日光温室边际土壤温度试验及模拟研究

以内蒙古标准"三立一坡"型日光温室为研究对象,对距离南侧边际0~350cm,深0~55cm范围内的土壤温度进行实测,绘制了有内拱棚以及无内拱棚测试土壤层温度特性曲线,并分析了土壤温度边际效应随外界环境变化的规律,同时建立一种含有内拱棚的日光温室南侧区域土壤温度计算模型。结果表明:除南侧边际10cm测点外,内拱棚的增加对5cm土壤层温度平均提升1.7℃左右,对25cm处土壤层温度平均提升1℃左右,而对于深度55cm处的土壤温度几乎没有影响。在距南侧边际70cm处增加内拱棚,不仅有效推迟边际界点内移,而且当室外温度降至均值-18℃,含拱棚的日光温室边际界点比不含内拱棚的小于60cm左右。采用Gambit建立模型,运用流体力学CFD(computational fluid dynamics)模拟含内拱棚不同土壤层温度,此模型能够较准确的模拟日光温室南侧边际不同层土壤温度,为种植作物提供有效理论依据。     

乌鲁木齐日光温室早春光温环境空间变化研究

为了加强对温室内部光温环境的控制,促进乌鲁木齐日光温室春季蔬菜合理生产,对春季乌鲁木齐典型天气下温室内部、土壤与温室前部、中部、后部不同高度的空气温度、光照日动态变化、墙体温度以及热流密度动态变化进行测试。结果显示乌鲁木齐早春日光温室内部光照条件较好,晴朗天气下12：00～16：00 光照强度最高可达55 554 lx,温度最高可达48 ℃。温室内部光照分布不均,晴天前部光照强度较后部高8 000～12 000 lx,温室距地面150 cm 高度的光照强度平均比50 cm 处高10 000～16 000 lx,呈现距离温室薄膜越近光照越强的特点。从温室跨度方向来看,晴天温室后部温度略高于中部和前部。温室后墙具有保温蓄热的能力,单位面积墙体蓄热量分别为1.97 MJ · m^-2,放热量为0.79 MJ · m^-2,放热量为蓄热量的40.10%;土壤温度变化有明显的滞后性,且随着土壤深度增加滞后时间也增加。     

日光温室地温预报技术研究

根据山东省莱芜市2007～2011 年冬季（12 月至翌年2 月）日光温室内、外气象观测资料,
分析了晴天、多云天、阴天不同天气条件下日光温室内地温变化特征及其与温室内外气象要素的关系;以
温室内、外气象要素为启动因子,构建了未来3 d 10 cm 逐时地温预报模型。结果表明：温室内地温与气
温关系密切,其中当日及前期室外最高气温、最低气温对10 cm 逐时地温影响较大;未来3 d 10 cm 逐时
地温预报模型中,晴天、阴天、多云天预报模型RMSE（均方根误差）分别为0.7、0.6、0.8 ℃,阴天预
报模型精度较晴天、多云天高;00：00～07：00、08：00～17：00、18：00～23：00 3 个时段预报模型
RMSE 分别为0.6、0.7、0.6 ℃,00：00～07：00、18：00～23：00 时段预报模型精度较08：00～17：00
时段高;未来1、2、3 d 预报模型RMSE 为0.5、0.6、0.8 ℃,预报精度随预报时效延长逐渐降低。     

沙漠区域不同墙体日光温室光温性能分析

以新疆和田沙漠温室为研究对象,测试、分析了组装式与砖墙两种沙漠温室内部的光照强度、温度、湿度、土壤温度在晴天、阴天条件下的动态变化。结果表明:沙漠区域具有优越的光照条件,组装式温室的保温效果较好,室温、土壤温度、相对湿度均高于砖墙温室。综合来看,组装式温室较砖墙温室在新疆和田地区具有较强优势,可广泛应用于南疆非耕地区域。     

