北京典型耕作土壤养分的近红外光谱分析研究

以北京郊区试验田采集的72个土壤样品为实验材料,应用傅里叶变换近红外光谱技术,分析了土样的全氮、全钾、有机质和pH值养分含量。采用偏最小二乘法(PLS)对光谱数据与土壤养分实测值进行回归分析,建立预测模型,以模型决定系数(R2)、校正标准差(RMSECV)、预测标准差(RMSEP)和相对分析误差(RPD)作为模型精度的评价指标。分析结果:土壤的全氮模型R2为95.44%,RMSECV为0.014 1,RMSEP为0.016 8,RPD为4.68;有机质模型R2为89.63%,RMSECV为0.37,RMSEP为0.47,RPD为3.11;全钾模型R2为85.62%,RM-SECV为0.173,RMSEP为0.204,RPD为2.64;pH值模型R2为87.33%,RMSECV为0.031,RMSEP为0.053,RPD为2.81。     

北京地区粘壤土全氮含量的光谱预测模型

为实现快速准确地测量土壤的全氮含量,以北京地区粘壤土为样本,对其进行化学测量和光谱分析。利用波长为350~2 500 nm的光谱数据与实际测得的全氮含量进行相关性分析,选取相关性最大的特征波段构建土壤全氮含量的估算模型。将原光谱反射率和吸光度分别进行一阶微分、二阶微分变换,力求建立精准优化的土壤全氮含量预测模型。结果表明:反射率和吸光度与土壤全氮含量的相关性低,无法用于构建土壤全氮含量预测模型。在其他变换形式中,反射率二阶微分和吸光度二阶微分与土壤全氮含量的相关性最显著,相关系数的绝对值最大分别为0.868和0.846。相关性最大的特征波段为425~527 nm、819 nm、1 390~1 391 nm和2 200~2 219 nm。采用一元线性回归和多元逐步回归建立预测模型,最终得到土壤全氮含量最优估算模型以吸光度二阶微分为自变量的多元逐步回归模型,说明光谱结合多元逐步回归法预测土壤全氮含量的方法是可行的。最优模型决定系数R2为0.829,统计量F为86.377,均方根误差RMSE为0.104。该模型可用于预测北京地区粘壤土的土壤全氮含量。     

基于Vis-NIR光谱的果园土壤有机质便携式检测仪研究

以赣南脐橙果园土壤为研究对象,对采集到的56个土样风干、过筛,然后进行化学分析,同时使用傅里叶近红外和自主设计的便携式仪器光谱采集。采集到的光谱数据经过一阶微分、平滑、多元散射校正、归一化四种常用的预处理方法,分别应用偏最小二乘法(partial least square regress PLS)进行建立脐橙果园土壤有机质的模型。研究表明,两仪器需要不同的预处理,傅里叶仪器原始光谱建模效果较好,而便携式仪器则需要平滑预处理。傅里叶仪器建立模型的预测相关系数(RP)为0.893,预测均方根误差(RMSEP)为0.474;自行设计的仪器在1 000~1 700nm范围建立赣南脐橙果园土壤有机质含量模型的预测模型的相关系数(RP)为0.801,预测均方根误差(RMSEP)为0.779。研究表明自行设计的便携式仪器可快速用于赣南脐橙果园的土壤中有机质含量的检测。     

醋糟有机基质含水率的可见/近红外光谱检测

以醋糟有机基质为研究对象,采用便携式可见/近红外光谱仪采集了不同含水率基质样品(69个)的漫反射光谱,通过选择不同的光谱预处理方法并确定其主成分数,建立了基于偏最小二乘法(PLS)的醋糟基质含水率定量分析模型.结果表明,以滑动平均滤波(MAF)和一阶微分(FD)相结合作为原始光谱的预处理方法所建立的模型(主成分数为5)对基质含水率的检测效果较好,其校正模型和预测模型决定系数分别为0.9930和0.9901,校正均方根误差(RMSEC)和预测均方根误差(RMSEP)分别为0.0676和0.071 5.因此,可见/近红外光谱技术可以作为醋糟有机基质含水率快速检测的一种可靠方法.     

