螺旋齿辊式秸秆调质装置性能试验

利用所研制的螺旋齿辊式秸秆调质装置试验台,采用调质齿辊差速转动方式对摘穗后玉米秸秆进行压裂、破节的连续调质正交试验,分析了调质齿辊工作间隙、调质齿辊转速及秸秆喂入速度对秸秆调质性能的影响.试验结果表明,调质齿辊工作间隙对秸秆调质作业性能影响显著,最优参数组合为调质齿辊工作间隙2 mm,调质齿辊转速65 r/min,秸秆喂入速度4 km/h.     

青贮玉米饲料籽粒破碎试验台设计与试验

为研究青贮玉米籽粒破碎机理,采用理论计算、三维建模和性能试验相结合的方法,设计喂入速度、破碎辊转速和对辊间隙等参数可调的青贮玉米饲料籽粒破碎试验台,主要工作部件包括喂入碾压机构、切碎滚筒装置和对辊式籽粒破碎装置,可对全株青贮玉米一次性完成秸秆传送、喂入压平、切碎抛送和籽粒破碎等工作流程。试验结果表明:当喂入速度为2 m/s、上破碎辊主轴转速为2 600 r/min时,秸秆切碎长度为21.79 mm,切碎长度合格率为95.9%,籽粒破碎率为96.3%,各项指标均符合国家标准和行业标准要求,可为籽粒破碎装置的设计提供理论依据和技术参考。     

麦草秸秆粉碎特性的试验研究

秸秆粉碎装置是秸秆还田机的主要工作部件.为此,通过输送带前进,将均匀铺放在托板上的秸秆喂入自行设计的秸秆粉碎装置来模拟机车前进,对秸秆进行粉碎室内试验.先通过预试验确定了喂入量及动定刀的搭配形式;然后以壳体包角、刀辊转速、动定刀间隙为试验因素,以秸秆的粉碎质量、粉碎功耗为试验指标,对麦草秸秆进行了粉碎试验,建立了粉碎质量和粉碎功耗的数学模型;分析了粉碎装置结构、运动参数对粉碎质量、粉碎功耗的影响规律,优化确定了粉碎装置的最佳结构和运动参数.同时,利用灰色系统理论,研究了动刀速度对刀辊转矩、粉碎质量、粉碎功耗3者影响关系,为麦草秸秆还田机的制造和应用提供了依据.     

浮动式玉米单穗脱粒装置设计与试验

为实现玉米脱粒机脱粒间隙可自动调节,减小玉米脱粒过程中的机械损伤,设计了浮动式玉米单穗脱粒装置。该脱粒装置主要由间隙浮动调节装置、喂入料斗、离散辊、脱粒辊和差速辊等组成,具有脱粒间隙自动调节和玉米果穗喂入自动分离、逐个排出功能。选取离散辊转速、脱粒辊转速和差速辊转速为试验因素,以玉米籽粒的破损率和未脱净率为试验指标,采用二次回归正交旋转组合的试验方法,对浮动式玉米单穗脱粒装置进行了参数优化试验。优化结果为:离散辊转速为234 r/min、脱粒辊转速为511 r/min、差速辊转速为91 r/min,在最优参数组合下的实际籽粒破损率为0.25%、未脱净率为0.76%、玉米芯完整度为100%。     

玉米秸秆皮穰分离机剥叶机构的试验研究

为提高玉米秸秆的利用价值,进行玉米秸秆皮、穰、叶分离加工非常有必要。为此,对茎叶分离的关键机构—剥叶机构进行了试验研究。依据自行设计的剥叶试验装置,选取影响剥叶效果的主要因素喂入速度、剥叶辊转速、剥叶板间隙、剥叶板夹角为试验因素,以剥叶率为试验评价指标,采用四因子二次回归正交旋转组合设计方法,建立了4个试验因素对剥叶率的影响规律模型。综合考虑各影响因素,确定最佳参数组合为:喂入速度1 m/s、剥叶辊转速1 000 r/min、剥叶板间隙24 mm、剥叶板夹角15°。     