大跨度非对称水控酿热保温日光温室性能分析

大跨度非对称水控酿热保温日光温室(简称大跨度日光温室)的特点是在温室的北部建造了水控酿热发酵池,提高了温室的保温蓄热能力。该试验以大跨度日光温室为研究对象,在冬季典型晴天(2016-01-28),阴天(2016-01-13)和雪天(2016-02-12)的条件下,将大跨度日光温室与苯板砖墙温室进行对比,分析了其光照强度、温度日变化、土壤温度日变化等性能。结果表明:晴天条件下,大跨度日光温室夜间的平均温度为11.7℃,阴天为10.8℃,雪天为9.9℃;晴天条件下,大跨度日光温室夜间的平均土壤温度为10.8℃,阴天为13.9℃,雪天为11.4℃。大跨度日光温室的夜间平均温度能满足冬季作物的要求,且该温室比苯板砖墙温室建造成本降低了39.6%,土地利用率提高了30%以上,适合在西北地区进一步推广和应用。     

美人指葡萄日光温室丰产栽培技术

2003年在滦县一栋420m2日光温室栽140株美人指葡萄,2004年产量490kg,2005年产量946kg。5月底全部售出。温室东西长60m,南北跨度7m,钢筋拱架,无滴棚膜,草苫保温,东西山墙及北墙均为50cm宽,中间加泡沫保温层。主要管理技术如下。栽植1.1修高畦距温室南沿1.1m处东西向栽植1行,距南     

科技文摘

寒冷干旱地区温室温度的测试分析
　　温度是影响作物生长的关键因素之一,是衡量农业生产水平的重要技术参数。为此,试验基于Lab-VIEW数据采集平台,针对寒冷干旱地区,对不同气候变化下的温室温度进行测试、采集数据,实现了温室内多点温度的实时采集;并在采集数据的基础上,分析了温室内温度分布规律。试验结果表明：无论是晴天还是阴天由于覆盖层、空气和土壤的吸散热不均匀,垂直方向上各层面的温度分布呈现梯度;晴天白天温室内温度变化剧烈,而夜晚趋于平缓;上午西侧空气温度比东侧高,下午则相反;阴天水平方向上的温度呈现南低北高,东西低中间高的分布趋势。[刊]/朝木日勒格(内蒙古农业大学机电工程学院010018),塔娜//农机化研究.-2012,(1).-173-176     

蓄热水管对日光温室温度环境的影响

以内保温日光温室为研究对象,在日光温室后墙(37墙)加装间距0.4 m的水管(直径0.1 m、长3 m)共28根,蓄热水管总体积0.66 m~3,研究蓄热水管对日光温室热环境的影响。结果表明:日光温室加装蓄热水管后,晴天时温室内最低气温可提高2.3℃,阴天时提高0.6℃,后墙距墙体内表面0、10、20 cm处最低温度均高于对照,墙体的保温性能明显增强。1月试验区最高气温、最低气温及平均气温分别提高了5.22、0.71、1.36℃。连续不良天气(3 d)条件下,加装蓄热水管能将日光温室土壤(20 cm)日最低温提高2.6~3.1℃;连续晴天(3 d)条件下能提高2.0~3.7℃。可见,加装蓄热水管明显地改善了温室内的热环境,提高了日光温室的太阳能热利用率。     

日光温室桃栽培关键技术

1温室建造要求 温室坐北朝南或偏西3～5°。脊高2．8～3．5m,跨度6～8m,长度60-80m。后墙为0．5m空心墙,高1．6～2．6m,后坡厚0．5～0．8m。前屋面高跨比0．5～0．7,前屋面外底脚挖深、宽各50cm左右的防寒沟。棚膜选聚乙烯无滴膜或聚乙烯长寿无滴膜,滴膜外用专用扁形压膜线。通风口在屋脊处和南屋面前沿距地面1m高处各设1排。在后墙、山墙的内侧、外侧或墙的空心处加贴一层5～8cm厚的泡沫板。     