基于近红外光谱的土壤氮含量模型及生物炭对土壤光谱的影响

采集添加生物炭的土壤（标记为ABS）和不添加生物炭的土壤（标记为CS）,获取其近红外光谱,通过预处理算法和偏最小二乘法（partial least squares,PLS）建立两种土壤氮含量预测模型。试验结果显示,CS和ABS分别经过Baseline和Smoothing预处理的预测模型效果最好,定向系数（determination coefficient,R2）分别为0.913和0.753,预测均方根误差（root mean square error of prediction,RMSEP）分别为0.093和0.753,利用近红外光谱可对两种土壤氮含量建模预测。研究了生物炭对土壤光谱及建模的影响,结果表明,添加生物炭会改变土壤成分含量,使近红外光谱和建模不同于普通土壤,而联合建模可减小差异的影响,取得较好的预测效果,联合建模结果显示,经过Smoothing预处理的预测效果最好,R2为0.907,RMSEP为0.086。      

不同粒径处理的土壤全氮含量高光谱特征拟合模型

采集新疆北疆棉田385个自然土壤样本,将筛选出的土壤样品分别过2、1、0. 5、0. 15 mm筛并测定其原始光谱反射率,利用支持向量机(Support vector machine,SVM)、偏最小二乘回归(Partial least squares regression,PLSR)和多元逐步线性回归(Stepwise multiple linear regression,SMLR)方法对土壤原始光谱及其12种光谱变换数据分别构建土壤全氮含量的估测模型,并对模型精度进行检验。结果表明,土壤原始光谱特征在各个波段与全氮含量相关性都较差,不同形式的数据变换均能够提高光谱反射率与全氮含量的相关性,同一种数据变换形式在不同粒径处理中最大相关系数所对应的波段位置差异不大。从不同粒径处理的拟合精度来看,过筛粒径越小对全氮含量的估测精度越高,3种方法的最优拟合模型都是过0. 15 mm筛的处理,其中SVM方法采用(lgR)'变换后,构建模型R2c为0. 898 7,RMSEc为0. 018 1,RPD为2. 704 9,PLSR和SMLR方法均采用R'变换,构建模型的R2c分别为0. 852 0和0. 819 6,RMSEc分别为0. 041 3和0. 043 6,RPD分别为2. 554 9和2. 437 4,3种方法在该过筛处理下均能够很好地估测土壤全氮含量。用未参与建模的样本对3种最优模型进行验证,SVM、PLSR和SMLR模型的检验R2分别为0. 822 9、0. 771 5和0. 705 4,SVM方法优于PLSR和SMLR,模型具有较好的精度和稳定性,从模型的预测误差来看,土壤全氮含量越低其预测误差也越大,在氮素含量较低的情况下无法直接通过光谱反射特征准确反演。     

基于机器学习算法的土壤有机质 质量比估算

为快速高效地估测干旱、半干旱地区土壤有机质(soil organic matter, SOM)质量比,提出了一种结合竞争适应重加权法(CARS)和随机森林(RF)的估测模型.以内陆干旱区艾比湖流域为研究区,测定土壤高光谱反射率和SOM质量比,经预处理后,利用CARS对原始光谱(R)、一阶导数(R′)、吸光度(log(1/R))及吸光度一阶导数［log(1/R)］′4种光谱变量的可见-近红外光谱进行筛选,并结合RF算法,建立全谱段RF模型与CARS-RF模型.结果表明,基于CARS方法对光谱进行变量筛选后,得出4种光谱变量的优选变量集个数分别为35,26,34和121;在4种光谱变量中,R′和［log(1/R)］′的SOM估测模型精度较高,以［log(1/R)］′为基础数据获得的模型精度最高;CARS-RF模型精度优于全谱段RF模型,模型验证集决定系数(R²)、均方根误差(RMSE)、相对分析误差(RPD)分别为0.881,6.438 g/kg和2.177.该研究在预处理的基础上通过变量优选,应用较少的变量个数获得较高的估测精度,为干旱、半干旱区SOM高光谱估测提供了适宜高效的方法.     

