology of figs(Ficus spp.Moraceae) is being monitored in the dry forests of Mudumalai, southern India and individuals belonging to the genus are marked with unique tag numbers and their vegetative and reproductive phenologies have been monitored since August2000 on a monthly basis.The influence of abiotic factors on fig phenology and the differences between fig and nonfig phenologies are being examined.The seasonality of different phenophases of fig phenology is also being examined.The maximum intensity of leaf flush occurred in drier months.Fig and non-fig species showed significant differences with expansion and senescence phenophases of leafing.Flowering also occurred in drier months.There were significant differences between fig and non-fig species with reproductive phenophases.As with non-fig species,leafing was influenced by maximum temperatures.Both vegetative and reproductive phenophases were significantly seasonal.