一种新型日光温室与传统四种日光温室性能及投资对比研究

以新型双屋面日光温室和传统的4种日光温室进行性能对比研究,选取了2012年12月21日(冬至日)、12月23日(典型晴天)、2013年1月19日(典型阴天)和2014年1月21日16:00至1月22日14:00的试验数据,进行室内光照强度、气温、地温、相对湿度以及造价、空间、寿命等性能分析。研究新型双屋面日光温室的性能,为广大种植户寻求一种优化的温室结构。结果表明:新型日光温室与3种砖墙日光温室平均相比,室内平均气温提高了1.3℃,室内平均地表下0.1m处地温提高了1.7℃,室内平均光照强度降低了1.25%,室内平均相对湿度提高了3.98%;新型日光温室与寿光式土墙日光温室相比,室内平均温度降低了2.0℃,室内地温降低了0.2℃;新型日光温室造价较3种砖墙日光温室造价平均降低了38.68%,较寿光式土墙日光温室造价降低了9.12%;新型日光温室土地利用率较砖墙温室土地利用率平均提高了9.17%,较寿光式土墙日光温室土地利用率提高了44.01%。新型日光温室较砖墙温室温度高,相对湿度高,光照强度接近,跨度大,寿命优于土墙和砖墙温室;是一种优化的温室结构。     

Hierarchical relationships between landscape structure and temperature in a managed forest landscape

Management may influence abiotic environments differently across time and spatial scale, greatly influencing perceptions of fragmentation of the landscape. It is vital to consider a priori the spatial scales that are most relevant to an investigation, and to reflect on the influence that scale may have on conclusions. While the importance of scale in understanding ecological patterns and processes has been widely recognized, few researchers have investigated how the relationships between pattern and process change across spatial and temporal scales. We used wavelet analysis to examine the multiscale structure of surface and soil temperature, measured every 5 m across a 3820 m transect within a national forest in northern Wisconsin. Temperature functioned as an indicator – or end product – of processes associated with energy budget dynamics, such as radiative inputs, evapotranspiration and convective losses across the landscape. We hoped to determine whether functional relationships between landscape structure and temperature could be generalized, by examining patterns and relationships at multiple spatial scales and time periods during the day. The pattern of temperature varied between surface and soil temperature and among daily time periods. Wavelet variances indicated that no single scale dominated the pattern in temperature at any time, though values were highest at finest scales and at midday. Using general linear models, we explained 38% to 60% of the variation in temperature along the transect. Broad categorical variables describing the vegetation patch in which a point was located and the closest vegetation patch of a different type (landscape context) were important in models of both surface and soil temperature across time periods. Variables associated with slope and microtopography were more commonly incorporated into models explaining variation in soil temperature, whereas variables associated with vegetation or ground cover explained more variation in surface temperature. We examined correlations between wavelet transforms of temperature and vegetation (i.e., structural) pattern to determine whether these associations occurred at predictable scales or were consistent across time. Correlations between transforms characteristically had two peaks; one at finer scales of 100 to 150 m and one at broader scales of ^>300 m. These scales differed among times of day and between surface and soil temperatures. Our results indicate that temperature structure is distinct from vegetation structure and is spatially and temporally dynamic. There did not appear to be any single scale at which it was more relevant to study temperature or this pattern-process relationship, although the strongest relationships between vegetation structure and temperature occurred within a predictable range of scales. Forest managers and conservation biologists must recognize the dynamic relationship between temperature and structure across landscapes and incorporate the landscape elements created by temperature-structure interactions into management decisions.     