玉米秸秆田间粉碎性能试验研究

为了弄清玉米秸秆田间粉碎时机车前进速度、粉碎刀具转速对秸秆粉碎功耗和粉碎合格率的影响,运用二次回归正交试验对田间玉米秸秆粉碎性能进行研究。田间试验发现:当玉米秸秆粉碎刀具转速从540r/min逐渐上升至630r/min时,秸秆粉碎合格率和粉碎功耗随着粉碎刀具转速的升高而升高;当机车前进速度由2.9km/h上升至3.16km/h时,粉碎功耗随着前进速度的增加而升高,但粉碎合格率则随着前进速度的增加而减小。同时,通过参数优化获得:当机车前进速度为2.9km/h、刀辊转速为597r/min时,得到秸秆粉碎性能最佳工作指标,即粉碎功耗为2.98kW,粉碎合格率为90.02%。     

小麦秸秆还田机粉碎装置性能影响因素试验与优化

利用设计的秸秆还田机粉碎装置进行了粉碎试验。以壳体包角、喂入速度、动定刀间隙为试验因素,秸秆的粉碎质量、粉碎功耗为试验指标,建立了粉碎质量和粉碎功耗的数学模型。随着喂入速度、壳体包角的增加和动定刀间隙的减小,粉碎功耗增大,粉碎质量提高。利用回归方程和主目标法,进行了参数的优化设计,结果为:粉碎室包角为70°、喂入速度为46.5m/s、动定刀间隙为10mm。     

9RS-60型揉碎机工作性能试验研究

针对目前揉碎机普遍存在的功耗大、揉碎质量差等问题,在9RS-60型揉碎机设计试验台上,以玉米秸秆为试验对象,以主轴转子转速、喂入链速度和秸秆喂入质量作为试验因素,功耗、秸秆丝化率和破节率为试验指标开展性能试验。单因素试验结果表明:揉碎机功耗随主轴转速、喂入量、喂入速度的增大呈现上升的趋势;揉碎机丝化率随主轴转速的增大呈现上升的趋势,随喂入速度的增大呈先下降的趋势,随喂入量的增大秸秆丝化率变化趋势几乎都在95%左右。正交试验结果表明:影响揉碎机性能的各因素主次顺序为喂入质量、主轴转速及喂入速度。综合各试验指标的较优水平组合为:单次喂入质量为0.8kg、主轴转速为1 600r/min、喂入链速度为0.45m/s时,揉碎机作业性能最好。     

苜蓿草压扁试验台设计与试验

进行苜蓿草压扁试验台的研制,以获取苜蓿草最佳压扁效果参数。结合苜蓿草压扁效果的影响因素：压料间隙、苜蓿草田间长势、刈割压扁机作业行驶速度、压料辊转速以及预紧机构初始预紧力,进行了压扁装置、驱动装置、间隙调节机构及数据采集系统的设计。利用试验台改变压料间隙、苜蓿草喂入量、喂入速度及压料辊转速等,可对苜蓿草的压扁效果进行多因素正交试验。试验结果表明：压料辊压力变化具有一定规律,试验台可以有效模拟真机工况。各影响因素中,喂入量对压扁后粗蛋白质质量分数的影响最大,其次分别为压料间隙、喂入速度和压料辊转速。     

基于RecurDyn的玉米秸秆调质装置设计与仿真

玉米秸秆调质部件是玉米收获机的关键部分,其工作性能直接影响秸秆调质的效果。设计了新型秸秆调质装置,采用多体动力学仿真技术,建立工作部件数字样机和秸秆模型。搭建综合仿真分析平台,开展秸秆输送、调质运动过程综合分析,研究结果与物理试验过程一致,较好地再现了玉米秸秆在作业中的输送、喂入和调质过程。      

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。