基于卤钨灯光源和多路光纤的土壤全氮含量检测仪研究

为了克服LED作为主动光源的土壤全氮含量检测仪波段单一、光强信号较弱、仪器信噪比难以提高的不足,基于卤钨灯光源和特制多路光纤设计了一款便携式土壤全氮含量检测仪。检测仪选用1108、1248、1336、1450、1537、1696nm作为土壤全氮敏感波长,选用高功率卤钨灯作为光源以提高信号强度,采用“一分六”特制光纤实现1路入射光通道和6路反射光通道。性能试验表明,调理电路和卤钨灯光源工作稳定,并且卤钨灯作为主动光源测量精度更高,“一分六”石英光纤测量精度高于其他类型光纤。根据检测仪吸光度和土壤全氮含量标准值建立了不同预测模型,结果表明,采用PLS建模精度最高,建模R2C为0.8613,验证R2V为0.8042,可以用于检测仪模型嵌入。田间试验结果表明,检测仪测量值和标准值的相关系数达到0.8280。设计的检测仪测量精度较高,可以满足田间快速准确检测的目的。     

树形对适收期黄花梨糖度VIS/NIR光谱检测的影响研究

针对树体的光通透性影响果实糖分的积累,不同树形的果实品质存在差异的问题,研究了树形对适收期黄花梨糖度可见/近红外光谱检测模型的影响。采集了适收期前后6个批次、不同树形(开心形和棚架形)的黄花梨果实480个进行实验,两类树形果实糖度差异显著(p0.05),采用同一树形黄花梨建立的模型预测均方根误差(RMSEP)分别为0.69°Brix、0.64°Brix,相对分析误差RPD分别为2.08、1.97;单一树形全部样品建立的模型对不同树形样品的RMSEP分别为1.31°Brix、1.07°Brix,RPD分别为1.14、1.36;2类树形联合模型RMSEP为0.59°Brix,RPD为2.38。结果表明,树形对适收期黄花梨糖度预测模型的精度和稳健性均有较大影响,对进一步研究近红外光谱技术在田间水果采收期品质及最佳采收期检测的应用有一定的参考价值。     

基于直接正交信号校正的土壤磷和钾VNIR测定研究

利用可见-近红外光谱(VNIR)检测土壤磷(P)和钾(K)含量存在精度不高的问题。为消除土壤质地、类型、颜色、颗粒大小、形状、密度等对光谱精度的影响,利用VNIR检测土壤P和K,采用直接正交信号校正(DOSC)光谱预处理降低干扰的方法,对美国密苏里州8种类型土壤共1 582个土壤样品、在350~2 500 nm波段内进行VNIR光谱扫描,对光谱进行吸光度、均值归一化、5点均值滤波平滑处理后,分别用DOSC处理和未处理数据建立偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)分析模型对P和K进行预测。实验结果表明,DOSC处理后得到的模型预测精度显著提高,其预测均方根误差(RMSEP)降低21.50%(P)、26.93%(P(0,27))、24.64%(K)和27.67%(K(0,192)),预测决定系数(R2)提高85.76%(P)、108.31%(P(0,27))、59.38%(K)和87.01%(K(0,192)),相对分析误差(RPD)提高27.37%(P)、36.90%(P(0,27))、32.75%(K)和38.29%(K(0,192))。用DOSC算法在多类型土壤的P和K的VNIR测定中,能消除由于土壤质地、类型等引起的噪声信息,提高模型预测精度,为多类型土壤P和K的VNIR测定提供了一种光谱预处理方法。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。