The effect of day and night temperatures on the growth,development and yield of glasshouse cucumbers

The responses of January-sown cucumber cvs Farbio and Sandra to day and night temperature during the early post-planting stage (late February to mid-April) were examined in a glasshouse experiment. Three day temperatures (15°, 20° and 25°C) were combined factorially with three night temperatures (10°, 15° and 20°C). Comparisons were also made between two temperature regimes (21°C day: 19°C night and 24°C day: 17°C night) applied during the pre-planting stage (late January to late February) and between two mainstem cropping methods (restriction or retention of mainstem fruits). In the pre-planting stage the 24°C day: 17°C night temperature combination produced plants which were taller, heavier and leafier than those grown at 21°C day: 19°C night. During the first 12 weeks of harvesting the larger plants produced significantly more fruit and higher gross monetary returns than did their smaller counterparts. The difference then diminished and after 20 weeks of harvesting plants from the two pre-planting temperature treatments had produced similar weights of marketable fruit of equivalent value. In the early post-planting period increases in total leaf area and stem length were closely correlated with 24-h mean temperature. Earliness (first harvest) and total weight of fruit after four weeks of harvesting were also linearly related to mean post-planting temperature. Raising the 24-h mean air temperature (within the range 15.2° to 22.6°C) by 1°C during the early post-planting stage increased early (4 week) yield by 0.82 kg m^-2 and total (20 week) yield by 1.17 kg m^-2. There was no effect of day/night temperature amplitude. After 20 weeks of harvest, gross monetary returns and profitability were generally highest when mean temperature in the early post-planting period was high and fell progressively with reduced mean temperature. Restricting stem fruits to oné per leaf node produced no significant difference in either the yield or quality of fruit from plants of any of the temperature treatments. The results are discussed from physiological and practical viewpoints and a cost-benefit comparison of temperature treatments is presented.     

主动蓄热体内部空气热交换系统的传热性能及参数调控

利用日光温室提供主动蓄热体参数研究所需的环境条件,测试了不同风速、空气温度以及空气-土壤温度差对主动蓄热体内空气-土壤热交换系统的管道内部温度、进出口温差以及蓄放热能力的影响规律,以期获得主动蓄热体内部管道通风系统的传热效率及优化调控参数。结果表明:同一风速条件下,进出口温差随室内空气温度增加而增加。放热阶段,当进风口以风速0.5～4.0m·s^-1运行时,系统放热量随着风速增加而增加,平均放热流量为9.8～73.9 W;蓄热阶段,当进风口以风速0.5～2.0m·s^-1运行时,系统蓄热量随风速增加而增加,平均蓄热流量为21.4～70.2 W,当进风口以风速2.0、4.0m·s^-1运行时,平均蓄热流量仅相差2.7 W,性能系数COP相差不大。同一风速条件下,随着室内空气-土壤温度差值不断增大,进出风口温差也不断增加,同时建议白天风机开启蓄热时设定的室内空气温度最少应该比蓄热体内土壤温度高4.5℃。     

Effect of various types of plastic films on the soil and air temperatures in 80-cm high tunnels

Studies on the effects of various types of plastic films on the soil and air temperatures in 80-cm high tunnels indicated that a polyvinyl-chloride (PVC) film retained more heat during the night than a clear polyethylene (PE) film, while the maximum daily temperatures were not as extreme. Daily temperature variations were less under PVC than under clear-PE film. Soil temperatures in plastic tunnels were similar with or without black-PE mulch, but air temperatures were raised by black-PE mulch under the tunnel. An unusually late snow-fall of 33.5 cm that occurred on 5 April 1982 did not damage the plastic tunnels. Soil temperatures outside the tunnels under the cover of snow remained at 0°C, while those under the tunnels reached 27°C during the day. The maximum air temperature above the snow cover was only 4.5°C; the maximum inside the plastic tunnels was about 24°C.     

太阳能消毒时不同处理方式对土壤温度的影响

研究了覆膜与添加有机物(鸡粪、麦糠)在太阳能消毒中对土壤温度的影响。结果表明:鸡粪加覆膜处理可显著提高土壤日平均温度和日最高温度,可使10、15、20及30cm土壤日平均温度分别达到40.5、38.5、35.8和33.3℃,较不覆膜分别提高7.5、6.5、5.4和4.7℃,较覆膜但不添加有机物分别提高3.4、3.2、3.0和3.0℃;可使其土壤日最高温度分别达到46.4、43.5、40.3和36.4℃,较不覆膜处理分别提高10.1、9.2、7.9和5.8℃,较覆膜但不添加有机物处理分别提高了4.9、6.3、5.8、4.2℃。同时,覆膜、添加有机物增大了土壤日温差。故利用太阳能消毒时添加有机物与覆膜结合可显著提升0～20cm深度内土壤温度。     

The effect of soil temperature on lateral shoot formation and flower-bud formation in apple in the first year after budding

Under controlled environment conditions the influence of four soil temperatures (7°, 14°, 21°, and 28°C) on vegetative development and flower-bud formation of apple trees (cvs ‘Rode Boskoop’ and ‘Elstar’) were evaluated in the first year after budding. Relative air humidity was high, air temperature was 20°C. Broadly speaking, for both cultivars shoot growth clearly increased with increasing soil temperature. The effects on growth were mainly reflected in the number (not length) of the lateral shoots; the growth of the main shoot was little influenced by soil temperature. At 7°C the lateral shoots usually occurred higher along the main stem than at the higher temperatures. Flowering on the parent stem and on the lateral shoots was little affected by the soil temperatures tested. In general, flower-cluster quality was rather poor. If only clusters having more than four well-developed flowers are considered, flowering was favoured by higher soil temperatures; at 28°C, especially, cluster quality was much better than at the other soil temperatures. It is concluded that soil temperature is important in controlling the degree of lateral shoot-formation as well as the formation of well-developed flower clusters.     

Growth responses of some greenhouse plants to environment. II. The effect of soil temperature on Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat

The effect of a wide range of soil temperatures (6–26°C) on growth and flowering of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ram. ‘Horim’ were studied at the favourable air temperature of 18°C. Shoot growth was severely reduced at soil temperatures below 10°C which may be explained by poor root growth, while flowering was enhanced by approximately 2 days compared to higher soil temperatures. Increasing the soil temperature to 18°C was beneficial. Further increase had no positive effect on growth. Measurements of net photosynthetic rates revealed no effect of lowering soil temperatures from 18 to 6°C.Mother plants grown at 18°C air temperature revealed no effect of soil temperatures ranging from 13 to 21°C on number and fresh weight of the cuttings. Neither did mother plants grown at the less favourable air temperatures of 12 or 15°C. Cutting production was, however, affected by air temperature.     

Growth of Rhododendron cultivars as affected by temperature and light

Summary

The purpose of this study was to investigate the adaptation of four Rhododendron cultivars to contrasting light and temperature conditions. Two evergreen rhododendron cultivars and two deciduous azaleas were grown for 112 d under short day (14 h) and long day (20 h) photoperiods combined with temperatures of 15 and 24°C. Additionally, these cultivars were compared for daylength extension at 24°C/long day under two irradiation treatments (incandescent lamps and fluorescent tubular lamps). The number of flushes of growth increased with increasing photoperiod and temperature in both evergreen cultivars and in R. canadense; azalea #89132 made only one flush in all treatments. In the evergreen cultivars the number of leaves per shoot in the first flush did not differ significantly between treatments, indicating that this character was predetermined by conditions during bud development. The number of leaves in later flushes increased with increasing photoperiod and temperature. The elongation growth of most flushes was also enhanced by longer photoperiod and higher temperature. High irradiation during photoperiodic extension further enhanced the growth. Azalea #89132 made more flower buds under high than low irradiation. The two evergreen cultivars differed in their growth habit. ‘Pohjola’s Daughter’ tended to continue growth in long days or at very high temperatures, and is thus predicted to thrive best in a maritime or semi-maritime cool climate. ‘Helsinki University’ responded to short daylength by ceasing growth regardless of temperature, and could be expected to perform successfully also in continental climates at latitudes around 45° N. R. canadense seemed to do best in a cool climate, but azalea #89132 should in time acclimatize in all kinds of climates within the limits of this study.